TOULMIN, District Judge.
This action was brought by Pope W. Keith, the defendant in error, against James M. Hinds, as United States marshal, and his sureties on his official bond, the plaintiffs in error, to recover damages for an alleged illegal seizure of a stock of goods which said Keith had purchased from one O. M. Fennell, and on which certain writs of attachment against Fennell were levied by the marshal, and which were sold under the levy. The defendants justified under the attachments, alleging that the goods belonged to Fennell at the time of the levy, and also attacking the validity of Keith’s purchase on the ground of fraud. The stock of goods was at the time of the levy in the possession of Keith, who claimed to have purchased them from Fennell. The suit was commenced in the circuit court of Jackson county, state of Alabama. Process was issued,' and served on the plaintiffs in error. They severally appeared, and pleaded in abatement that the suit was not for the recovery of real property, or for the possession thereof, or for a trespass thereto, and that they were not resident freeholders of Jackson county, but were freeholders or householders in the state, having a permanent residence in a county other than said county of Jackson. Having filed these pleas, the defendants, now plaintiffs in error, filed a petition for the removal of the cause to the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of Alabama. The cause having reached the circuit court 1 of the United States, the pleas in abatement were overruled by the court. The case went to trial on its merits, and a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff, now the defendant in error.
The first assignment of error is that the court erred in overruling these pleas.
The pleás in abatement were of a mere personal privilege, exempting -the defendants from suit in other than local actions, without ■ the county of their residence, and is a creature of the statute of the state. The case was a removable one, and it was, on the petition of the defendants, removed to the federal court. The filing of the petition for removal was not such an appearance in the state [13]*13court as to waive the defendants’ exception to the jurisdiction in that court in case their attempt to remove had been unsuccessful; but the actual removal of the case to the federal court subjected the defendants to the jurisdiction of that court, and operated to give‘it jurisdiction, for the purpose of trial and final disposition of the case, and was a waiver or relinquishment of the privilege claimed by the pleas in abatement. Bushnell v. Kennedy, 9 Wall. 387; Ahlhauser v. Butler, 50 Fed. Rep. 705. There is a statute which provides that “there shall be no reversal in the supreme court or in a circuit court upon a writ of error, for error in ruling on any plea in abatement, other than a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, or for any error in fact.” Rev. St. § 1011. The jurisdiction of the court referred to in the exception in this statute seems to relate to jurisdiction as to subject-matter, and clearly shows that pleas in abatement are not to be favored.
The court did not err in overruling defendants’ objection to Keith’s evidence in reference to the transactions with Fennell. Rev. St. § 858; Goodwin v. Fox, 129 U. S. 602, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 367. But it was virtually conceded in the argument of counsel for the plaintiffs in error that there was no error in the ruling of the court on this point.
There are numerous assignments of error relating to the rulings of the court below touching the admission and rejection of evidence, and the giving and refusing of instructions to the jury. There was a good deal of evidence adniitted against the objection of the defendants which, in our judgment, was wholly immaterial, and could not affect the real issues in the case one way or the other. The admission of such evidence was therefore harmless. There are, however, some exceptions to the ruling of the court on the admission and rejection of evidence which we will briefly notice. We think that the court erred in permitting Keith' to testify that he acted in good faith and honesty in making the purchases from Fennell, and that he had no purpose to aid him in defrauding his creditors. The courts in many of the states have held that in cases in which knowledge, motive, or intent may be imputed to parties by circumstantial evidence, they are permitted to testify directly as to the existence of such motive or intent, and the ruling of the court below was in harmony with these decisions. But we think the sounder principle and better rule is to exclude such evidence. The supreme court of Alabama has declared that the rule is well settled in that state that a “party certifying for himself should not be permitted to state the motive or intention with which he did an act; that such motive or intention is an inferential fact, to be drawn by the jury from proven attendant facts and circumstances.” Burke v. State, 71 Ala. 382; Whizenant v. State, 20 Ala. 383. In actions at law in the courts of the United States the rules of evidence and the law of evidence generally of the state within which such courts are held prevail. Rev. St. § 721; Connecticut Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Union Trust Co., 112 U. S. 250, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 119; Ex parte Fisk, 113 U. S. 720, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 724.
[14]*14There are three exceptions to the exclusion of evidence, which are found in the forty-fii*st, forty-second, and forty-third assignments of error. The forty-first and forty-second assignments of error are the sustaining by the court of objections to the following questions asked a witness: “Was it not generally understood there in the community in the fall and winter of 1884 that he [Fennell] was selling goods at cost, and less than cost?” And “from your experience as a merchant, would you or not say an ordinarily prudént business man would form a partnership with another to go into his business without inquiring as to his mercantile business, and examining his books ?”
