OPINION OF THE COURT BY
GALBRAITH, J.
The plaintiffs, dissatisfied stockholders in the Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited, filed a bill in equity against the defendants Hustace, Foster and Egan as promoters of said company to. recover for the corporation Thirty-five Thousand Dollars in cash and Six Thousand shares of the capital stock of the company or its value, One Hundred Twenty Thousand Dollars, taken by them as secret profits or promoters’ fees or compensation for floating the plantation. A demand upon the corporation and its officers to bring the suit and a refusal to do so is set out. The other allegations of the bill and answers are given in detail in another opinion rendered in this cause on another occasion (13 Haw. pp. 641 to 648 inclusive). It will not be necessary to repeat them here. Another chapter in the history of the case is written, ante pp. 1, 2, 3, 4.
The principal evidence at the hearing was the testimony of the defendants and the records' made by them. The Circuit Judge made few specific findings of fact. These are important in the determination of this case, and we deem it advisable to give a summary of the leading facts established by the evidence before attempting to discuss or apply the principles of law involved.
It was proved that Hustace, Egan and Foster were the promoters of the Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited; that Foster held certain options for deeds and leases of land on the Island of Molokai considered desirable as the basis for forming a sugar plantation; that he conferred with Hustace and Egan and the latter [234]*234bought a one-half interest in Foster’s holdings on the third day of April, 1899; that upon said day the three defendants entered into a written contract which after reciting the purchase of the above interest and the- consideration therefor paid, among- other stipulations contains the following: “That tlie purpose of'the parties hereto in acquiring said lands, is the formation of a corporation under the laws of this country^ to grow- sugar cane thereon and to erect, maintain and operate sugar mills, and to that end, said parties of the second part,” (ITustace and Egan) “shall at their own expense, within a reasonable time from date hereof duly organize such' corporation with' such capital stock and in other respects as the parties hereto,” (Foster, Hustaoe and Egan) “may mutually agree. That all of said lands so acquired shall upon the organization of said corporation be sold and conveyed to the same at such price as the parties hereto may mutually agree, and the difference between the price paid for said lands and the price for which the same .shall be sold to said corporation shall be divided one-half thereof to said first party,” (Foster) “and one-half to the said second parties” (ITustace and Egan).
It was also established that at this period in the history of the Territory there was active expansion in the sugar industry; that many new plantations were started; that there was much speculation in the stocks of these companies and that the public generally Avere eager to buy and did buy such stocks A\itk the expectation of selling them at a profit; that the public including the plaintiffs, obtained information of the purpose of the defendants to promote a sugar company, from- reports in the local newspapers (who gave out such information does not appear); that straightway these defendants were besieged and solicited by the plaintiffs, (except Dee) and others eager to buy stock in the promised company; that no prospectus Avas issued by the promoters nor were any subscription lists' or stock books opened; that Avhen application was made to' one of the defendants for stock he Avould make a memorandum of the name and number of shares in a pa'ss book or on slips of paper carried in the pocket; that before the corporation was organized these slips or lists of names [235]*235were handed into Hustace, who allotted the stock to the shareholders, determining who should be permitted to buy and the number of).shares; that after Hustace had completed the allot-; ment he caused a printed circular to be sent to each persop.to whom he had awarded stock in the form following: .; . „
“Kamalo Sugar Company.
Honolulu, April 1899.-
Mr......................
You are hereby notified that a. ten per cent Assessment .on ..........shares of stock, (par value $20.00 each) in the Kamalo Rugar Company, to be incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Hawaii, for the amount of 1,000,000 dollars, is now due and payable at my office, Campbell’s Block, Merchant Street: If not paid on or before............inst., the same will be transferred to other parties.
Yours respectfully,
Frank Hustace.
$..........due.”
