ANDERSON, Chief Justice
This was an action of assumpsit, brought in the Circuit Court for Madison County, by the present appellant, against Mary Shehee, on a merchant’s account. The declaration is in the usual form, and the bill of particulars filed with it is an account against the defendant • for sundry articles of merchandise, amounting to $107 48.
The defendant filed the general issue, and with it a notice that at the trial she would prove payment and set off. The evidence does not tend to establish this allegation of payment and set off, so that there was no other real issue than that presented by the plea of non assumpsit.
Thomas J. Chace was the only witness examined, and his testimony was substantially as follows :
He was in the employment of Rowles & Iliggs during the year 1843, as clerk and book-keeper — knows of the existence of an account against the defendant for that year ; its amount was $107 48, “ as by examination of the books “ now before the witness” — the account constituting the bill of particulars, was made out by witness from the books of Rowles & Higgs, and is a correct transcript from them.
Witness believes that the books of Rowles & Higgs were [384]*384fairly and honestly kept — witness knows that a part of the articles enumerated in the account were purchased by the defendant, and delivered, and others were got by the overseer of defendant, and delivered to him, as witness presumes, by her order or direction, which were at times written by her.
Witness believes, from an examination of the books, that the account, “ as above stated, and now in controver- “ sy, is correct, unpaid, and justly due to the firm of said “ Rowles & Iiiggs, according to the best of his knowledge “ and belief.”
Defendant offered no evidence, but demurred to the plaintiff’s evidence, and the plaintiff joined in the demurrer.
Upon this issue, the Court gave judgment for the defendant, with costs, to which judgment the plaintiff excepted, and his bill of exceptions being signed and sealed by the Judge, is a part of the record which has been brought before us.
The effect of a demurrer to the evidence is, “ that the “ party demurring admits the truth of the testimony to “ which he demurs, and also those conclusions of fact “ which the jury may fairly draw .from that testimony. “Forced and violent inferences he does, not admit, but “ the testimony is to be taken most strongly against him, “ and such conclusions as a jury might justifiably draw, the “ Court ought to draw.” Pawling et al. vs. United States, 2 Cond. R., 93. In the case of Young et al. vs. Black, in the same volume of Reports, 609 p., Mr Justice Story says : “ The party demurring is bound to admit as true, “ not only all the facts proved by the evidence introduced “ by the other party, but also all the facts which that evi- “ dence may legally conduce to prove.”
In applying the rule thus laid down by the Supreme [385]*385Court to the evidence in the case before us, we find, in the first place, that the facts stated by the witness, though taken to be true, do not directly establish the plaintiff’s case. Those facts are of two distinct kinds : first the testimony of the witness as to the books ; and, secondly, as to the delivery. The facts, though admitted by the demurer to be true, that the witness was "clerk and book-keeper for the plaintiff, and knew of the existence of the account, and of its amount, from an examination of the books: that the account filed was a correct transcript from the books, and that he believed the books to be fairly and honestly kept, are not direct proof of the assumpsit of the defendant as charged in the declaration. A book account is not admitted in this State to be evidence of the sale and delivery of goods. Such is the general rule of the English law, even in the case of a regular tradesman’s books, 1 Buller’s N. P., 282, and in those countries and States where tradesmens’ books are admitted as evidence, it is always in connection either with the suppletory oath of the party, or from the supposed necessity of the case, where the party does not keep a clerk. See Pothier on Obligations, quoted in 12 J. R. 464, and cases referred to in the same book from several of the New England States. In this State, we have not relaxed the English rule, which is in perfect consistency with the general law of evidence, (unless the allowing a party to swear to an account under fifty dollars in a Magistrate’s Court may be so considered,) and we hope, that it will never be relaxed.
In this case, however, the book account is not even sustained by the oath of the party, nor is there any supposed necessity, as in the New York cases, from there being no clerk, of admitting it: so that there is really no direct proof in this branch of the testimony to sustain the case. So also it is very clear that the testimony of the witness, [386]*386that lie knew of the delivery of a part of the articles to defendant and another part to her overseer, without saying how much and what was their value, however true, is not sufficient of itself to justify a judgment for the plaintiff for any amount.
