Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The decree in this case, so far as it-relates to the parties now before the court, was affirmed by the Appellate Court for the Second District, and a reversal of the judgment of that court is earnestly urged on several grounds. First, it is insisted there is no community of interest between the complainants with respect to the claims sought to be enforced by the bill,—that they are totally distinct, having no connection whatever with each other. Hence it is claimed the bill is multifarious, and that the circuit court should have sustained the objection taken to it on that ground, and that its failure to do so was error. This objection is not tenable. We understand the doctrine to be well settled that two or more judgment creditors may join in a bill of this character. In such cases there is an identity of interest in the question •involved and in the relief sought, and the separate injury sustained by each complainant is produced by the same cause or wrongful acts. Moreover, the direct effect of joining several creditors in one bill is to prevent a multiplicity of suits, which of itself is a distinct source of equity jurisdiction. These several elements appearing in the case, we are of opinion they are sufficient to sustain the jurisdiction.
1 Pomeroy’s Equity. Jurisprudence, see. 269.
The objection which seems to be entitled to the most consideration, and which is urged with the greatest pertinacity, is, that the evidence does not, in several respects, warrant the decree. First, it is claimed there was never any valid organization of the company until after Cushman’s contract with the city to build the dams,—that the subscriptions prior to that time were, to use counsel’s own terms, mere experimental subscriptions, which were intended at the time to be abandoned if a satisfactory amount should not be subscribed, and were, in fact, subsequently so abandoned. And it must be confessed the testimony of Leland and others would, if there was no other evidence hearing on the subject, give color to this view, yet we do not think, when their testimony is considered in connection with other uncontroverted facts in the case, it sustains it, but on the contrary, when thus considered, it rather strengthens the opposite conclusion. The decided weight of testimony shows that after the temporary organization of the company in April, 1866, a subscription hook was provided and subscriptions made in it by Leland, and others specified in the decree. By way of impeaching these-subscriptions, Leland testifies as follows: “So far as I know all the subscriptions obtained in the spring of 1866 were abandoned, and the parties never afterwards recognized or called upon as stockholders. It was generally understood that unless a certain amount was subscribed we would not go on, and the amount was -never made up. Afterwards Cushman made a contract with the city to build the dam, and he proposed to reorganize the company. I don’t think there was anything said about the old company, and thereupon we organized a new company under the old charter, and ignored all except those Cushman designated. There were a great many that were not asked to come into the new company, and never did come into it. ”
It will he observed, in the first place, that the fact that the subscriptions were made is not denied by Leland, but, on the contrary, it is distinctly admitted, and while he claims there was an understanding—and this we do not question—that if a satisfactory amount was not obtained the subscriptions were to be abandoned, there is no pretense or claim that any such condition was annexed to the subscriptions themselves, and it is clear the legal effect of those subscriptions, as to third parties, could not be qualified or limited by any general understanding between the subscribers. The form of the subscriptions, as set out in the record, shows they were absolute and unconditional. It also appears, from the records of the company, the subscribers, so far from abandoning their subscriptions, as is claimed, on the 20th of August, 1867, held a formal meeting, at which a permanent organization was effected, by the election of a board of directors, and by re-adopting existing by-laws. The introductory part of the minutes of the meeting is as follows: “Pursuant to a call published in the Ottawa papers, the subscribers to the capital stock.of the Ottawa Manufacturing Company met at the office of the company, in Ottawa. Present, W. H. W. Cushman, L. Leland, J. V. A. Hoes, D. F. Cameron, W. S. Easton, and Charles H. Force. ” On motion, all of the above named persons, together with J. F. Nash, were elected a board of directors of the company. On the same day, at a called meeting of the board of directors so elected, a resolution was adopted by the board directing the secretary to notify the commissioners of the city the “company was organized, and prepared to receive the city’s subscription, ” etc. Subsequently, and before the supposed reorganization in 1871, the company, by resolution, adopted a seal, with the words, “Organized in 1867, ” upon its face. In addition to this, there is nothing to be found in the proceedings of the company, flom the time of its permanent organization in 1867, down to the time of the trial, showing a reorganization of the company, or even an attempted abandonment of the subscriptions to the capital stock of the company; but on the contrary, the record of those proceedings clearly and beyond all reasonable doubt establishes the contrary.