That afterwards, on the 20th day of April, 1899, the three defendants held a meeting at Hustace’s office which was later denominated, in the minute books of the company, “the first stockholders’ meeting of the KamaM Sugar Company, Ltd.;” that these minutes after reciting that these three defendants -were present, representing 48)800 shares of the capital stock out of the entire amount of 50,000 shares and that the articles of incorporation of the company had been filed, read as follows: -
“Motion made by Frank Hustace and seconded by J. ,T. Egan that the corporation agrees to pay the promoters upon their giving a deed to the corporation of all their right, title and interest in the following described property: all options now in the name of Frank H. Foster, also in fee simple the Ahupuaa of Kopuaokolau containing 611 acres and one piece in Kapualai of three acres, more or less, as described in the deed to them from the McOorriston brothers, also the assignment of a certain lease for a term, of forty years made by the trustees of the B. R. Bishop estate to the said promoters, together with all buildings, [236]*236improvements, rights, privileges and appurtenances therein, including all the stock formerly owned by McOorriston Brothers, viz., 300 head more or less of cattle, 20 head more or less of horses, for the consideration of Sixty Thousand Dollars, ($60,-000) in United States Gold Coin andi the transfer to such parties as they may describe the amount of seven thousand shares of fully paid up stock of the corporation, carried.” That these minutes make false recitals in at least three particulars; viz.: (1) The articles of incorporation of the Kamalo Sugar Company, Ltd., had not been filed on the 20th day of April, 1899. (2) The promoters did not at .that time have a deed for the McOorriston land. (3) They had no lease for the Bishop Estate land. That on the day following April 21st, Hustace began to receive responses to the notices sent the allottees- of stock and the payment of the first assessment, of ten per centum thereon and that to the parties paying he issued receipts in the following forms: “No........... Kamalo Sugar Company, Ltd.
Subscriber’s receipt.
Honolulu, H. 1............ 1899.
Deceived from .....................................
........................Dollars-, for first assessment of ten per cent on..........shares of the; capital stock of the Kamalo Sugar Company, Ltd., this receipt to be surrendered on the deliver)’- of certificate of stock.
Erank Hustace.”
That the first certificates of stock in the company were issued in the latter part of May following; That the articles of incorporation appear to have been signed on the 20th day of April, 1899,- — whether.they were signed on that day or on the 4th day of 'May is disputed from the fact that in the date line of the articles an erasure appears. The month as typewritten was erased and “20th” and “April” written in with ink. "When this change, was made or by whom does not appear from the- evidence. That the certificate of acknowledgment attached to- the articles is dated May 4th, 1899, and the articles’ were filed with the Treasurer of the Territory o-n the 8th day of May, 1899. That the affidavit attached to the ardides of incorporation recites that dames E. Morgan is President, of the Kamalo Sugar Co., Ltd., J. [237]*237J. Egan, Secretary and Frank Hustaee, Treasurer, and that the subscribers to the stock are
James F. Morgan............. 1,500 shares
Frank Foster................. 2,000 “
J. J. Egan................... 500 “
A. C. Lovekin................ 100 “
Frank Hustaee................ 2,000 “
Frank Hustaee, Trustee........43,900 “
and that ten per cent of the capital stock of one million dollars had been paid in and the entire amount subscribed for; that this affidavit was sworn to by the three officers named on the 4th day of May, 1899. How or when or by whom these parties were elected to the respective offices in the company does not appear from the minutes of the corporation or other evidence. That the defendants were given an opportunity to show, at the hearing, the amount of money expended in promoting the corporation; that the only proof given was by the defendant Foster, who showed an expenditui'e of $180.00; that some $70,000 was paid to Hustaee in response to the notices sent the subscribers on the first ten per centum assessment to- the stock awarded; that after this money was paid to Hustaee these defendants in pursuance of the resolution of April 20th, appropriated $60,000 of this money and 7,000 shares of the paid up stock and from this amount they paid the McCorristons in consideration for their land $25,000 in cash and one thousand shares of paid up stock; that the remainder of the cash ($35,000) was divided among the defendants as follows: to Foster $15,000 cash and of the stock and to Hustaee $10,000 cash and -I of stock and the same to Egan. That the promoters did not disclose to any of the allottees of stock either before or after the payment of the first assessment the amount they intended to take as promoters’ fees and that none of the stockholders outside of the incorporators knew of the amount of the profit made by the promoters or anything on the subject; that, the company issued a prospectus in- September, 1899, publishing the transactions of the promoters; that on May 4th, 1899, when the affidavit accompanying the articles of incor[238]*238poration was subscribed reciting that 10% of the capital stock had been paid in there had not been a dollar paid on the 43,900 held by ilusta.ce as Trustee, except that paid by the plaintiffs and other subscribers.