The first question was objectionable because it sought to prove by notoriety or reputation an objective fact, — a particular fact,-— in which the public had no interest, and which cannot be proved in that way, (1 Greenl. Ev. 138; Shutte v. Thompson, 15 Wall. 163;) and the second question called for the mere opinion of the witness, — an opinion involving a conclusion which, if material, was an inference to be drawn by the jury from circumstances which ' may be proven. Such evidence was inadmissible. The forty-third assignment of error is the exclusion of the evidence of the witness Shelton, which was “that he was engaged in the mei*cantile business at Larkinsville, Jackson county, Ala., in 1884, and the early part of 1885, and during the time knew of C. M. Fennell engaging in the mercantile business at Scottsboro, in the same county; that in the latter part of 1884 he heard from numerous parties that Fennell was selling out at less than cost, and that it was generally believed in the community that Fennell was in embarrassed circumstances, and would break or fail in his mercantile business.” This testimony, if it was to any material fact, was hearsay and rumor, and the belief testified to was not shown affirmatively to have been the general belief in Scottsboro, the community in which Fennell did business, where Keith resided, and where the sales by Fennell to Keith were made. It was properly excluded.
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TOULMIN, District Judge.
This action was brought by Pope W. Keith, the defendant in error, against James M. Hinds, as United States marshal, and his sureties on his official bond, the plaintiffs in error, to recover damages for an alleged illegal seizure of a stock of goods which said Keith had purchased from one O. M. Fennell, and on which certain writs of attachment against Fennell were levied by the marshal, and which were sold under the levy. The defendants justified under the attachments, alleging that the goods belonged to Fennell at the time of the levy, and also attacking the validity of Keith’s purchase on the ground of fraud. The stock of goods was at the time of the levy in the possession of Keith, who claimed to have purchased them from Fennell. The suit was commenced in the circuit court of Jackson county, state of Alabama. Process was issued,' and served on the plaintiffs in error. They severally appeared, and pleaded in abatement that the suit was not for the recovery of real property, or for the possession thereof, or for a trespass thereto, and that they were not resident freeholders of Jackson county, but were freeholders or householders in the state, having a permanent residence in a county other than said county of Jackson. Having filed these pleas, the defendants, now plaintiffs in error, filed a petition for the removal of the cause to the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of Alabama. The cause having reached the circuit court 1 of the United States, the pleas in abatement were overruled by the court. The case went to trial on its merits, and a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff, now the defendant in error.
The first assignment of error is that the court erred in overruling these pleas.
The pleás in abatement were of a mere personal privilege, exempting -the defendants from suit in other than local actions, without ■ the county of their residence, and is a creature of the statute of the state. The case was a removable one, and it was, on the petition of the defendants, removed to the federal court. The filing of the petition for removal was not such an appearance in the state [13]*13court as to waive the defendants’ exception to the jurisdiction in that court in case their attempt to remove had been unsuccessful; but the actual removal of the case to the federal court subjected the defendants to the jurisdiction of that court, and operated to give‘it jurisdiction, for the purpose of trial and final disposition of the case, and was a waiver or relinquishment of the privilege claimed by the pleas in abatement. Bushnell v. Kennedy, 9 Wall. 387; Ahlhauser v. Butler, 50 Fed. Rep. 705. There is a statute which provides that “there shall be no reversal in the supreme court or in a circuit court upon a writ of error, for error in ruling on any plea in abatement, other than a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, or for any error in fact.” Rev. St. § 1011. The jurisdiction of the court referred to in the exception in this statute seems to relate to jurisdiction as to subject-matter, and clearly shows that pleas in abatement are not to be favored.
The court did not err in overruling defendants’ objection to Keith’s evidence in reference to the transactions with Fennell. Rev. St. § 858; Goodwin v. Fox, 129 U. S. 602, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 367. But it was virtually conceded in the argument of counsel for the plaintiffs in error that there was no error in the ruling of the court on this point.
There are numerous assignments of error relating to the rulings of the court below touching the admission and rejection of evidence, and the giving and refusing of instructions to the jury. There was a good deal of evidence adniitted against the objection of the defendants which, in our judgment, was wholly immaterial, and could not affect the real issues in the case one way or the other. The admission of such evidence was therefore harmless. There are, however, some exceptions to the ruling of the court on the admission and rejection of evidence which we will briefly notice. We think that the court erred in permitting Keith' to testify that he acted in good faith and honesty in making the purchases from Fennell, and that he had no purpose to aid him in defrauding his creditors. The courts in many of the states have held that in cases in which knowledge, motive, or intent may be imputed to parties by circumstantial evidence, they are permitted to testify directly as to the existence of such motive or intent, and the ruling of the court below was in harmony with these decisions. But we think the sounder principle and better rule is to exclude such evidence. The supreme court of Alabama has declared that the rule is well settled in that state that a “party certifying for himself should not be permitted to state the motive or intention with which he did an act; that such motive or intention is an inferential fact, to be drawn by the jury from proven attendant facts and circumstances.” Burke v. State, 71 Ala. 382; Whizenant v. State, 20 Ala. 383. In actions at law in the courts of the United States the rules of evidence and the law of evidence generally of the state within which such courts are held prevail. Rev. St. § 721; Connecticut Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Union Trust Co., 112 U. S. 250, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 119; Ex parte Fisk, 113 U. S. 720, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 724.
