The opinion of the court was delivered by
Penner, J.
Dr. Jesse Beaty, a resident of South Carolina, died before the war, leaving to his two brothers, Samuel Beaty and Robert Beaty, Sr., and to his two sisters, Patsy and Margaret A. Beaty, Ms property in the State of Louisiana, consisting of three plantations, known as West Oaks, in the parish of Iberville, and the McOrea and McKneely places, in the parish of Pointe Coupee. The heirs accepted his succession purely and simply and took possession of the estate through their duly appointed agent, Robert MeBeth, who promptly came to Louisiana and sold the plantations for large prices, paid partly in cash and partly in mortgage notes with vendor’s privilege.
[385]*385After the war, the heirs sent the present defendant, Glenn D. Peake, as their agent to visit Louisiana and look after their mortgage claims. He came here, and, after collecting what he could, foreclosed- the mortgages and obtained the retrocession of the Mc-Orea and MeKneely places, with which we are alone concerned, to the heirs. •
Samuel Beaty died in 1870; Patsy Beaty in 1872, and Margaret A. Beaty in 1885.
The plaintiffs in this suit are heirs of said Samuel, Patsy, and Margaret A Beaty, in certain proportions fully set out in their petition, and this is formally admitted in the record.
At the death of Samuel Beaty, his heirs accepted and took actual possession of his estate in Louisiana, through their agent, Glenn D. Peake, the defendant.
The defendant continued to act as the agent, with the broadest powers, of these plaintiffs and their ancestors, until the year 1882, at which date the results of his agency, according to his own showing, were summed up as follows: The West Oaks plantation, in the parish of Iberville, had been sold for more than $6000, and the proceeds, together with the revenues of all the property, amounting to about $2000, and also a further sum of $2900 collected in cash, had all been absorbed by the expenses of the agency; the defendant was the owner of the McOrea and MeKneely places; the plaintiff heirs had not a cent’s worth of property left in Louisiana, and were, besides, indebted to the defendant in a considerable balance for expenses of his agency.
The plaintiffs seem to have lived in ignorance of the details of these transactions until not long prior to the institution of this suit, when they employed an attorney to investigate them, and, as a result of the information thus obtained, they bring the present suit, in which they claim the nullity of the titles of Peake to their interests in the McOrea and MeKneely plantations, together with an account of their rents and revenues.
Peake’s title to one-fourth of the McOrea plantation, belonging to the heirs of Samuel Beaty, rests upon a sale made in a succession proceeding under the following undisputed circumstances:
Samuel Beaty died in 1867. His heirs had accepted his succession unconditionally and had taken actual possession of the property and held the same through their agent, the defendant. The succession [386]*386owed no debts. Nevertheless, in 1874, the public administrator applied for the administration of the succession of Samuel Beaty, simply alleging his death, that his heirs were absent and unrepresented, that he owned land in the parish, and that an administration was necessary. Under this proceeding, an order of sale was obtained and the property was sold and adjudicated to Glenn D. Peake, the defendant.
The evidence shows that the public administrator acted with the full knowledge, if not at the suggestion, of Peake. Peake knew better than any one else that] the succession of Samuel Beaty had been unconditionally accepted and was in the actual possession of the heirs; that the succesion owed no debts, and that the heirs, so far from being unrepresented in this State, were fully represented by him as their duly authorized agent then present in the State.
It seems superfluous to cite authorities to support the proposition that such a sale, in such a succession proceeding, to such a purchaser, is a nullity so absolute, so far, at least, as that purchaser himself is concerned, that it gave him no shadow of title, and could furnish, in his favor, no basis for any prescription short of thirty years.
The judge so held, and, beyond doubt, correctly.
The balance of the property claimed by plaintiffs is held by Peake under title derived from a judicial sale made under a judgment rendered in 1882 in a suit brought by Glenn D. Peake against the present plaintiffs and other heirs.
This suit was brought for a balance alleged to be due to him for his services and expenses as agent. Although Peake was a resident of South Carolina and a near neighbor of his principals, he came to Louisiana to bring this suit against them without giving them any notice thereof. It was a purely personal action. The defendants were all non-residents of the State. They were not cited, but were assumed to be brought into court through a curator ad hoc, who was appointed to represent them. They never appeared or answered. There was no attachment or other seizure of property before judgment.