Tire Circuit Judge found that'the defendants Hustace, Egan and Foster “did unlawfully combine, conspire and confederate and agree together to cheat and defraud the stockholders of the Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited, an Hawaiian corporation, out of the sum of thirty-five thousand ($35,000) dollars in cash and six thousand (6,000) shares of the paid up stock of the said Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited, as alleged and charged in the plaintiffs’ bill on file in this suit.” The judge also found that the value of the shares was $20 at the time and that the conversion of the money and stock was fraudulent and void and ordered the money and stock, or its equivalent in cash, paid to the¡ clerk of the court for the Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited. The judge also allowed the attorneys for the plaintiffs a fee of $20,000 for their services rendered in said cause. The defendants appealed. Numerous reasons are urged for reversal of the decree appealed from. It will not be necessary to notice- all of these in detail.
Much stress is laid upon the fact that the time this company was organized was one of active expansion in the sugar industry; that speculation ran riot and prosperity in all -of its delightful luxuriance was here; that the major part of the population of the islands were eager and anxious to buy sugar-stocks; -that the plaintiffs and others who bought shares in the Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited, did so without asking any questions and considered it a privilege to have shares allotted to them; that the transaction was all a gamble and when the excitement subsided the plaintiffs discovered that, they had failed to realize on their exaggerated expectations and by this suit seek to avoid the responsibility of their own folly and to shift the burden of their losses to the defendants.
We are not much impressed with this argument. It finds as little support in morals as in law. It is no doubt true that at. .the [239]*239time in question there was much reckless, speculation in corporation shares but it was not given out by the defendants and we assume, in the absence of proof, that none of the plaintiffs had any reason to believe or did believe that the Kamalo Sugar Company was organized as a lottery or a gambling enterprise. The public who were invited to buy the shares of this company had .a right to presume that it was promoted as a legitimate enterprise in whose management business integrity, if not ability and prudence, were to be important constituent elements. Counsel have neglected to cite any authority supporting the assumption that the character of a transaction, whether it is right or wrong, honest or dishonest, lawful or unlawful, is to be determined by the degree of prosperity existing in the community. We understand that, in the law, right and wrong, fraud and theft, embezzlement and perjury are the same in sunshine and in rain, in times of plenty and in famine and that the conduct of these defendants must be measured by a fixed standard without reference to the degree of commercial activity at the time of their operations.
The plaintiffs proceed upon the theory that the defendants occupied a position of trust and confidence towards the company and the public that was invited to buy and did buy the shares and that the defendants could uot take the money and stock without first disclosing the facts to and obtaining the consent of the stockholders; while the defendants insist that the plaintiffs were not subscribers but purchasers of the stock from .Hustace; that the promoters were the original subscribers for the stock and were strangers and had the right to deal with the plaintiffs and all subsequent stockholders and the company at arm’s length. The determination of the relation occupied by the defendants towards the company and the plaintiffs is the important issue in this case and its determination, as is conceded by counsel, will settle the other issues involved.
The rule settled by the English authorities is that in order to make a complete contract to take shares there must be an application for shares, an allotment of shares to the applicant and a [240]*240communication to him of the allotment. Rogers Case, L. R. 3 Ch. 637; Peltot’s Case, L. R. 2 C'h. 527. If this rule were applied to the facts of this case we would be bound to hold that the offer of the plaintiffs to buy shares, and the allotment by Hustace and the notice sent prior to April 20th constituted a completed contract and each party receiving' such notice was a subscriber from that date, at least if the notice was unconditional; if the notice was conditional the contract became complete on payment of the first assessment or earlier if the time of payment was waived or extended. This theory would explain why Hustace afterwards subscribed for stock as trustee and make that act consistent and show that he intended to subscribe and did subscribe for the stock as trustee for the several pea-sons to whom he had allotted stock. The fact that he did not pay the first or any other assessment on any part of this 43,900 shares held as trustee tends strongly to support- the theory that such was his intention and purpose at that time and negatives the claim now made that he was absolute owner of the stock and signed as trustee through inadvertence or on advice of counsel.
What- relation in general does a. promoter bear to the corporation he brings into existence and to the shareholder’s whom he induces to invest or who voluntarily invest in the stock of the company?
Cook on Stock and Stockholders, Sec. 651, says, “A promoter is considered in law as occupying a fiduciary relationship towards the corporation.”