It is highly probable that some of the subscribers, after the handsome donation of $60,000 on the part of the city towards the enterprise, concluded they would never be called upon for their subscriptions, and this was probably talked round among them to such an extent as to give color to the hypothesis the subscriptions had been abandoned, but nothing more. That this view was not general among the subscribers, is clearly shown by the fact that several of them have declined to testify on the subject. But even if all had shared in a general understanding of the kind, it would not at all affect or change their liability on their subscriptions. Moreover, if these were not valid and binding subscriptions, the present case furnishes the very remarkable instance of a private joint stock corporation effecting a permanent organization of the company, and successfully carrying on its corporate business for a number of years, without a single dollar of its capital stock having ever been subscribed; for since the evidence clearly shows these were the only subscriptions ever made, it follows, if they were invalid, in contemplation of law no stock was ever subscribed. As none but subscribers to the stock were authorized to permanently organize the company, it follows, if the position of appellants is correct, there never has been any valid organization of the company. In the light of the facts before us, we can not for a moment sanction this view of the matter. The very parties who claim these subscriptions were abandoned, were active participants in the management of the company’s affairs for a number of years, attending its business meetings and voting upon all questions affecting its interests. If they were not bona fide subscribers to the company’s stock, by what right did they vote and participate in the management of the company’s affairs?
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Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The decree in this case, so far as it-relates to the parties now before the court, was affirmed by the Appellate Court for the Second District, and a reversal of the judgment of that court is earnestly urged on several grounds. First, it is insisted there is no community of interest between the complainants with respect to the claims sought to be enforced by the bill,—that they are totally distinct, having no connection whatever with each other. Hence it is claimed the bill is multifarious, and that the circuit court should have sustained the objection taken to it on that ground, and that its failure to do so was error. This objection is not tenable. We understand the doctrine to be well settled that two or more judgment creditors may join in a bill of this character. In such cases there is an identity of interest in the question •involved and in the relief sought, and the separate injury sustained by each complainant is produced by the same cause or wrongful acts. Moreover, the direct effect of joining several creditors in one bill is to prevent a multiplicity of suits, which of itself is a distinct source of equity jurisdiction. These several elements appearing in the case, we are of opinion they are sufficient to sustain the jurisdiction.
1 Pomeroy’s Equity. Jurisprudence, see. 269.
The objection which seems to be entitled to the most consideration, and which is urged with the greatest pertinacity, is, that the evidence does not, in several respects, warrant the decree. First, it is claimed there was never any valid organization of the company until after Cushman’s contract with the city to build the dams,—that the subscriptions prior to that time were, to use counsel’s own terms, mere experimental subscriptions, which were intended at the time to be abandoned if a satisfactory amount should not be subscribed, and were, in fact, subsequently so abandoned. And it must be confessed the testimony of Leland and others would, if there was no other evidence hearing on the subject, give color to this view, yet we do not think, when their testimony is considered in connection with other uncontroverted facts in the case, it sustains it, but on the contrary, when thus considered, it rather strengthens the opposite conclusion. The decided weight of testimony shows that after the temporary organization of the company in April, 1866, a subscription hook was provided and subscriptions made in it by Leland, and others specified in the decree. By way of impeaching these-subscriptions, Leland testifies as follows: “So far as I know all the subscriptions obtained in the spring of 1866 were abandoned, and the parties never afterwards recognized or called upon as stockholders. It was generally understood that unless a certain amount was subscribed we would not go on, and the amount was -never made up. Afterwards Cushman made a contract with the city to build the dam, and he proposed to reorganize the company. I don’t think there was anything said about the old company, and thereupon we organized a new company under the old charter, and ignored all except those Cushman designated. There were a great many that were not asked to come into the new company, and never did come into it. ”
It will he observed, in the first place, that the fact that the subscriptions were made is not denied by Leland, but, on the contrary, it is distinctly admitted, and while he claims there was an understanding—and this we do not question—that if a satisfactory amount was not obtained the subscriptions were to be abandoned, there is no pretense or claim that any such condition was annexed to the subscriptions themselves, and it is clear the legal effect of those subscriptions, as to third parties, could not be qualified or limited by any general understanding between the subscribers. The form of the subscriptions, as set out in the record, shows they were absolute and unconditional. It also appears, from the records of the company, the subscribers, so far from abandoning their subscriptions, as is claimed, on the 20th of August, 1867, held a formal meeting, at which a permanent organization was effected, by the election of a board of directors, and by re-adopting existing by-laws. The introductory part of the minutes of the meeting is as follows: “Pursuant to a call published in the Ottawa papers, the subscribers to the capital stock.of the Ottawa Manufacturing Company met at the office of the company, in Ottawa. Present, W. H. W. Cushman, L. Leland, J. V. A. Hoes, D. F. Cameron, W. S. Easton, and Charles H. Force. ” On motion, all of the above named persons, together with J. F. Nash, were elected a board of directors of the company. On the same day, at a called meeting of the board of directors so elected, a resolution was adopted by the board directing the secretary to notify the commissioners of the city the “company was organized, and prepared to receive the city’s subscription, ” etc. Subsequently, and before the supposed reorganization in 1871, the company, by resolution, adopted a seal, with the words, “Organized in 1867, ” upon its face. In addition to this, there is nothing to be found in the proceedings of the company, flom the time of its permanent organization in 1867, down to the time of the trial, showing a reorganization of the company, or even an attempted abandonment of the subscriptions to the capital stock of the company; but on the contrary, the record of those proceedings clearly and beyond all reasonable doubt establishes the contrary.
