IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
HICKEL CORPORATION d/b/a CORNICE CONST. CO., a Washington No. 78416-1-1 corporation, DIVISION ONE Appellant, UNPUBLISHED OPINION V.
RANDY RICHARDSON AND LESLIE RICHARDSON, husband and wife, individually and the marital community composed thereof, FILED: August 5, 2019 Res•ondents.
DWYER, J. — Nickel Corporation d/b/a Cornice Construction Company (Cornice) appeals from the trial court's order entering judgment in favor of Randy
and Leslie Richardson and awarding attorney fees and costs. We conclude that
the trial court properly ruled that ER 408 did not exclude evidence of a settlement
agreement between Cornice and one of its subcontractors in calculating the
damage award. Although Cornice argued below that this evidence was not
admissible under the collateral source rule, it abandoned this argument on
appeal. We further conclude that the trial court did not err in awarding attorney
fees and costs to the Richardsons. We therefore affirm. No. 78416-1-1/2
Randy and Leslie Richardson own a single story ranch style home on five
acres of land in Woodinville. In August 2015, the Richardsons contacted Brad
Hickel, owner of Cornice, to find out whether he would be interested in serving as
general contractor to direct and supervise construction of an addition to their
home. The parties verbally agreed that Cornice would serve as contractor for a
fixed price of $200,000 plus agreed upon change orders with a markup of 20
percent. Approximately 30 days after the project commenced, Cornice drafted
and signed a written construction agreement. The Richardsons did not sign it.
Work commenced in September 2015. Cornice submitted monthly
invoices, including change orders, to the Richardsons. As the project
progressed, the Richardsons became increasingly dissatisfied with the quality of
Cornice's workmanship and materials. On February 25, 2016, Cornice submitted
its final invoice to the Richardsons for $83,495.93. The Richardsons, asserting
extensive damages, refused to pay it.
Cornice subsequently recorded a claim of lien against the Richardsons'
property and filed a complaint alleging that the Richardsons had failed to pay the
final balance of $83,495.93 owed on the parties' contract. The lawsuit sought
judgment for breach of contract in the principal amount of $83,495.93, plus costs,
prejudgment interest, and reasonable attorney fees. In their answer, the
Richardsons denied that they owed Cornice money and denied that Cornice
properly recorded its lien. As affirmative defenses, the Richardsons asserted
2 No. 78416-1-1/3
that Cornice failed to complete its tasks in a workmanlike and timely manner and
that it failed to properly supervise its subcontractors.
Hydrus Plumbing LLC (Hydrus) was the subcontractor responsible for
plumbing work on the Richardson project. In May 2017, Cornice moved for leave
to file a third party complaint against Hydrus seeking indemnification for damages
caused by Hydrus's allegedly defective plumbing work. After the court granted
the motion, Cornice filed a third party complaint against Hydrus for breach of
contract and contractual indemnity. Cornice agreed to settle its claims against
Hydrus for $32,000, and Hydrus was dismissed from the lawsuit prior to trial.
The Richardsons were not a party to this settlement agreement.
A bench trial commenced in November 2017. Cornice argued that the
Richardsons were bound by the terms of the written agreement and that it was
entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to that
agreement. Cornice further argued that attorney fees and costs were
recoverable under the lien foreclosure statute, RCW 60.04.181(3). The
Richardsons asserted that the parties never entered into a written contract, that
Cornice wrongfully filed a lien on the property, and that damages caused by
Cornice's defective workmanship exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The
Richardsons also noted that Cornice reportedly received a $32,000 settlement
payment from Hydrus.
On February 21, 2018, the trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions
of law, and remedies. The court ruled that although the parties reached a verbal
agreement regarding price and change orders, they did not agree on the other
3 No. 78416-1-1/4
terms and conditions of the agreement drafted by Cornice and no written contract
existed. The court also ruled that the Richardsons owed Cornice nothing
because their damages exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The court
indicated that it could modify this ruling to the extent the Richardsons' damages
exceeded what they owed Cornice. The court further ruled that Cornice's lien
against the Richardson property was invalid and that the Richardsons were
entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in defending against the
lien, as well an award of attorney fees for defending against a frivolous lawsuit.