Judge Thompson says, “Although the promoters of a corporation are not its agents for the purpose of binding it by their acts and engagements, yet they are its fiduciaries', they occupy such a relation of trust and confidence towards the body Avhich they are calling into existence, — or more properly speaking toward those wimm they invite to join them in the intended enterprise by becoming members of such body, — as requires the same good faith on their part which the law exacts of the directors of coa’porations and all other fiduciaries. They are trastees in a sense which disables them from taking to themselves a secret profit [241]*241made- out of their trust to tlie detriment of the future corporation or its members.” Commentaries on Corporations, Yol. 7, Sec. 8286.
“Promoters stand in a fiduciary relation to- that company which is their creature.” New Sombrero Phosphate Co. v. Erlanger, 5 Ch. Div. 73, 112; L. R. 3 App. Cas. 1218.
“Whether called prospectors, promoters, agents, trustees, or any other name, they unquestionably solicit and accept trusts from the members of the company and therefore became its. fiduciaries.” 16 Am. Law. Rev. p. 672.
The law* of this question as above quoted is too well established in the jurisprudence of this country and England to be now successfully controverted. Among the many American courts that have announced and followed this view are the United States Circuit Court and the Supreme Courts of California, Missouri, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts.”1 Chandler v. Bacon, 30 Fed. 538; Burbanks v. Dennis, 101 Cal. 96, 98; Simons v. Vulcan Oil Co., 61 Pa. St. 202; Brewster v. Hatch, 122 N. Y. 319, 362; The South Joplin. Land Co. v. Case, 104 Mo. 572, 579; Hayword v. Lieson, 176 Mass. 310. See also Clark and Marshall, Private Corporations, § 110 b.
The defendants admit that they were promoters of the Kamalo Sugar Company but insist that on April 20th they had ceased to be promoters and had become and then acted as stockholders and as such had a right to make the agreement with the-promoters for the payment of the money and stock in consideration for the options.
This position is not tenable. These defendants did not cease to be promotem, at least until the corporation, the artificial person, wap brought into life. The Kamalo Sugar Company, Limited, v'as not a corporation-until after the articles of incorporation were filed with the Treasurer of the Territory, May 8th, 3899. ' (O. L. Sec. 2033.) This filing of the articles was the last act necessary to breathe the breath of life into this soulless child of their wall. Whether or not the corporate existence reverts back to the signing of the articles, it is not necessary to deter[242]*242mine, since it is clear that the defendants could not, at that time and under the facts of this case, by making a contract with themselves divest themselves of the fiduciary relations assumed as promoters.
What duties were imposed on the defendants by the relation they assumed and occupied towards the plaintiffs and the other stockholders and the company? The law is well established that if a trustee, agent or promoter propose to contract with any person -with whom he stands in a relation of trust and confidence, the utmost good faith is required. “It is not enough that they do not affirmatively misrepresent; they must not conceal; -they must speak, and speak fully to every material fact Imown to them, or the contract will not be allowed to stand.” Perry on Trusts, Sec. 178.
“Where persons undertake the promotion of a company for the purpose of purchasing certain existing property, under an agreement with the owner and proposed vendor of such property, by which they receive a certain compensation for promoting the company, they are bound to disclose to those whom they induce to become members of the company, what their compensation is to be. The concealment of such an agreement is a fraud ■on the company. It amounts to an agreement, by the vendor, with an agent of an intended purchaser, to give him a bribe to .betray the interest of his principal. If the promoters of a company conceal such an agreement from those whom they induce to join it, and the company proves abortive, they will not be .allowed, in the winding up of the company, compensation for their services, either upon or after the formation of the company.” Thompson’s Commentaries on the Law of Corporations, -Sec. 456.
Again in the following section the same distinguished author .says': “Persons who purchase property and then organize a company to purchase it from them, stand in a fiduciary position towards such company, and must faithfully state to the company ¡all material facts relating to the property, which would influence the company in deciding on the desirability of purchasing. In such-cases the owners of property-who desire to create a company for the purpose of purchasing it from them are bound, if they [243]*243wish to make a contract which will stand, to' nominate independent directors, and disclose to them the actual facts. The principle upon which courts of equity proceed in these cases is a very familiar one. The promoters of a company, like its directors, is deemed to sustain towards the members of the company the relation of a trustee towards his cestui que trust. This being so, he will not be permitted to speculate out of that relation, or to derive secret advantage from it. He is bound to disclose to them fully all material facte touching his relation to them, including the amount which he is to get for his services as promoter, usually called 'promotion money’.” Sec. 457.