The facts proved being thus insufficient of themselves and directly to establish the plaintiff’s case, let us see, in the second place, if the conclusions of fact which the jury might fairly draw from the testimony without forced and violent inferences, (to use the language of Judge Marshall,) will answer.
The word “ fairly,” which here qualifies the right of a jury to draw, their conclusions, must be understood to import “ legally,” for nothing is fair in a Court of Justice but what is sanctioned by the rules of law, and in the citation made from Judge Story, it is said the demurrant admits “ all the facts which the testimony legally may conduce to “prove.” Could, then, a jury have legally concluded, from.the facts proven, that the goods were bought by defendant ? Could they have legally come to this conclusion, because the account was a correct transcript from books which were admitted to be fairly and honestly kept ?
If the jury had any doubt on this point, it would be their duty to ask counsel of the Court, and they would then learn that they could not arrive at such conclusion, without doing violence to plain and well established rules of law.
There are two distinct characteristics of evidence which are to be regarded in this connection : I mean its relevancy and its weight. The first it is the province of the Court to determine; the second belongs to the jury. The demurrer to the evidence, while it substitutes the Court for the jury in its peculiar duty of weighing the evidence, docs not relieve the Court of its own appropriate duty of [387]*387judging of its relevancy. Nor is it to the discharge of this part of its duty by the Court that the rule of finding all that a jury might fairly find, has any application. The rules of law are uniform and inflexible.
The relevancy of evidence is the same, with or without a demurrer to the evidence, and in both cases must be decided by the Judge. The weight of evidence, when determined to be relevant, is variable, and it is only in this regard that the Judge, when put in the place of the jury, must lean as much as he fairly can against the demurring party.
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ANDERSON, Chief Justice
This was an action of assumpsit, brought in the Circuit Court for Madison County, by the present appellant, against Mary Shehee, on a merchant’s account. The declaration is in the usual form, and the bill of particulars filed with it is an account against the defendant • for sundry articles of merchandise, amounting to $107 48.
The defendant filed the general issue, and with it a notice that at the trial she would prove payment and set off. The evidence does not tend to establish this allegation of payment and set off, so that there was no other real issue than that presented by the plea of non assumpsit.
Thomas J. Chace was the only witness examined, and his testimony was substantially as follows :
He was in the employment of Rowles & Iliggs during the year 1843, as clerk and book-keeper — knows of the existence of an account against the defendant for that year ; its amount was $107 48, “ as by examination of the books “ now before the witness” — the account constituting the bill of particulars, was made out by witness from the books of Rowles & Higgs, and is a correct transcript from them.
Witness believes that the books of Rowles & Higgs were [384]*384fairly and honestly kept — witness knows that a part of the articles enumerated in the account were purchased by the defendant, and delivered, and others were got by the overseer of defendant, and delivered to him, as witness presumes, by her order or direction, which were at times written by her.
Witness believes, from an examination of the books, that the account, “ as above stated, and now in controver- “ sy, is correct, unpaid, and justly due to the firm of said “ Rowles & Iiiggs, according to the best of his knowledge “ and belief.”
Defendant offered no evidence, but demurred to the plaintiff’s evidence, and the plaintiff joined in the demurrer.
Upon this issue, the Court gave judgment for the defendant, with costs, to which judgment the plaintiff excepted, and his bill of exceptions being signed and sealed by the Judge, is a part of the record which has been brought before us.
The effect of a demurrer to the evidence is, “ that the “ party demurring admits the truth of the testimony to “ which he demurs, and also those conclusions of fact “ which the jury may fairly draw .from that testimony. “Forced and violent inferences he does, not admit, but “ the testimony is to be taken most strongly against him, “ and such conclusions as a jury might justifiably draw, the “ Court ought to draw.” Pawling et al. vs. United States, 2 Cond. R., 93. In the case of Young et al. vs. Black, in the same volume of Reports, 609 p., Mr Justice Story says : “ The party demurring is bound to admit as true, “ not only all the facts proved by the evidence introduced “ by the other party, but also all the facts which that evi- “ dence may legally conduce to prove.”