In the remedies section, the trial court included an enumerated list of 24
specific types of damage caused by Cornice. The court also noted that the
Richardsons sought to make an offer of proof that Cornice received settlement
funds from Hydrus. The court ordered Cornice to "provide the offer of settlement
for consideration by this court as mitigation and offset of any monies owed to the
Plaintiff." After Cornice complied with the order, the Richardsons argued that the
$32,000 settlement payment should be considered an offset against the
outstanding invoice balance they owed to Cornice. They also requested $62,000
in attorney fees. In response, Cornice argued that evidence regarding the
settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was barred by the collateral
source rule.
On April 16, 2018, the trial court entered an "Order Re: Offset" modifying
the findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court ruled that evidence of the
settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was not excluded by ER 408
or by the collateral source rule. The court also ruled that the damages sustained
4 No. 78416-1-1/5
by the Richardsons was in excess of the invoice amount and struck its earlier
finding that the lawsuit was frivolous. The court ordered that judgment be entered
against Cornice as follows:
Richardson Damages $ 113,880. Less Invoice Amount <$83,495> Plus Offset $32,000. Total owed to Richardson $62,385.
On May 10, 2018, Cornice filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the
April 16, 2018 "Order Re: Offset."
On July 16, 2018, the Richardsons noted presentation of the final
judgment to be heard without oral argument. They also moved for an award of
contractual attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330, to be heard on
the same day as the judgment presentation. Cornice objected on the ground that
the court already entered judgment in its April 16, 2018 order. The Richardsons
then filed a motion in this court seeking dismissal of Cornice's appeal as
premature because the final judgment had not yet been entered. On July 18,
2018, a commissioner of this court ruled that "[Necause the trial court has
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
HICKEL CORPORATION d/b/a CORNICE CONST. CO., a Washington No. 78416-1-1 corporation, DIVISION ONE Appellant, UNPUBLISHED OPINION V.
RANDY RICHARDSON AND LESLIE RICHARDSON, husband and wife, individually and the marital community composed thereof, FILED: August 5, 2019 Res•ondents.
DWYER, J. — Nickel Corporation d/b/a Cornice Construction Company (Cornice) appeals from the trial court's order entering judgment in favor of Randy
and Leslie Richardson and awarding attorney fees and costs. We conclude that
the trial court properly ruled that ER 408 did not exclude evidence of a settlement
agreement between Cornice and one of its subcontractors in calculating the
damage award. Although Cornice argued below that this evidence was not
admissible under the collateral source rule, it abandoned this argument on
appeal. We further conclude that the trial court did not err in awarding attorney
fees and costs to the Richardsons. We therefore affirm. No. 78416-1-1/2
Randy and Leslie Richardson own a single story ranch style home on five
acres of land in Woodinville. In August 2015, the Richardsons contacted Brad
Hickel, owner of Cornice, to find out whether he would be interested in serving as
general contractor to direct and supervise construction of an addition to their
home. The parties verbally agreed that Cornice would serve as contractor for a
fixed price of $200,000 plus agreed upon change orders with a markup of 20
percent. Approximately 30 days after the project commenced, Cornice drafted
and signed a written construction agreement. The Richardsons did not sign it.
Work commenced in September 2015. Cornice submitted monthly
invoices, including change orders, to the Richardsons. As the project
progressed, the Richardsons became increasingly dissatisfied with the quality of
Cornice's workmanship and materials. On February 25, 2016, Cornice submitted
its final invoice to the Richardsons for $83,495.93. The Richardsons, asserting
extensive damages, refused to pay it.
Cornice subsequently recorded a claim of lien against the Richardsons'
property and filed a complaint alleging that the Richardsons had failed to pay the
final balance of $83,495.93 owed on the parties' contract. The lawsuit sought
judgment for breach of contract in the principal amount of $83,495.93, plus costs,
prejudgment interest, and reasonable attorney fees. In their answer, the
Richardsons denied that they owed Cornice money and denied that Cornice
properly recorded its lien. As affirmative defenses, the Richardsons asserted
2 No. 78416-1-1/3
that Cornice failed to complete its tasks in a workmanlike and timely manner and
that it failed to properly supervise its subcontractors.
Hydrus Plumbing LLC (Hydrus) was the subcontractor responsible for
plumbing work on the Richardson project. In May 2017, Cornice moved for leave
to file a third party complaint against Hydrus seeking indemnification for damages
caused by Hydrus's allegedly defective plumbing work. After the court granted
the motion, Cornice filed a third party complaint against Hydrus for breach of
contract and contractual indemnity. Cornice agreed to settle its claims against
Hydrus for $32,000, and Hydrus was dismissed from the lawsuit prior to trial.