[14]*14There are three exceptions to the exclusion of evidence, which are found in the forty-fii*st, forty-second, and forty-third assignments of error. The forty-first and forty-second assignments of error are the sustaining by the court of objections to the following questions asked a witness: “Was it not generally understood there in the community in the fall and winter of 1884 that he [Fennell] was selling goods at cost, and less than cost?” And “from your experience as a merchant, would you or not say an ordinarily prudént business man would form a partnership with another to go into his business without inquiring as to his mercantile business, and examining his books ?”
The first question was objectionable because it sought to prove by notoriety or reputation an objective fact, — a particular fact,-— in which the public had no interest, and which cannot be proved in that way, (1 Greenl. Ev. 138; Shutte v. Thompson, 15 Wall. 163;) and the second question called for the mere opinion of the witness, — an opinion involving a conclusion which, if material, was an inference to be drawn by the jury from circumstances which ' may be proven. Such evidence was inadmissible. The forty-third assignment of error is the exclusion of the evidence of the witness Shelton, which was “that he was engaged in the mei*cantile business at Larkinsville, Jackson county, Ala., in 1884, and the early part of 1885, and during the time knew of C. M. Fennell engaging in the mercantile business at Scottsboro, in the same county; that in the latter part of 1884 he heard from numerous parties that Fennell was selling out at less than cost, and that it was generally believed in the community that Fennell was in embarrassed circumstances, and would break or fail in his mercantile business.” This testimony, if it was to any material fact, was hearsay and rumor, and the belief testified to was not shown affirmatively to have been the general belief in Scottsboro, the community in which Fennell did business, where Keith resided, and where the sales by Fennell to Keith were made. It was properly excluded.
- The real issue in the case is whether Keith had notice, actual 'or constructive, that Fennell was insolvent or in embarrassed cir’cumstances at the time of the sales by Fennell to him, and that "he (Fennell) made the sales with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud 'his creditors. Keith paid Fennell in cash the fair, reasonable • value of the goods. This fact being shown, it devolved on the plaintiffs in error, the defendants below, to show that Fennell by the 'transaction attempted to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors, and that when Keith purchased from him he knew that such was his intention, or had information of suspicious circumstances, which ought to have led him to make inquiry, and that if he made such inquiry, and followed it up, it would have led to knowledge of Fennell’s fraudulent intent. Stix v. Keith, 85 Ala. 465, 5 South. Rep. 184; Skipper v. Reeves, 93 Ala. 332, 8 South. Rep. 804.
• ’There, was much evidence tending to show that Fennell’s intent in making the sales was fraudulent, and in this respect it may [15]*15be conceded that the plaintiffs in error discharged the burden of proof resting on them. But this fraudulent intent is immaterial unless they traced to Keith knowledge of it, or information of suspicious circumstances, which ought to have led him to make inquiry, and which, if followed up, would have led to knowledge of such fraudulent intent. The burden of showing such knowledge or information of such suspicious circumstances was, as we have said, on the plaintiffs in error, and, in our opinion, they have failed to discharge it. We have been unable to find in the evidence any fact or circumstance tracing to Keith knowledge of Fennell’s insolvency or fraudulent intent, or information of any suspicious fact or circumstance, which ought to have put him on inquiry, and which, if followed up, would have led to such knowledge at or prior to the sales.
The bill of exceptions sets out all the evidence in the case and that which was excluded. If the whole evidence, with all inferences that the jury could justifiably draw from it, was insufficient to support a verdict for the defendants, now plaintiffs in error, the case will not be reversed, although there may have been errors committed by the court below in rulings on evidence, in charges given, and in the refusal to give certain charges requested by the defendants. Randall v. Railroad Co., 109 U. S. 478, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 322; Railroad Co. v. Moore, 121 U. S. 570, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1334.
Our opinion is that the verdict was not only responsive to the evidence and the law applicable to the case, but that, in view of all the evidence, no other verdict could properly have been rendered by the jury. .The judgment is affirmed.