Under the repeated adjudications, both of the Supreme Court of the United States and of this court, such a proceeding is not “ due process of law,” and the judgment and sale founded thereon are absolute nullities. Pennoyer vs. Neff, 95 U. S. 714; Harkness vs. Hyde, 98 [387]*387U. S. 478; Brooklyn vs. Ins. Co., 99 U. S. 476; Laughlin vs. Ice Co., 35 An. 1184; Duruty vs. Duruty, 42 An. 357.
An attempt is made to charge plaintiffs with notice of this proceeding, and with an authorization of the curator ad hoc to' represent them personally. The charge was not sustained by satisfactory evidence, and the evidence was, besides, improperly admitted, and was without avail to remedy the defect of citation or appearance as shown by the record. Harris vs. Alexander, 1 Rob. 30; LeBlanc vs. Perroux, 21 An, 27; Glidden vs. Goos, 21 An. 682; Babin vs. Nolan, 13 Rob. 531.
There was no citation except of the curator ad hoe, and no appearance by him except in the unqualified capacity of curator ad hoc, and his fee as such curator was taxed and paid as par of the costs. The record must speak for itself, and its radical defects prior to judgment can not be supplied or cured by parol. Adams vs. Bazile, 35 An. 101.
The judge a quo declined to annul this judgment on two grounds, viz: (1) that the suit partook of the nature of a proceeding in rem, for which ground there is not a shadow of foundation; (2) that the proceeding had been taken in conformity to prior jurisprudence of this State, which had recognized the validity of substituted service on non-residents who had property in the State without any seizure of the property itself. In this there is no force. Without intimating that it could avail under any circumstances, it is sufficient, for the purposes of this case, to say that the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases above cited from 95th, 98th and 99th U. S. Reports had all been rendered years before this action was brought. Those decisions were based on the Constitution of the United States and involved questions purely federal in their nature, upon which the decisions of the federal Supreme Court were authoritative and paramount.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Penner, J.
Dr. Jesse Beaty, a resident of South Carolina, died before the war, leaving to his two brothers, Samuel Beaty and Robert Beaty, Sr., and to his two sisters, Patsy and Margaret A. Beaty, Ms property in the State of Louisiana, consisting of three plantations, known as West Oaks, in the parish of Iberville, and the McOrea and McKneely places, in the parish of Pointe Coupee. The heirs accepted his succession purely and simply and took possession of the estate through their duly appointed agent, Robert MeBeth, who promptly came to Louisiana and sold the plantations for large prices, paid partly in cash and partly in mortgage notes with vendor’s privilege.
[385]*385After the war, the heirs sent the present defendant, Glenn D. Peake, as their agent to visit Louisiana and look after their mortgage claims. He came here, and, after collecting what he could, foreclosed- the mortgages and obtained the retrocession of the Mc-Orea and MeKneely places, with which we are alone concerned, to the heirs. •
Samuel Beaty died in 1870; Patsy Beaty in 1872, and Margaret A. Beaty in 1885.
The plaintiffs in this suit are heirs of said Samuel, Patsy, and Margaret A Beaty, in certain proportions fully set out in their petition, and this is formally admitted in the record.
At the death of Samuel Beaty, his heirs accepted and took actual possession of his estate in Louisiana, through their agent, Glenn D. Peake, the defendant.
The defendant continued to act as the agent, with the broadest powers, of these plaintiffs and their ancestors, until the year 1882, at which date the results of his agency, according to his own showing, were summed up as follows: The West Oaks plantation, in the parish of Iberville, had been sold for more than $6000, and the proceeds, together with the revenues of all the property, amounting to about $2000, and also a further sum of $2900 collected in cash, had all been absorbed by the expenses of the agency; the defendant was the owner of the McOrea and MeKneely places; the plaintiff heirs had not a cent’s worth of property left in Louisiana, and were, besides, indebted to the defendant in a considerable balance for expenses of his agency.
