Lane, V. C.
The bill seeks an injunction to prevent defendant nsing the word “Hilton’s” to designate the places at which he carries on a clothing business. The case has taken six or seven days to try. It has been elaborately orally argued and elaborate briefs have been submitted. The testimony has not been written out, and I am retying upon my recollection in stating the facts. Some may be misstated, but not to an extent which would change the result. If either counsel observe apparent mistakes, I wish they would call my attention to them.
[151]*151In 1904 there was a manufacturing clothing business carried on in the city of Newark by one I. Hilton under that name. About that time there became associated with him the defendant, Joseph Hilton. A store ivas opened in that year in Philadelphia and the name adopted was “The Hilton Co.” Subsequently, in 1907, the name “The Hilton Co.” was adopted for the store in Newark. Between 1910 and 1914 the name “The Hilton Co."’ was abandoned in Newark and the name “George Watson & Co.” substituted. This was due to the fact that the Hiltons had acquired the established business of George Watson & Co. in Newark. In 1910 a store was opened in Brooldyn under the name of “The Hilton Co.;” in Providence in 1914; in Pittsburgh in 1913; Chicago in 1913; Boston in 1909, and in New York in April, 1906. Phillip Hilton became associated in the business with Joseph Hilton, and in 1916 Phillip and Joseph were the joint owners of the business. On the 24th day of June, 1916, a sale of Joseph’s interest to Phillip was consummated and a bill of sale delivered which conveyed the interest of Joseph in the business, “including all the name and good-will of said business and all its assets.” Joseph intended to go into the same business. Phillip knew this. Prior to the consummation of the. sale a store had been leased ostensibly for the two sons of Joseph in Paterson. I conclude that it was in the mind of Joseph at that time to himself become associated with his sons, or to supplant his sons. As a matter of fact, when the store was opened Joseph was the owner. I think Phillip knew that the store was to bp opened in Paterson, and the preponderance of evidence is to the effect that he consented to the use of the name “Hilton’s” by the sons in Paterson. Goods were manufactured by “The Hilton Co.” for use in the Paterson store, and I must conclude that Phillip knew of their manufacture. In the latter part of 1916, “The Hilton Co.” had four stores in New York, located at 85 Nassau street, New York, corner of Fourteenth street and Broadway, New York, Thirty-seventh street and Broadway, New York, and 412 Fulton street, Brooklyn; Joseph conceived the idea of opening stores in New York, and proceeded to do so; he now has in New York three stores, located at Thirty-third street and Fifth [152]*152avenue, 243 Broadway and Thirty-sixth street and Broadway. These stores, or some of them, axe in comparatively close proximity to some of those of “The Hilton Co.” Joseph now contemplates opening a store in Brooklyn, in comparatively close proximity to that of the “Hilton Co.,” and another in New York immediately opposite the Nassau street store of the “Hilton Co.” Each of these stores are designated by prominent signs as “Hilton’s.” The signs, while unlike in color and in material used, yet have such characteristics similar to those used by “The Hilton Co.,” as that it cannot be said that there are any distinguishing features which,would differentiate to the ordinary observer “Hilton’s” stores from “The Hilton Co.” stores. The window displays are practically identical. The evidence is that there are no marks which would be noticed by the ordinary observer distinguishing window dressings in stores of this nature. The show cards used, while not identical, are yet similar. It is so with the labels. Prior to 1916, “The Hilton Co.” had done considerable advertising in newspapers in various localities in which it had stores, although none to any extent in the city of New York. It had advertised in the city of New York by means of show cases placed in prominent places in tlie Hudson terminal and also by posters placed in the tube trains. I know of no more effective method of advertising, and I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that I have myself, before I ever heard of this case, noticed these advertisements and knew that there was such a concern as “The Hilton Co.” or “Hilton’s” which sold men’s suits. In some of the advertisements used before 1916 the words “Hilton” and “Hilton’s” were used. In others, the words “Hilton Clothes” and like phrases. The complainant’s original claim seemed to bo based upon the ground that the term “Hilton’s” had acquired a secondary meaning, and a large part of the argument was devoted to the question as to whether or not the proofs show that this secondary meaning had attached. The view that I take of the ease renders it unnecessary for me to determine whether the complainant has substantiated its claim in this respect or not. The distinction has been drawn between the right of the complainant to enjoin the use of the ñame “Hilton’s,” based upon the provisions of the [153]*153bill of sale and the right based upon unfair competition. I think so far as this case is concerned, it is a distinction without a difference, because the same facts which would result in enjoining the use of the name because of the grant contained in the bill of sale would induce the court to enjoin its use because of unfair competition.