It is highly probable that some of the subscribers, after the handsome donation of $60,000 on the part of the city towards the enterprise, concluded they would never be called upon for their subscriptions, and this was probably talked round among them to such an extent as to give color to the hypothesis the subscriptions had been abandoned, but nothing more. That this view was not general among the subscribers, is clearly shown by the fact that several of them have declined to testify on the subject. But even if all had shared in a general understanding of the kind, it would not at all affect or change their liability on their subscriptions. Moreover, if these were not valid and binding subscriptions, the present case furnishes the very remarkable instance of a private joint stock corporation effecting a permanent organization of the company, and successfully carrying on its corporate business for a number of years, without a single dollar of its capital stock having ever been subscribed; for since the evidence clearly shows these were the only subscriptions ever made, it follows, if they were invalid, in contemplation of law no stock was ever subscribed. As none but subscribers to the stock were authorized to permanently organize the company, it follows, if the position of appellants is correct, there never has been any valid organization of the company. In the light of the facts before us, we can not for a moment sanction this view of the matter. The very parties who claim these subscriptions were abandoned, were active participants in the management of the company’s affairs for a number of years, attending its business meetings and voting upon all questions affecting its interests. If they were not bona fide subscribers to the company’s stock, by what right did they vote and participate in the management of the company’s affairs?
It is also insisted that the $60,000 in bonds, given by the city to Cushman, belonged to Cushman, subject only to his personal contract with the city to either make the improvements in question, or, in case of failure, to indemnify the city, and that he therefore had a right to make any disposition of the bonds he pleased; and having used them in the purchase of an equal amount of the company’s stock, and having divided it in the manner he did, no one has a right to complain or call on those receiving it to account ■ for the proceeds. This view of the transaction is so palpably unreasonable and inconsistent with the admitted facts, as not to merit serious consideration. It certainly never was intended by the city to donate these bonds to Cushman. They were clearly given to him to be expended, as they subsequently were, by the company in building the dams across the two rivers. His liability, under his contract with the city on account of the bonds, was merely contingent, and absolutely ceased when the bonds were thus used and the dams completed. Cushman turned over the bonds to the company, to be used in the manner they were, in consideration that the company would indemnify him against all liability on account of his contract with the city, which the company did. If the $60,000 in bonds was simply given in exchange for a like amount of stock, the bonds then ought to, * and would, have belonged absolutely to the company, to be used in any manner it might think proper, for upon that hypothesis they were paid for by the stock. Yet the company was required, as we have just seen, to expend them in the building of the dams, and also to release Cushman from all liability on account of them. The actual transaction between the parties, when relieved of the little mist which the argument of counsel throws around it, is simply this: The city of Ottawa made a donation of $60,000 in bonds, to be applied in building dams across the Illinois and Fox rivers, and these dams were built by the company and the funds faithfully applied to that purpose, and Cushman and his confederates have received the value of the bonds in the company’s stock, for which they have never paid a single cent—some of which they have' sold and converted into money, which they are now called upon to apply in the discharge of appellees’ claims against the company for labor and services performed by them in the building of said dams. This is all there is of it, and justice and equity alike say the money thus received should be so applied.
The remaining objection to the decree which we deem necessary to notice, is, that it is erroneous in awarding executions for its enforcement. It is said the court having all the parties before it should have made an equitable disposition of the case, and not have left it so that the whole claim might be collected from one and nothing from the others. We do not understand the law required the court to marshal the assets of the company in the hknds of the defendants, and apportion the amount of appellees’ claims among them. This is not the ordinary ease of several persons being called on to pay a common indebtedness for which all are jointly and severally liable, whence a court of equity will apportion the burden equally between them, but it is the case of several debtors owing distinct and independent claims to a common creditor, where each, in equity and good conscience, is bound for the full amount of his own claim, and where neither is required to pay anything more than what he owes himself. The complainants having exhausted their remedy at law against the company, are in equity subrogated to its rights against its debtors, and the present proceeding is in the nature of an equitable attachment, by which such claims of the company may be made available in the payment of its own debts. If the company was now suing one of these defendants for the amount of the claim against him, it would clearly be no defence to show it had failed to collect a similar claim against one of the others; and if all were proceeded against and judgments recovered, executions might be sued out against all at the same time, or only against one or any number less than all, as the company might think proper, and the adoption of either course suggested would afford no ground for complaint; and as appellees are subrogated to the company’s rights in this respect, and they are by means of the decree in question doing nothing which the. company might not rightfully do in its own name, we perceive no just ground of complaint. No defendant under the decree will in any event be required to pay more than he justly owes, and this is not only legal, but just and equitable. Moreover, the decree in this .respect is fully sustained by the authorities. Hatch v. Dana, 101 U. S. 205.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.