The plaintiffs seem to have lived in ignorance of the details of these transactions until not long prior to the institution of this suit, when they employed an attorney to investigate them, and, as a result of the information thus obtained, they bring the present suit, in which they claim the nullity of the titles of Peake to their interests in the McOrea and MeKneely plantations, together with an account of their rents and revenues.
Peake’s title to one-fourth of the McOrea plantation, belonging to the heirs of Samuel Beaty, rests upon a sale made in a succession proceeding under the following undisputed circumstances:
Samuel Beaty died in 1867. His heirs had accepted his succession unconditionally and had taken actual possession of the property and held the same through their agent, the defendant. The succession [386]*386owed no debts. Nevertheless, in 1874, the public administrator applied for the administration of the succession of Samuel Beaty, simply alleging his death, that his heirs were absent and unrepresented, that he owned land in the parish, and that an administration was necessary. Under this proceeding, an order of sale was obtained and the property was sold and adjudicated to Glenn D. Peake, the defendant.
The evidence shows that the public administrator acted with the full knowledge, if not at the suggestion, of Peake. Peake knew better than any one else that] the succession of Samuel Beaty had been unconditionally accepted and was in the actual possession of the heirs; that the succesion owed no debts, and that the heirs, so far from being unrepresented in this State, were fully represented by him as their duly authorized agent then present in the State.
It seems superfluous to cite authorities to support the proposition that such a sale, in such a succession proceeding, to such a purchaser, is a nullity so absolute, so far, at least, as that purchaser himself is concerned, that it gave him no shadow of title, and could furnish, in his favor, no basis for any prescription short of thirty years.
The judge so held, and, beyond doubt, correctly.
The balance of the property claimed by plaintiffs is held by Peake under title derived from a judicial sale made under a judgment rendered in 1882 in a suit brought by Glenn D. Peake against the present plaintiffs and other heirs.
This suit was brought for a balance alleged to be due to him for his services and expenses as agent. Although Peake was a resident of South Carolina and a near neighbor of his principals, he came to Louisiana to bring this suit against them without giving them any notice thereof. It was a purely personal action. The defendants were all non-residents of the State. They were not cited, but were assumed to be brought into court through a curator ad hoc, who was appointed to represent them. They never appeared or answered. There was no attachment or other seizure of property before judgment.
Under the repeated adjudications, both of the Supreme Court of the United States and of this court, such a proceeding is not “ due process of law,” and the judgment and sale founded thereon are absolute nullities. Pennoyer vs. Neff, 95 U. S. 714; Harkness vs. Hyde, 98 [387]*387U. S. 478; Brooklyn vs. Ins. Co., 99 U. S. 476; Laughlin vs. Ice Co., 35 An. 1184; Duruty vs. Duruty, 42 An. 357.
An attempt is made to charge plaintiffs with notice of this proceeding, and with an authorization of the curator ad hoc to' represent them personally. The charge was not sustained by satisfactory evidence, and the evidence was, besides, improperly admitted, and was without avail to remedy the defect of citation or appearance as shown by the record. Harris vs. Alexander, 1 Rob. 30; LeBlanc vs. Perroux, 21 An, 27; Glidden vs. Goos, 21 An. 682; Babin vs. Nolan, 13 Rob. 531.
There was no citation except of the curator ad hoe, and no appearance by him except in the unqualified capacity of curator ad hoc, and his fee as such curator was taxed and paid as par of the costs. The record must speak for itself, and its radical defects prior to judgment can not be supplied or cured by parol. Adams vs. Bazile, 35 An. 101.
The judge a quo declined to annul this judgment on two grounds, viz: (1) that the suit partook of the nature of a proceeding in rem, for which ground there is not a shadow of foundation; (2) that the proceeding had been taken in conformity to prior jurisprudence of this State, which had recognized the validity of substituted service on non-residents who had property in the State without any seizure of the property itself. In this there is no force. Without intimating that it could avail under any circumstances, it is sufficient, for the purposes of this case, to say that the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the cases above cited from 95th, 98th and 99th U. S. Reports had all been rendered years before this action was brought. Those decisions were based on the Constitution of the United States and involved questions purely federal in their nature, upon which the decisions of the federal Supreme Court were authoritative and paramount. On such questions the decisions of that court, and not of this, settle the jurisprudence and the law. When the same questions afterward came before this court we had nothing to do but to follow those paramount precedent.