The Richardsons were not a party to this settlement agreement.
A bench trial commenced in November 2017. Cornice argued that the
Richardsons were bound by the terms of the written agreement and that it was
entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to that
agreement. Cornice further argued that attorney fees and costs were
recoverable under the lien foreclosure statute, RCW 60.04.181(3). The
Richardsons asserted that the parties never entered into a written contract, that
Cornice wrongfully filed a lien on the property, and that damages caused by
Cornice's defective workmanship exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The
Richardsons also noted that Cornice reportedly received a $32,000 settlement
payment from Hydrus.
On February 21, 2018, the trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions
of law, and remedies. The court ruled that although the parties reached a verbal
agreement regarding price and change orders, they did not agree on the other
3 No. 78416-1-1/4
terms and conditions of the agreement drafted by Cornice and no written contract
existed. The court also ruled that the Richardsons owed Cornice nothing
because their damages exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The court
indicated that it could modify this ruling to the extent the Richardsons' damages
exceeded what they owed Cornice. The court further ruled that Cornice's lien
against the Richardson property was invalid and that the Richardsons were
entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in defending against the
lien, as well an award of attorney fees for defending against a frivolous lawsuit.
In the remedies section, the trial court included an enumerated list of 24
specific types of damage caused by Cornice. The court also noted that the
Richardsons sought to make an offer of proof that Cornice received settlement
funds from Hydrus. The court ordered Cornice to "provide the offer of settlement
for consideration by this court as mitigation and offset of any monies owed to the
Plaintiff." After Cornice complied with the order, the Richardsons argued that the
$32,000 settlement payment should be considered an offset against the
outstanding invoice balance they owed to Cornice. They also requested $62,000
in attorney fees. In response, Cornice argued that evidence regarding the
settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was barred by the collateral
source rule.
On April 16, 2018, the trial court entered an "Order Re: Offset" modifying
the findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court ruled that evidence of the
settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was not excluded by ER 408
or by the collateral source rule. The court also ruled that the damages sustained
4 No. 78416-1-1/5
by the Richardsons was in excess of the invoice amount and struck its earlier
finding that the lawsuit was frivolous. The court ordered that judgment be entered
against Cornice as follows:
Richardson Damages $ 113,880. Less Invoice Amount <$83,495> Plus Offset $32,000. Total owed to Richardson $62,385.
On May 10, 2018, Cornice filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the
April 16, 2018 "Order Re: Offset."
On July 16, 2018, the Richardsons noted presentation of the final
judgment to be heard without oral argument. They also moved for an award of
contractual attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330, to be heard on
the same day as the judgment presentation. Cornice objected on the ground that
the court already entered judgment in its April 16, 2018 order. The Richardsons
then filed a motion in this court seeking dismissal of Cornice's appeal as
premature because the final judgment had not yet been entered. On July 18,
2018, a commissioner of this court ruled that "[Necause the trial court has
already determined the liability and the amount of the final judgment to be
entered in 10 days, a proper remedy is to stay this appeal pending the final
judgment." Cornice did not move to modify the commissioner's ruling.
On July 31, 2018, the trial court entered final judgment in favor of the
Richardsons and dismissed Cornice's claim. The court also ruled that the
Richardsons were entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs as the
prevailing party pursuant to RCW 4.84.330 and Herzog Aluminum, Inc. v.
General American Window Corp., 39 Wn. App. 188, 692 P.2d 867(1984). The
5 No. 78416-1-1/6
court awarded $62,385.00 as principal damages, $69,725.00 as reasonable
attorney fees, and $524.55 as reasonable costs. After entry of the final
judgment, Cornice filed an amended notice of appeal and the stay was lifted.
II
Settlement Agreement
Cornice asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that ER 408 did not
exclude evidence of the settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus. We
review the trial court's interpretation of evidentiary rules de novo. Diaz v. State,
175 Wn.2d 457, 462, 285 P.3d 873(2012). We review the trial court's decision
to admit or exclude evidence under a correctly interpreted evidentiary rule for
abuse of discretion. State v. DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d 11, 17,74 P.3d 119
(2003).
As a preliminary matter, the Richardsons assert that Cornice cannot raise
their ER 408 argument on appeal because they did not raise it below. We
generally refuse to review any claim of error not raised in the trial court. RAP
2.5(a). The purpose of the rule is to allow the trial court to correct any error
called to its attention, thus avoiding needless appeals and retrials. State v.
