DENISON, Circuit Judge.'
These are appeals from decrees in favor of the defendants in two suits brought by the appellants, referring to adjacent parcels of real estate, the purpose of which suits was to enjoin the further extraction of oil by defendants, to procure an accounting for what had been taken, and to establish plaintiffs’ title. Prior to 1888 David Pryse had the legal title to all the land in controversy. In that year he made a deed to Simpson Crabtree. The easterly line of what he conveyed, being the westerly line of what he kept, and along that portion now in dispute, was described as “thence with the cliff” in a generally northeasterly direction, by stated courses and distances. As is common, some of the courses and distances as recited turn out to be impossible of acceptance, and the location of the line depends upon the interpretation of the phrase “with the cliff.”
In the general locality of this line there was a sharp ridge running northerly, with a bend toward the east. Along this ridge for the greater part of its course there is a sheer cliff facing easterly, and another one facing westerly. At places they are not more than 100 feet from each other; at other places they are further apart; and the ridge carries similarly cliff-faced spurs on both east and west. The summit of the ridge lies approximately midway between the faces. Upon its westerly face, toward Crabtree, the lower cliff, while sheer in places, in other places is broken or sloping, and above it with more or less interruption are second and third upstanding ridges of rock, which might or might not be considered part of the cliff face. As soon as the Pryse-Crabtree deed is read and the reader is informed as to the general topography, the description becomes sharply ambiguous. “With the cliff” may mean with the summit of the cliff ridge, or it may mean with the westerly face of the cliff, and, if it has the latter general meaning, then whether it runs with the bottom of the first cliff, with its top, or with the upper ridges of rock, and where it goes in the places where the cliffs are broken, and whether it goes around or across the westerly spur from the ridge, all are uncertain.
Until recently the narrow strip of land between the two lines — the center and the edge, containing only a few acres in total area — was of no practical value, except for a small amount of timber. There is testimony tending to show that claimants under Pryse cut timber from the east over to the edge of the cliff, and this with Crabtree’s acquiescence, and that claimants under Crabtree cut timber from the west up to the center line with the acquiescence of Pryse’s grantees; but with the discovery of oil the strip became valuable, and this litigation has resulted.
[372]*372The Southwestern and Cliff Companies, the defendants, were lessees, claiming under Pryse’s grantees by leases which were said to carry their rights westerly to the top edge of the bottom or main cliff,, and running the whole length of the cliff line in question. Crab-tree had divided his land west of the cliff ridge, giving the northern part to one daughter and the southern part to another. Whether the deeds of conveyance to them are bounded on the east by the cliff face, or by the center of the ridge line,- is wholly impossible to tell from the papers, or without knowledge outside of the record as to stated monuments, and perhaps it would not be possible even then. Thereafter plaintiffs Hudson and Collins acquired a lease of . the southern part from one daughter, and plaintiff High Gravity Oil Company and another corporation, the Swiss Oil Company, acquired from the'other daughter a joint lease of the northern part. In each lease the territory covered was described in the same unintelligible way (as to its eastern boundary) as in the deeds from Crabtree to his daughters.
Hudson and Collins and the High Gravity Company drilled wells upon their properties west of the cliffs, but took no possession of anything on top of the cliffs. Later the Southwestern and Cliff companies drilled wells upon the disputed strip itself on top of the cliff, and this was the situation when these suits were brought.
The question to which attention was chiefly given below, and which was first argued in this court, was as to the rightful location of the cliff line contemplated .by the Pryse-Crabtree deed. 'Plaintiffs’ contention that it should be located along the top of the ridge was based largely upon the claim that it was in fact so run and marked by the surveyor at the time, with the further contention that the stated courses and distances in the deed, when modified and corrected according to established Kentucky rules, do accommodate themselves substantially to the summit line of the cliff ridge, but cannot be applied even approximately to the cliff face line. The defendants contended, not only that the deed unambiguously called for the face of the cliff, but that, if there was ambiguity, it was upon the facts to be solved on that theory. The District Judge considered this question only, and held with the defendants upon its merits. Our examination of the record has induced substantial doubt whether this conclusion was correct;1 but, [373]*373without undertaking to reach a decision upon that subject, we observed that the record also tended to show another sufficient defense. Accordingly we asked for further briefs from counsel thereon, and such briefs from both sides have now been filed.