The question is one of fact. The legal rules are settled. Chancellor Walker said, in National Biscuit Co. v. Pacific Coast Biscuit Co., 83 N. J. Eq. 369 (at p. 371): “The underlying principle that no man has a right to palm off his wares as those of another, thereby cheating the purchasing public and filching the business of a rival, is so essentially an element of natural justice, and so solidly imbedded in our jurisprudence that all that is necessary to quicken a court of equity, is to show that in the particular instance the offence has been committed.”
Vice-Chancellor Backes, in Cape May Yacht Club v. Cape May Yacht and Country Club, 81 N. J. Eq. 454, 456, said: “Jurisdiction of courts of equity to prevent injury from infringement of trade names has been liberally exercised and applied in all circumstances whenever it appeared that the name was an established, distinctive and valuable adjura,ct to an undertaking, whether used to distinguish manufactured articles, a place of business, or a corporation, commercial or one formed not for pecuniary gain. All that is required to ’bring into activity the injunctive powers of the court is to inform it that the complainant’s trade is in danger of harm from the use of its name by the defendant in such a way as is calculated to deceive the public into the belief that the defendant’s affairs in the respect complained of are those of the complainant.”
Vice-Chancellor Howell said (and his opinion was approved by the court of errors and appeals in 81 N. J. Eq. 519), in R. C. & H. T. Co. v. Rubber Bound Brush Co., 81 N. J. Eq. 419 (at p. 424): * * * “it is not necessary that the complainant in order to succeed should prove misrepresentation or actual fraud by the defendant, or give any evidence that any single person was deceived. It is enough if, in the opinion of the judge the symbol or device or get-up used by the defendant is one which so closely [154]*154resembles the symbol, device or get-up used by the complainant as to be likely to deceive the public.
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Lane, V. C.
The bill seeks an injunction to prevent defendant nsing the word “Hilton’s” to designate the places at which he carries on a clothing business. The case has taken six or seven days to try. It has been elaborately orally argued and elaborate briefs have been submitted. The testimony has not been written out, and I am retying upon my recollection in stating the facts. Some may be misstated, but not to an extent which would change the result. If either counsel observe apparent mistakes, I wish they would call my attention to them.
[151]*151In 1904 there was a manufacturing clothing business carried on in the city of Newark by one I. Hilton under that name. About that time there became associated with him the defendant, Joseph Hilton. A store ivas opened in that year in Philadelphia and the name adopted was “The Hilton Co.” Subsequently, in 1907, the name “The Hilton Co.” was adopted for the store in Newark. Between 1910 and 1914 the name “The Hilton Co."’ was abandoned in Newark and the name “George Watson & Co.” substituted. This was due to the fact that the Hiltons had acquired the established business of George Watson & Co. in Newark. In 1910 a store was opened in Brooldyn under the name of “The Hilton Co.;” in Providence in 1914; in Pittsburgh in 1913; Chicago in 1913; Boston in 1909, and in New York in April, 1906. Phillip Hilton became associated in the business with Joseph Hilton, and in 1916 Phillip and Joseph were the joint owners of the business. On the 24th day of June, 1916, a sale of Joseph’s interest to Phillip was consummated and a bill of sale delivered which conveyed the interest of Joseph in the business, “including all the name and good-will of said business and all its assets.” Joseph intended to go into the same business. Phillip knew this. Prior to the consummation of the. sale a store had been leased ostensibly for the two sons of Joseph in Paterson. I conclude that it was in the mind of Joseph at that time to himself become associated with his sons, or to supplant his sons. As a matter of fact, when the store was opened Joseph was the owner. I think Phillip knew that the store was to bp opened in Paterson, and the preponderance of evidence is to the effect that he consented to the use of the name “Hilton’s” by the sons in Paterson. Goods were manufactured by “The Hilton Co.” for use in the Paterson store, and I must conclude that Phillip knew of their manufacture. In the latter part of 1916, “The Hilton Co.” had four stores in New York, located at 85 Nassau street, New York, corner of Fourteenth street and Broadway, New York, Thirty-seventh street and Broadway, New York, and 412 Fulton street, Brooklyn; Joseph conceived the idea of opening stores in New York, and proceeded to do so; he now has in New York three stores, located at Thirty-third street and Fifth [152]*152avenue, 243 Broadway and Thirty-sixth street and Broadway. These stores, or some of them, axe in comparatively close proximity to some of those of “The Hilton Co.” Joseph now contemplates opening a store in Brooklyn, in comparatively close proximity to that of the “Hilton Co.,” and another in New York immediately opposite the Nassau street store of the “Hilton Co.” Each of these stores are designated by prominent signs as “Hilton’s.” The signs, while unlike in color and in material used, yet have such characteristics similar to those used by “The Hilton