In applying the rule thus laid down by the Supreme [385]*385Court to the evidence in the case before us, we find, in the first place, that the facts stated by the witness, though taken to be true, do not directly establish the plaintiff’s case. Those facts are of two distinct kinds : first the testimony of the witness as to the books ; and, secondly, as to the delivery. The facts, though admitted by the demurer to be true, that the witness was "clerk and book-keeper for the plaintiff, and knew of the existence of the account, and of its amount, from an examination of the books: that the account filed was a correct transcript from the books, and that he believed the books to be fairly and honestly kept, are not direct proof of the assumpsit of the defendant as charged in the declaration. A book account is not admitted in this State to be evidence of the sale and delivery of goods. Such is the general rule of the English law, even in the case of a regular tradesman’s books, 1 Buller’s N. P., 282, and in those countries and States where tradesmens’ books are admitted as evidence, it is always in connection either with the suppletory oath of the party, or from the supposed necessity of the case, where the party does not keep a clerk. See Pothier on Obligations, quoted in 12 J. R. 464, and cases referred to in the same book from several of the New England States. In this State, we have not relaxed the English rule, which is in perfect consistency with the general law of evidence, (unless the allowing a party to swear to an account under fifty dollars in a Magistrate’s Court may be so considered,) and we hope, that it will never be relaxed.
In this case, however, the book account is not even sustained by the oath of the party, nor is there any supposed necessity, as in the New York cases, from there being no clerk, of admitting it: so that there is really no direct proof in this branch of the testimony to sustain the case. So also it is very clear that the testimony of the witness, [386]*386that lie knew of the delivery of a part of the articles to defendant and another part to her overseer, without saying how much and what was their value, however true, is not sufficient of itself to justify a judgment for the plaintiff for any amount.
The facts proved being thus insufficient of themselves and directly to establish the plaintiff’s case, let us see, in the second place, if the conclusions of fact which the jury might fairly draw from the testimony without forced and violent inferences, (to use the language of Judge Marshall,) will answer.
The word “ fairly,” which here qualifies the right of a jury to draw, their conclusions, must be understood to import “ legally,” for nothing is fair in a Court of Justice but what is sanctioned by the rules of law, and in the citation made from Judge Story, it is said the demurrant admits “ all the facts which the testimony legally may conduce to “prove.” Could, then, a jury have legally concluded, from.the facts proven, that the goods were bought by defendant ? Could they have legally come to this conclusion, because the account was a correct transcript from books which were admitted to be fairly and honestly kept ?
If the jury had any doubt on this point, it would be their duty to ask counsel of the Court, and they would then learn that they could not arrive at such conclusion, without doing violence to plain and well established rules of law.
There are two distinct characteristics of evidence which are to be regarded in this connection : I mean its relevancy and its weight. The first it is the province of the Court to determine; the second belongs to the jury. The demurrer to the evidence, while it substitutes the Court for the jury in its peculiar duty of weighing the evidence, docs not relieve the Court of its own appropriate duty of [387]*387judging of its relevancy. Nor is it to the discharge of this part of its duty by the Court that the rule of finding all that a jury might fairly find, has any application. The rules of law are uniform and inflexible.
The relevancy of evidence is the same, with or without a demurrer to the evidence, and in both cases must be decided by the Judge. The weight of evidence, when determined to be relevant, is variable, and it is only in this regard that the Judge, when put in the place of the jury, must lean as much as he fairly can against the demurring party. In this case the Judge knows, in his character as Judge, that account books of themselves are no sufficient evidence of an account, and however much weight is given to the evidence with that qualification, it will avail nothing to the plaintiff, for it is not proper evidence, and must be discarded by the Judge from his consideration, as he would instruct a jury to discard it from their’s.
These considerations have satisfied me that the Court below committed no error in not giving judgment for the plaintiff on this demurrer.
It is not so clear to me that his Honor was right in giving judgment for the defendant. To ascertain this, will lead fis into a more extended inquiry into the nature of a demurrer to evidence, and the law regulating it.