"Where the vendor becomes a promoter, he is concerned in the sale of the property as vendor; and being a promoter, he is concerned in its purchase as the agent of his company. He acts in a dual capacity. His duties are twofold and conflicting. As vendor he owes it to himself to sell as high, and as promoter he owes it to the company to buy as low, as possible. His performance of those duties is frequently attended with disgraceful perfidy. He is true to himself in securing the highest price for the property but is false to his company by deceiving it as to the worth of its intended purchase, and by lulling its shareholders into unsuspicious reliance that their interests will be looked after and guarded either by himself or by corporate officials, whom he has either already corrupted or intends to circumvent or seduce.” * * * “Cases in which the vendor is a promoter and sells to the conipany at a large undisclosed profit, * * are the cases in which the doctrine that promoters are corporate fiduciaries is applied oftenest and with the most vigor and effect.” 16 Am. L. Eev. p. 673.
The doctrine of the above authorities ought to be recognized as settled law. Its application to varying states of facts, resembling in some instances those of this case is illustrated in the following cases:
McKay’s Case, 2 Ch. D. 1; Bagnall v. Carlton, 6 Ch. D. 371; Emma Silver Mining Co. v. Grant, 11 Ch. D. 918; Emma Silver Mining Co. v. Lewis, 4 C. P. D. 396; Archer’s Case, 1 Ch. 322; Yale Gas Store Co. v. Wilcox, 64 Conn. 101; Plaquemines Tropical Fruit Co. v. Buck, 52 N. J. E. 219; Woodbury [244]*244Heights Land Co. v. Londenslager, 55 N. J. E. 78; Chandler v. Bacon, 30 F. 583; Emery v. Parrott, 107 Mass. 95; Densmore Oil Co. v. Densmore, 64 Pa. St. 43; Bosher v. Richmond and Harrisburg Land Co., 89 Va. 455, 460, 461; Pittsburg Mining Co. v. Spooner, 74 Wis. 307; Burbank v. Dennis, 101 Cal. 90, 98; Smith Joplin Land Co. v. Case, 104 Mo. 572; Hayward v. Leeson, 176 Mass. 310, 326.
Applying the principles established by the authorities to the facts of this case the conclusion is inevitable that tire defendants were fiduciaries of the plaintiffs and the Kamalo Sug'ar Company, Limited; that the duties imposed upon them as such fiduciaries was not discharged by a failure to issue a prospectus and by not misrepresenting the facts; that they were bound under the law to disclose fully and completely the facts; that Frank Hustace, J. J. Egan and Frank H. Foster, could not make a valid agreement with the Karaalo- Sugar Company, Limited, at the time acting in the dual capacity for the promoters and the company, whereby they as promoters were given a profit of $35,000 in cash and six thousand shares of paid up stock, without disclosing the facts to those interested other than themselves, and obtaining their consent thereto; that the failure to disclose the facts was a fraud, whether actual or constructive we need not say, on the plaintiffs and the company and the agreement cannot stand; that in view of this fraud the defendants were not entitled to compensation for their services and the plaintiffs are entitled to recover as decreed.
There may be some doubt whether or not Foster was entitled to credit for $180.00 for cash paid out but the plaintiffs did not appeal from this and are not objecting to it. If this was error it ■was one of which the defendants have no right to complain.
The allowance of fees to the plaintiff’s counsel seems out of proportion to the services rendered. The majority of the court are of the opinion that under all the facts of the case the fee should be reduced to $7,500. Personally I think that it should be fixed at $10,000.
Geo. A. Davis, T. McOants Stewart, F. M. Hatch, B. L. Marx, J. A. Magoon, T. I. Dillon and J. Lightfoot for plaintiffs.
Robertson & Wilder, Kinney, Ballou & McGlanaha/n and F. W. Hanlcey for defendants.
Tbe decree appealed from is affirmed, except the allowance of counsel fees is reduced from $20,000 to $1,500.