Co.,” as that it cannot be said that there are any distinguishing features which,would differentiate to the ordinary observer “Hilton’s” stores from “The Hilton Co.” stores. The window displays are practically identical. The evidence is that there are no marks which would be noticed by the ordinary observer distinguishing window dressings in stores of this nature. The show cards used, while not identical, are yet similar. It is so with the labels. Prior to 1916, “The Hilton Co.” had done considerable advertising in newspapers in various localities in which it had stores, although none to any extent in the city of New York. It had advertised in the city of New York by means of show cases placed in prominent places in tlie Hudson terminal and also by posters placed in the tube trains. I know of no more effective method of advertising, and I cannot shut my eyes to the fact that I have myself, before I ever heard of this case, noticed these advertisements and knew that there was such a concern as “The Hilton Co.” or “Hilton’s” which sold men’s suits. In some of the advertisements used before 1916 the words “Hilton” and “Hilton’s” were used. In others, the words “Hilton Clothes” and like phrases. The complainant’s original claim seemed to bo based upon the ground that the term “Hilton’s” had acquired a secondary meaning, and a large part of the argument was devoted to the question as to whether or not the proofs show that this secondary meaning had attached. The view that I take of the ease renders it unnecessary for me to determine whether the complainant has substantiated its claim in this respect or not. The distinction has been drawn between the right of the complainant to enjoin the use of the ñame “Hilton’s,” based upon the provisions of the [153]*153bill of sale and the right based upon unfair competition. I think so far as this case is concerned, it is a distinction without a difference, because the same facts which would result in enjoining the use of the name because of the grant contained in the bill of sale would induce the court to enjoin its use because of unfair competition.
The question is one of fact. The legal rules are settled. Chancellor Walker said, in National Biscuit Co. v. Pacific Coast Biscuit Co., 83 N. J. Eq. 369 (at p. 371): “The underlying principle that no man has a right to palm off his wares as those of another, thereby cheating the purchasing public and filching the business of a rival, is so essentially an element of natural justice, and so solidly imbedded in our jurisprudence that all that is necessary to quicken a court of equity, is to show that in the particular instance the offence has been committed.”
Vice-Chancellor Backes, in Cape May Yacht Club v. Cape May Yacht and Country Club, 81 N. J. Eq. 454, 456, said: “Jurisdiction of courts of equity to prevent injury from infringement of trade names has been liberally exercised and applied in all circumstances whenever it appeared that the name was an established, distinctive and valuable adjura,ct to an undertaking, whether used to distinguish manufactured articles, a place of business, or a corporation, commercial or one formed not for pecuniary gain. All that is required to ’bring into activity the injunctive powers of the court is to inform it that the complainant’s trade is in danger of harm from the use of its name by the defendant in such a way as is calculated to deceive the public into the belief that the defendant’s affairs in the respect complained of are those of the complainant.”
Vice-Chancellor Howell said (and his opinion was approved by the court of errors and appeals in 81 N. J. Eq. 519), in R. C. & H. T. Co. v. Rubber Bound Brush Co., 81 N. J. Eq. 419 (at p. 424): * * * “it is not necessary that the complainant in order to succeed should prove misrepresentation or actual fraud by the defendant, or give any evidence that any single person was deceived. It is enough if, in the opinion of the judge the symbol or device or get-up used by the defendant is one which so closely [154]*154resembles the symbol, device or get-up used by the complainant as to be likely to deceive the public. If so, then the conditions required by the rules of law are fulfilled, and the decision, of the question is one which must be committed to the eye and the sound judgment of the judge to whom the case is presented.”
The court of errors and appeals said, in Munn & Co. v. The Americana Co., 83 N. J. Eq. 309, that “fraudulent conduct on the part of the defendant is a necessary element,” citing International Silver Co. v. Rogers, 71 N. J. Eq. 560, 563.
The court does not state what constitutes fraudulent conduct or what proof is required from which fraudulent intent may be inferred.
Vice-Chancellor Emery said, in Eureka Fire Hose Co. v. Eureka Rubber Mfg. Co., 69 N. J. Eq. (at p. 167) : “This protection is granted without regard to the intent of the infringer, because a fraudulent intent to deceive the public and appropriate the benefit of the trade reputation of another is conclusively presumed, from the using of the name or mark after request to desist, although the absence of such intent may in some cases be a defence to an action for damages.”
And see also Wirlz v. Eagle Bottling Co., 50 N. J. Eq. 164; International Silver Co. v. Rogers, 66 N. J. Eq. 119 (at p. 129); National Biscuit Co. v. Pacific Coast Biscuit Co., 83 N. J. Eq. (at p. 380).
Expressed briefly, I think the rule is that “unfair competition” is “fraudulent conduct.”