The older books made a distinction between written and parol evidence, “ but it is now well settled that evidence “ of any kind, written or parol, direct or circumstantial, “ is a subject of demurrer.” (Gould’s Pl. 433.) But it is not in every case that the opposing party is compelled to join in demurrer. Where the evidence is direct and certain, he will be compelled; but it is otherwise when the evidence is “ loose and indeterminate,” or when it is “ cir- “ umnstantial.” In cases of this latter sort, he cannot be compelled to join in demurrer, unless the demurring party [388]*388admit expressly on the record every fact that the “ loose and “ indeterminate” and “ circumstantial” evidence conduces to prove — thereby relieving the Court from the task of weighing doubtful and uncertain evidence. Without an express admission of this nature, the other party is not hound to join, and if he does, tbe Court can pronounce no judgment on the demurrer.
These general rules are found iu Mr. Gould’s Treatise on Pleading in his chapter on demurrers, and he illustrates them by a reference to the leading case of Gibson & Johnson vs. Hunter, in 2 H. Black. 205. “ That was an action “ by the holder against the acceptors of a bill of exchange, “ payable to a fictitious payee, or order, and which, after “ the accejfiance had been endorsed by tbe drawers in the “ name of the fictitious payee, for valuable consideration “ to the plaintiff. The latter exhibited evidence of a long “ course of dealing in similar bills between the drawers “ and acceptors — for the purpose of raising a presumption, “ from these circumstantial facts, that the defendant, at “ the time of accepting the bill, knew tbe payee to be fic- “ titious; and of then urging, as matter of law, that if this “ presumption was established, the defendants were bound “ by their acceptance. To this evidence, the defendants “ demurred, without admitting, upon the record, their “ knowledge, at the time of accepting the bill, that the “ payee was fictitious, and the plaintiff joined in demur- “ rer. But it was resolved in the House of Lords, by the “ unanimous opinion of the Judges, that, because the de-, “ fendants’ knowledge of the payee being a fictitious pei-- “ son, (which was tbe great point of fact in .issue,) was not “ expressly admitted on tbe record, the point of law inten- “ ded to be raised by tbe demurrer could not arise upon tbe “ record, and consequently that no judgment could be “ given upon the demurrer.”
[389]*389The Lord Chief Justice, (Eyre,) in giving to the House of Lords this opinion, concludes as follows: “We conceive “ no judgment can be given on this record. The examin- “ ation of the witnesses in the case has been conducted so “ loosely, or this demurrer has been so negligently framed, ! that there is no manner of certainty in the state of facts, “upon which any judgment can be founded. There “ ought to be an award of ,a venire faeias de novo. The “ issue joined between the parties, in effect has not been “ tried, and the case of Wright vs. Pindar is expressly in “ point, that another venire faeias should issue.”
The only portion of the evidence, in the case before us, which legally conduces to the proof of the issue, is the testimony of the witness in relation to the delivery of some of the articles enumerated in the bill, to the defendant and her accredited agent, but it is so “ uncertain and indeter- “ minate” as to render it impossible for any reasonable verdict to be founded on it. The amount of goods thus delivered, and their value, are alike left uncertain.
A judgment for one cent, as suggested by the counsel for the plaintiff, would be doing injustice to the plaintiff, if his demand has any merit in it, while at the same time the evidence is not determinate enough to justify even that j udgment against the defendant, for no attempt is made to prove any value in the articles delivered, and this should not be left to mere conjecture. On the other hand, the evidence is sufficient to j)rove that there was some indebtedness on the part of the defendant to the plaintiff, however impossible it was to fix its amount from the testimony on the record. The fact that the evidence in the case of Gibson vs. Hunter was uncertain and indeterminate, insufficient to warrant a judgment for the plaintiff, was not thought to be a competent reason for rendering judgment for the defendant; but the Lords wore advised by the [390]*390judges that it was a reason for ordering a new venire, and such was their judgment.
So, in the case before us, while the evidence is manifestly insufficient to justify a judgment for the plaintiff, we think there were sufficient grounds for his Honor below to refrain from pronouncing any judgment on the demurrer, which he had a right to do. Gould’s Pl., 437, 2 H. Bl., 209.
It is accordingly the opinion of the Court that a venire facias de novo be awarded.