It is a well-established rule in Kentucky that where there is a dispute, or even uncertainty, as to the dividing line between adjoining owners, and they orally agree that a particular surveyor may fix the line, and he does so, and they thereafter execute the agreement, either by marking the new line, or by taking possession up to such line, the line so fixed, called sometimes in Kentucky a “conditional line,” becomes the true boundary. Garvin v. Threlkeld, 173 Ky. 262, 266, 268, 190 S. W. 1092; Wisconsin Steel Co. v. Lewis, 178 Ky. 765, 768, 199 S. W. 1068; Turner v. Bowens, 180 Ky. 755, 758, 203 S. W. 749. If Amburgy v. Burt, 121 Ky. 580, 89 S. W. 680, is to be taken as requiring mutual concessions, it is inconsistent with the later cases. These three conditions- — dispute, agreement, execution — just recited do not all exist in these instant cases in the ordinary conventional form, but we think they are here in substance, and govern the result.
It is not to be doubted that there was a long-standing controversy as to the true location of this cliff line. The dispute had appeared and reappeared, as between the grantors of the present parties, and, indeed, it was inherent in the Pryse-Crabtree deed. About the latter part of 1917, the parties to these suits had acquired interests by oil leases, as above stated. These oil leases themselves, or the next instrument back in the chain of title, or both, were hopelessly yague, and in some respects plainly erroneous as to the location of this dividing line. At that time Hudson and Collins employed a surveyor, Rowe, to locate their east line, and at about the same time defendants employed him to locate their west line. It is not clear whether the employment was joint. Rowe examined the deeds in the chain of title, acquired such other information as he could, made up his mind that the top edge of the lower or main cliff face was the true line, and made a careful survey and map of it accordingly. A copy of this map was furnished to defendants, and one to Hudson and Collins. We [374]
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DENISON, Circuit Judge.'
These are appeals from decrees in favor of the defendants in two suits brought by the appellants, referring to adjacent parcels of real estate, the purpose of which suits was to enjoin the further extraction of oil by defendants, to procure an accounting for what had been taken, and to establish plaintiffs’ title. Prior to 1888 David Pryse had the legal title to all the land in controversy. In that year he made a deed to Simpson Crabtree. The easterly line of what he conveyed, being the westerly line of what he kept, and along that portion now in dispute, was described as “thence with the cliff” in a generally northeasterly direction, by stated courses and distances. As is common, some of the courses and distances as recited turn out to be impossible of acceptance, and the location of the line depends upon the interpretation of the phrase “with the cliff.”
In the general locality of this line there was a sharp ridge running northerly, with a bend toward the east. Along this ridge for the greater part of its course there is a sheer cliff facing easterly, and another one facing westerly. At places they are not more than 100 feet from each other; at other places they are further apart; and the ridge carries similarly cliff-faced spurs on both east and west. The summit of the ridge lies approximately midway between the faces. Upon its westerly face, toward Crabtree, the lower cliff, while sheer in places, in other places is broken or sloping, and above it with more or less interruption are second and third upstanding ridges of rock, which might or might not be considered part of the cliff face. As soon as the Pryse-Crabtree deed is read and the reader is informed as to the general topography, the description becomes sharply ambiguous. “With the cliff” may mean with the summit of the cliff ridge, or it may mean with the westerly face of the cliff, and, if it has the latter general meaning, then whether it runs with the bottom of the first cliff, with its top, or with the upper ridges of rock, and where it goes in the places where the cliffs are broken, and whether it goes around or across the westerly spur from the ridge, all are uncertain.
Until recently the narrow strip of land between the two lines — the center and the edge, containing only a few acres in total area — was of no practical value, except for a small amount of timber. There is testimony tending to show that claimants under Pryse cut timber from the east over to the edge of the cliff, and this with Crabtree’s acquiescence, and that claimants under Crabtree cut timber from the west up to the center line with the acquiescence of Pryse’s grantees; but with the discovery of oil the strip became valuable, and this litigation has resulted.