Examining the facts in the light of the rules of law hereinbefore referred to, it seems to me that it cannot seriously be argued that the use by the defendant of the name “Hilton’s” in the manner it is used in connection with stores in close proximity to those of “The Hilton Co.” cannot but lead to confusion, and tend to injure the good-will of the complainant, his interest in which the defendant sold to the complainant. I must consider that I am a man of ordinary intelligence, and that I proceed with ordinary care and caution, and I know that if I walked down Hassau street, New York, having seen the sign of “The Hilton Co.” in the Hudson terminal and desired to buy a suit of clothes [155]*155as advertised, if I first saw on one side of the street the store of the defendant with the sign “Hilton’s,” I would immediately reach the conclusion that it was the same establishment which had advertised in the Hudson terminal. If by chance I glanced across the street and saw another store with the words “The Hilton Company” over it, then I might wonder why the company had two stores in such close proximity, and I might be led to investigate as to which of the stores really had done the advertising. If, however, I walked into the store of the defendant at Thirty-third street and Eifth avenue, there would be nothing which would tend to raise my suspicions that that store was not that of the party advertising. The word “Hilton’s” is the popular possessive- of the words “The Hilton Co.,” just as “Macy’s” is of R. H. Macy & Co. It seems to me that if the defendant can be allowed to open a store opposite or in close proximity to the stores of the complainant under the name of “Hilton's,” then there is no objection to a store being opened opposite or in close proximity to “Macy’s,” and the use by such store of the designation “Macy’s.”
There are three affirmative defences set up by the defendant—
First. It is insisted that the complainant is perpetrating a fraud upon the public by selling goods advertised as manufactured by it which are not, in fact, so manufactured, and that the case is within Perlberg v. Smith, 70 N. J. Eq. 638.
The proofs disclose that at the present time a very large proportion of the clothing is manufactured by the “company” — I think between ninety and ninety-five per cent. The proportion of goods actually manufactured has steadily increased. While some of the advertisements may be said to leave the impression on the mind that the goods sold are actually manufactured by the “company,” yet most of them are consistent with the idea that the goods are not so manufactured but are selected by the “Compaq.” It makes no difference to the public by whom the goods are manufactured so long as the public is satisfied with the article that it gets. The reputation of the “company” has grown, not because of the fact that it manufactures the article, but because it produces to the public an article that the public wants. The [156]*156good-will that has resulted is entitled to protection. I do not think that the case is within Peril erg v. Smith, but rather within the reasoning of Johnson & Johnson v. Seabury & Johnson, 71 N. J. Eq. 750; New York and New Jersey Lubricant Co. v. Young, 84 N. J. Eq. 469 (reversing Vice-Chancellor Stevens, 77 N. J. Eq. 321); Regent Shoe Mfg. Co. v. Haaker (Neb., 1906), 106 N. W. Rep. 595; 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 447.
Second. The defendant insists that the complainant acquiesced in the use of the word “Hilton’s” by the defendant. There is no proof of any acquiescence on the part of the complainant except with respect to the use of the name by the sons of Joseph in Paterson. Assuming the testimony on the part of the defendant with respect to this to be true, there was a statement made by Phillip to the wife of Joseph and one of the sons that he did not care if they opened in Paterson, what name they used so long as they did not use the name of “The Hilton Co.” T do not believe that Phillip ever intended to permit the use by Joseph, or by the sons, of the word “Hilton’s” in any way which would result in unfair competition. It is almost inconceivable. I rather assume that he thought that the use of the term “Hilton’s” in Paterson would not result in unfair competition with .his stores. The Paterson, store has been discontinued, so that I do not have to determine whether I would enjoin the use of the word “Hilton’s” in Paterson. The consent was not broad enough to cover the stores in New York or in any other place where the result would be competition with “The Hilton Co.” stores.' I think the acquiescence presents no obstacle to relief.
Third. It is insisted that because in Perth Amboy a similar business was conducted under the name of “Hilton,” and also in Yonkers, that the complainant is not entitled to relief. There is no proof whatever that the store in Yonkers, which has now been discontinued, or the store in Perth, Amboy in anywise competed with any “Hilton Co.” store. Although the name may be used elsewhere, yet such use if in a non-competitive community or to a small extent will not prevent relief.
Upon the ground of unfair competition, and because it is an attack upon the good-will of “The Hilton Co.,” the use of the term [157]*157“Hilton’s” by the defendant to designate his stores, which are in competition with those of “The Hilton Co.,” will be enjoined.
Throughout these conclusions I have used the term “it” to refer to “The Hilton Co.” for convenience.
Counsel on both sides have referred to many cases from foreign jurisdictions. I have considered it unnecessary to deal with them, as I think the rules applicable axe settled by prior decisions in this jurisdiction.
Coilnsel may present a form of decree on Monday, August 13th, or Wednesday, the 15th.