THOMPSON, Justice,
delivered the following opinion:
A demurrer‘to evidence is a proceeding by which the Judge before whom a cause is tried, is called upon to declare what the law is upon the facts shown in evidence, and is analogous to the demurrer upon facts alleged in pleading. The effect of it is to take from the jury, and refer to the Court, the application of the law to, the facts. — rRegulaHy before the party demurring can call upon his adversary to join in demurrer, he should admit, upon the record, every fact which the evidence conduces to prove, or if this is not done, the Court is to draw the same inferences and conclusions which a jury might fairly do, for the demurrer admits the truth of all facts which, upon the evidence stated, might be found by the jury in favor of the party offering the evidence. (Gibson vs. Hunter, 2 H. Blk. R. 187. Cocksedge vs. Fanshaw, Dougl. R., 131.) The demurrer acts upon facts, not the evidence of facts, and the evidence is to be taken most strongly against the party demurring : the Court is not to investigate the facts in dispute, or to weigh the force of testimony, but to assume as facts what the evidence reasonably conduces to prove.
These rules are well established upon authority, and I [391]*391propose to take them as my guides, in arriving at a conclusion upon tliis demurrer. The acti on is for goods, &e, sold and delivered, and the pleas, the general issue and payment. Under the issue on the first named plea, it was incumbent on the plaintiff to prove the sale and delivery of the goods, and the price agreed upon to be paid for them, or the value thereof. The only evidence offered by the plaintiff was the deposition of Thomas J. Chace, who was examined under a d&dimios. This • witness deposed that he was in the employment of plaintiff and his late partner during the whole time mentioned in the account, in the capacity of Clerk and book-keeper; that the account annexed to the deposition, amounting to $107 48, was correctly transcribed from the books by himself; that they were fairly and honestly kept, and that he knowrs a part of the articles enumerated in said annexed account were purchased by and delivered to defendant herself, and others were gotten by defendant’s overseer, and were delivered to him by defen dant’s order and direction, which were sometimes in writing. The account, or bill of parcels, to which the witness refers as annexed, exhibits the price or value of each item charged th erein.
Taking this testimony most strongly against the party demurring, and in favor of the party offering, it seems to me that if a jury had passed upon it, and found a verdict for plaintiff,' the Court would not have been authorized to disturb it as a verdict against evidence. The witness -was clerk and book-keeper; it may therefore fairly be juesumed that he either sold and delivered the goods, or was cognizant of the sale, and made the entries in the books by which they were charged. There was therefore no one more competent to prove the jfiaintiff’s demand, or the character of the books for fairness and honesty. Again, he speaks of his personal knowledge of the delivery of a. [392]*392part of the articles to the defendant in person, and others to her overseer upon her orders and directions. The value or prices of the articles being fixed to each item respectively in the bill of parcels, to which the witness refers, is certainly some evidence of the value thereof. But it is supposed that there may have been other clerks and bookkeepers, and that some of the sales and entries may have been made by such others, and that there may have been some articles charged, the sale and delivery whereof, he may not have known anything about, save by the entry on the books,; and the testimony is not sufficiently precise to exclude such a presumption. The answer is, that it is not the province of the Court to scan with such nicety the evidence of the facts: it is the province of the jury to weigh testimony and decide: under the demurrer the Court is to assume as facts what the evidence conduces to prove, not what it conclusively proves. So again it may be answered, “ idem est non esse, et non arppmere” as the witness does not speak of any other clerks or bookkeepers than himself, or any other goods sold than those which he knew were delivered to the defendant, or her overseer, it must be presumed there were no others.
Upon every point of view, I am satisfied that the Court below erred, 'for if, in his opinion, the evidence was loose and indeterminate, he -should have refused to give any judgment, but should have set aside the demurrer and awarded a venire de novo. Gibson vs. Hunter, 2 H. Blk. R. 187. Fowle vs. Common Council of Alexandria, 6 Peter’s Cond. R. 328. Believing as I do that this demurrer has been inconsiderately entered and joined, that the -force and effect of the pleading was not fully appreciated; and as there was an issue on the plea of payment by the defendant, on which of course she has had no opportunity .of offering proof, and that the entry of a judgment in this [393]*393Court for the plaintiff on the demurrer would operate as a surprise upon the defendant, and possibly cut off a defence on the merits, I find but little difficulty in concurring with the Chief Justice in his conclusion, to reverse the judgment and remit the case to the Court below with an award of a venire facias de novo. •