[372]*372The Southwestern and Cliff Companies, the defendants, were lessees, claiming under Pryse’s grantees by leases which were said to carry their rights westerly to the top edge of the bottom or main cliff,, and running the whole length of the cliff line in question. Crab-tree had divided his land west of the cliff ridge, giving the northern part to one daughter and the southern part to another. Whether the deeds of conveyance to them are bounded on the east by the cliff face, or by the center of the ridge line,- is wholly impossible to tell from the papers, or without knowledge outside of the record as to stated monuments, and perhaps it would not be possible even then. Thereafter plaintiffs Hudson and Collins acquired a lease of . the southern part from one daughter, and plaintiff High Gravity Oil Company and another corporation, the Swiss Oil Company, acquired from the'other daughter a joint lease of the northern part. In each lease the territory covered was described in the same unintelligible way (as to its eastern boundary) as in the deeds from Crabtree to his daughters.
Hudson and Collins and the High Gravity Company drilled wells upon their properties west of the cliffs, but took no possession of anything on top of the cliffs. Later the Southwestern and Cliff companies drilled wells upon the disputed strip itself on top of the cliff, and this was the situation when these suits were brought.
The question to which attention was chiefly given below, and which was first argued in this court, was as to the rightful location of the cliff line contemplated .by the Pryse-Crabtree deed. 'Plaintiffs’ contention that it should be located along the top of the ridge was based largely upon the claim that it was in fact so run and marked by the surveyor at the time, with the further contention that the stated courses and distances in the deed, when modified and corrected according to established Kentucky rules, do accommodate themselves substantially to the summit line of the cliff ridge, but cannot be applied even approximately to the cliff face line. The defendants contended, not only that the deed unambiguously called for the face of the cliff, but that, if there was ambiguity, it was upon the facts to be solved on that theory. The District Judge considered this question only, and held with the defendants upon its merits. Our examination of the record has induced substantial doubt whether this conclusion was correct;1 but, [373]*373without undertaking to reach a decision upon that subject, we observed that the record also tended to show another sufficient defense. Accordingly we asked for further briefs from counsel thereon, and such briefs from both sides have now been filed.
It is a well-established rule in Kentucky that where there is a dispute, or even uncertainty, as to the dividing line between adjoining owners, and they orally agree that a particular surveyor may fix the line, and he does so, and they thereafter execute the agreement, either by marking the new line, or by taking possession up to such line, the line so fixed, called sometimes in Kentucky a “conditional line,” becomes the true boundary. Garvin v. Threlkeld, 173 Ky. 262, 266, 268, 190 S. W. 1092; Wisconsin Steel Co. v. Lewis, 178 Ky. 765, 768, 199 S. W. 1068; Turner v. Bowens, 180 Ky. 755, 758, 203 S. W. 749. If Amburgy v. Burt, 121 Ky. 580, 89 S. W. 680, is to be taken as requiring mutual concessions, it is inconsistent with the later cases. These three conditions- — dispute, agreement, execution — just recited do not all exist in these instant cases in the ordinary conventional form, but we think they are here in substance, and govern the result.
It is not to be doubted that there was a long-standing controversy as to the true location of this cliff line. The dispute had appeared and reappeared, as between the grantors of the present parties, and, indeed, it was inherent in the Pryse-Crabtree deed. About the latter part of 1917, the parties to these suits had acquired interests by oil leases, as above stated. These oil leases themselves, or the next instrument back in the chain of title, or both, were hopelessly yague, and in some respects plainly erroneous as to the location of this dividing line. At that time Hudson and Collins employed a surveyor, Rowe, to locate their east line, and at about the same time defendants employed him to locate their west line. It is not clear whether the employment was joint. Rowe examined the deeds in the chain of title, acquired such other information as he could, made up his mind that the top edge of the lower or main cliff face was the true line, and made a careful survey and map of it accordingly. A copy of this map was furnished to defendants, and one to Hudson and Collins. We [374]*374thus find, in substance, although not in technical form, that both patties employ a surveyor to locate a disputed line, and that he does so.
