Higgins v. . Murray

73 N.Y. 252, 1878 N.Y. LEXIS 607

• Court: New York Court of Appeals
• Decided: April 9, 1878
• Status: Published

Opinion

Church, Ch. J.

The action is not strictly for the sale of the article manufactured, but for work, labor, and materials, performed aud used in its manufacture (Mixer v. Howarth, 21 Pick., 205); and hence is not within the statute of frauds. It is undisputed that the plaintiff performed his contract, and if the defendant had refused to take the tents, an action upon the agreement would have been sustained. (Crook-shank v. Burrell, 18 J. R., 58.) There is some confusion in the authorities as to when the title passes to the purchaser in such cases. In Andrews v. Durant (11 N. Y., 35), Denió, J., lays down the rule, that in such a case “the title does not pass until the article is finished and delivered, or at least ready for delivery, and approved by such party; ” and there are other authorities to the same effect. (Grippen v. N. Y. C. R. R., 40 N. Y., 36; Comfort v. Riersted, 26 Barb., 473.)

It is urged in this case that the title did not pass, for two reasons : First. Because there was no acceptance; and, second. Because the plaintiff shipped the property C. O. D., thereby refusing to deliver until the value was paid. This last ground was sustained in Baker v. Boucicault (1 Daly, 24), where certain cards were ordered to be sent to New Orleans, and were sent C. O. D., and lost at sea.

The important question to determine is when the liability of the defendant attached. If the article had burned during the progress of construction, it is clear- that no action would lie, for the reason that the contract was an entirety, and until performed no liability would exist. And this rule, I apprehend, would apply when the contract is to make and •deliver at a particular place, and loss ensues before delivery at the place, and for the same reason. But when the contract is fully performed, both as it respects the character of the article, and the delivery at the place agreed upon or implied, and the defendant is notified, .or if a specific time is •fixed, and the contract is performed within that time, upon general principles I am unable to perceive why the party .making such a contract is not liable. One person agrees to manufacture a wagon for another in thirty days for $100, and the other agrees to pay for it. The mechanic performs-Ms contract. Is he not entitled to inforce the obligation against the other party, and if after such performance the wagon is destroyed without the fault of the méchame, is the ¡undischarged liability canceled ? It does not depend upon where the technical title is, as in the sale of goods. It was upon this principle substantially that Adlard v. Booth (7 Car. & P., 108) was decided. The question was submitted to the jury whether the work of printing books was completed before the fire. Suppose, in this case, that the defendant had refused to accept a delivery of the tent, his liability would have been the same, although the title was not in him. The plaintiff had a lien upon the article for the value of his labor and materials, which was good as long as he retained possession . This was in the nature of a pledge or mortgage. Retaining the lien was not inconsistent with his right to inforce the liability for which this action was brought. That liability was complete when the request to ship was made by the defendant, and was not affected by complying with the request, nor by retaining the lien the same as when the request was made. As the article was shipped at the request of and for the benefit of the defendant (assuming that it was done in accordance with the directions), it follows that it was at his risk, and could not impair the right of the plaintiff to recover for the amount due him upon the performance of his contract.

If the plaintiff had agreed to deliver the tent in Lewiston, as a part of the contract for its manufacture, he could not have recovered anything; but this was not a part of the contract. Suppose the tent had reached Lewiston in good order, and the defendant had refused to accept or receive it, his liability would be clear and complete. As before stated, the point as to who had the title is not decisive. It may be admitted that the plaintiff retained the title as security for the debt, and yet the defendant was liable for the debt in a proper personal action. This is a case of misfortune where one of the parties, without fault, must incur loss, and it seems to me very clear that the legal right is with the plaintiff*. A point is made that the property was not properly shipped. It was directed to the defendant at Lewiston, and was forwarded to Portland on a steamer running to that' place. It does not appear but that was the usual mode of shipment to Lewiston, and the deviation would impose the obligation upon the consignee at the latter place to forward the property by a connecting carrier. We cannot presume that there was no connecting route, and if we could it is difficult to see- what else the plaintiff could have done. At. all events it does not appear that the loss was occasioned by the defendant’s negligence or fault in not properly shipping the goods.

The judgment must be affirmed.

All concur, except Allen and Miller, JJ., absent.

Judgment affirmed.