It follows that this judgment and the sale thereunder must be decreed to be absolute nullities.
It remains to adjust the counter-claims between the parties for revenues, expenses,, improvements, etc.
Defendant’s claim on his agency account up to 1882, on which his [388]*388pretended suit in that year was brought, must be rejected. We need not determine the plea of its prescription, which presents questions not free from doubt, because, on its merits, the account gives rise to no just claim against these plaintiffs. That account shows cash collections by defendants amounting to nearly $11,000 — far more than sufficient to pay all the necessary and useful expenses as recited in the account. The difference, for which the suit of 1882 was brought, is made up of $8000 charged for the agent’s personal services over and above his expenses. This claim is based on no contract and must be determined according to the quantum meruit. When we consider the conduct of this agent with reference to the two judicial proceedings above referred to, his illegal and unwarrantable attempt to divest his principals of their property in his own favor, and the result of his services as exhibited in the summing up made at the beginning of this opinion, the question as to such services, quantum meruunt? can receive from a court of justice but one answer— nihil.
“Where an agent is unfaithful to his trust and abuses the confidence reposed in him by his principal, or where he misconducts himself in the business of his agency, or where he engages in transactions by which he requires interests adverse to the interests of his principals, he may be deprived of commission and compensation.” 1 Am. and Eng. Encyc. of Law, p. 397, and numerous authorities there cited.
We have no desire to criticise the conduct of Mr. Peake with undue severity. He may have acted on bad advice; he may have satisfied himself of the propriety of his course; but the law condemns his conduct as utterly inconsistent with that uberrima fides which should characterize the relations of an agent to his absent principals.
Prom the date of his respective purchases Peake held the property, not as agent, but as possessor for his own account. We are bound to hold that he was a possessor in bad faith under O. O., Art. 3452, as one “who possesses as master, but who assumes this quality when he well knows that he has no title to the thing, or that his title is vicious and defective.” Charged, as Peake is, with actual knowledge of the facts, and with conclusively presumed knowledge of the law, he was bound to know the nullity of his titles.
As possessor in bad faith he is bound to account for the revenues, [389]*389and is entitled to recover expenses necessary to the preservation of the thing, such as taxes, and also for useful improvements, but only to the extent to which they have enhanced the value of the prop - erty. These latter rights repose on no text of the Oode, but on the great equitable principle which prevents one from enriching himself gratuitously at the expense of another. Pearce vs. Frantom, 16 La. 414; Baillio vs. Burney, 3 Rob. 319; Williams vs. Booker, 12 Rob. 254; Gibson vs. Hutchins, 12 An. 545.
All matters prior to 1882 were settled by our decision as to the agency account. Nothing remains but to determine (1) the amount of revenues from that date; (2) the taxes paid from that date; (3) the useful improvements and the extent to which they have actually enhanced the value of the property. These questions were not passed upon in the court below, and we have striven in vain to reach a satisfactory conclusion from the evidence in the record. That evidence does not define with exactness the date and character of the improvements made, and the defendant’s answer does not even specify them; and the evidence is not directed to the only pertinent question, viz.: the enhancement of value.
We shall make our decree final as to the recovery of the property, but will remand the ease for further proceedings with reference to the adjustment of the matters just referred to.
It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment appealed from be annulled, avoided and reversed; and it is now adjudged and decreed that the sale made in the succession of Samuel Beaty, and the judgment and sale in the suit of Glenn D. Peake vs. Margaret A. Young et al., be and they are hereby decreed to be null and void in so far as they affect the plaintiffs in this cause; that the said plaintiffs be decreed to be owners of the property described in the petition, and known as the McCrea place and the McKneely place, in the proportions in which they inherit the same from Samuel Beaty, Patsy Beaty and Margaret A. Young, as set forth in the petition, and that Glenn D. Peake, defendant, be condemned to restore the same to plaintiffs; and it is further ordered this cause be remanded to the lower court for further proceedings according to law for the determination of the rights of the parties as to rents, taxes and improvements according to the views expressed in this opinion, defendant to pay costs in both courts.