There was no marking of this line on the ground, probably because it was merely the adoption of an existing monument. Neither was there any such taking possession up to the new line, and acquiescence therein by both parties, as would appear in the case of ordinary cultivated land. However, this land was of no substantial value, except for the drilling and maintaining of oil wells, and full possession for this use must be the equivalent of possession by cultivation of land capable of that use. Some time after this survey, Hudson and Collins began to' drill the first well of either party along this line. They located it immediately under the cliff. The defendants thought they should keep further away, and some discusision led to a further agreement that Rowe should locate the wells for both parties. He did so, and marked them on the map, locating the wells of each party 200 feet back from the boundary line as shown on his map (excepting for offsetting equalizations of what had already been done). This agreement to drill according to the Rowe locations was not fully carried out; but, for what they thought sufficient reasons, defendants drilled some, at least, of their wells as near to the top cliff edge as possible, and some, at least, of Hudson and Collins’ wells were correspondingly close to the bottom of the cliff. This conduct'on both sides was not in execution of the agreement for the Rowe well locations, but it was. in recognition of and in execution of the Rowe location of the dividing line. Hudson and Collins never undertook to drive a well east of the cliff face, nor did they, so far as the record shows, ever protest or object to the driving of wells by defendants on the now-disputed strip, on the ground that such wells were upon Hudson and Collins’ land, but only because they came too near to that land. We must consider the driving of such wells by the defendants upon the overlap, and Hudson and Collins’ conduct in keeping clear from it, and locating all their wells with reference to the new conditional line, as constituting that execution of an agreement for a conditional line which is appropriate to these circumstances. It follows that the line located by Rowe became the true division line, and that Hudson and Collins must fail.
The corresponding result is reasonably clear as to the northern part of the line, upon which the High Gravity Oil Company abuts. Upon this northern part of the Crabtree property, the High Gravity Oil Company had become lessee of the eastern half and the Quaker Oil Company of the western half; but the dividing line between them had not been run. For this purpose Surveyor Rowe was appointed by the Quaker Company and Surveyor Westcott for the High Gravity Company. In order to find the center, it was necessary to locate the eastern boundary, which is the line now in controversy. Surveyor Rowe “at about the same time” was locating this same line in the employment of the present defendant, and made, or had made, his map Ideating the line at the edge of the cliff. In connection with locating this center line, Rowe insisted that the cliff edge should be the eastern line, while Westcott insisted that it should be the middle of the cliff ridge. Westcott yielded, and the cliff edge line was agreed [375]*375upon. The necessary effect was that the resulting deficiency in the tract, as compared with its total if it had extended to the ridge summit, was divided between them, and the dividing line between them was adjusted and fixed accordingly. It must be conceded that defendant was not a party to this agreement and so cannot directly claim under it; but this division agreement was so far connected with the locating of defendant’s western and northern line by Rowe that defendant may well be charged with notice of the division agreement and the High Gravity Company be charged with knowledge that the defendant would treat such conduct as an acceptance by the High Gravity Company of the Rowe boundary line. The defendant’s subsequent action in drilling its wells upon this strip may be considered based upon its knowledge that Rowe had fixed the line and that the High Gravity Company had accepted the line so fixed, even though there were no direct contract relations between them. There was the fixing of the line by the one; an express adoption by the other, for its own purposes, of the line so fixed; knowledge by the one of this adoption, and thereafter tacit acceptance and acquiescence by both, of the line as the basis of subsequent expenditures and improvements by each.
The actual ending of the controversy and avoiding of threatened litigation is always a sufficient consideration for a settlement agreement, even if one side concedes the whole matter in dispute; and taking possession of land in appropriate form avoids the statute of frauds. We think the situation here developed satisfies the spirit of the Kentucky rule, as well as makes a good defensive case in equity. Four or more wells were thereafter drilled by defendant on the strip in controversy with the High Gravity Company, and the only objection made was that during the drilling of the first (which seems to have been below the top edge of the diff) plaintiff’s manager said to the defendant, “I think you are drilling a well for us.” An attempt in equity to enforce such a claim, after' several more have been drilled “for us,” and against a driller who has always daimed in adverse right, is not strongly appealing. As against this situation we cannot give controlling effect to the old fences, about which there is some proof. They may well have been built to keep cattle from coming through gaps between the higher land and the lower land, and without demonstrating any intent to claim title up to the fence. They are not located according to the theory of either party as to the dividing line.
We know of no rule of pleading prevailing in federal courts of equity which requires the defense of agreed location of a disputed line to be alleged in the answer. This fact constitutes evidence interpreting the title papers; but, even if the effect of the defense depends in the end on the principles of estoppel, and if under some circumstances it might not escape the statute of frauds, as to the legal title to the fee, a court of equity would not award relief as between lessees in the face of such a state of facts.
The decrees below, dismissing both bills, are affirmed.