O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). Here, the record lacks direct
evidence that Cornice objected to admission of the settlement agreement based
on ER 408. However, the record does clearly establish that the trial court
considered whether the rule operated to bar admission of the settlement
agreement. We thus consider Cornice's ER 408 argument.
6 No. 78416-1-1/7
Cornice argues that the trial court erred in ruling that ER 408 did not bar
evidence of its settlement agreement with Hydrus. Cornice contends that ER
408 is intended to prevent exactly what the trial court did here, which was to
consider its settlement agreement with Hydrus for the express purpose of
determining the Richardsons' damages. We disagree.1
ER 408 provides, in pertinent part:
In a civil case, evidence of(1)furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or (2) accepting or offering or promising to accept a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its amount.
"The rule is intended to encourage settlements and promote free communication
in compromise negotiations." Diaz 175 Wn.2d at 471 (citing 5A KARL B.
TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: EVIDENCE, § 408.1, at 59 (5th ed. 2007)). ER
408 "does not. . . require the exclusion of such evidence when it is offered for
another purpose." Brothers v. Pub. Sch. Emps. of Wash., 88 Wn. App. 398, 406,
945 P.2d 208 (1997)).
Under ER 408, offers to settle a claim between parties going to trial are
not admissible to prove liability for that claim or its amount. But ER 408 is silent
regarding settlement offers involving a third party. Here, the Richardsons
asserted no claim against third party Hydrus. Nor were they involved in the
settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus. Accordingly, in this lawsuit
'Our holding regarding admissibility of the settlement agreement under ER 408 should not be mistaken for a ruling that the trial court's judgment was correct in all other respects. We resolve the issues as the parties present them. 7 No. 78416-1-1/8
between Cornice and the Richardsons, ER 408 has no bearing on the
admissibility of the settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus.
Cornice argued below that the collateral source rule barred admission of
the settlement agreement. "'The collateral source rule provides that a tortfeasor
may not reduce its liability due to payments received by the injured party from a
collateral source' when that source is independent of the tortfeasor." Matsyuk v.
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 173 Wn.2d 643, 657, 272 P.3d 802(2012)(quoting
Maziarski v. Bair, 83 Wn. App. 835, 841 n.8, 924 P.2d 409 (1996)). Its purpose is
to ensure that a fact finder will not reduce a defendant's liability based on money
the claimant received from other sources. Mazon v. Krafchick, 158 Wn.2d 440,
452, 144 P.3d 1168 (2006). Cornice abandoned this argument on appeal.
Hence, we need not consider it. Holder v. City of Vancouver, 136 Wn. App. 104,
107, 147 P.3d 641 (2006).
Cornice also argues, briefly and without citation to authority, that the
award was an inequitable windfall to the Richardsons. "Such '[p]assing treatment
of an issue or lack of reasoned argument is insufficient to merit judicial
consideration." West v. Thurston County, 168 Wn. App. 162, 187, 275 P.3d
1200(2012)(alteration in original)(quoting Holland v. City of Tacoma, 90 Wn.
App. 533, 538, 954 P.2d 290 (1998)).
Attorney Fees
Cornice does not challenge the substantive basis for the trial court's award
of contractual attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330 and Herzog, 39
Wn. App. 188. The sole basis for its challenge is that the Richardsons' July 16,
8 No. 78416-1-1/9
2018 request for additional attorney fees and costs was untimely. The linchpin of
its argument is that the April 16, 2018 "Order Re: Offset" was a final
determination of the rights of the parties, thereby rendering it a "judgment" for
purposes of CR 54(a)(1).2 Per CR 54(d)(2), parties have 10 days after a
judgment is entered to submit a request for attorney fees and costs. Because
the Richardsons waited until July 16, 2018 to move for an award of contractual
attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330, Cornice contends that the
request was untimely and should have been denied. Cornice further contends
that the trial court's July 31, 2018 "final judgment" order was unnecessary and
duplicative of the April 2018 order.
Cornice's argument is not persuasive. In ruling on the Richardsons' motion
to determine appealability of the April 2018 "Order Re: Offset," the commissioner
stayed Cornice's appeal "pending entry of a final judgment." The inescapable
conclusion is that the commissioner determined that the April 2018 order was not
a final judgment. Cornice filed no response to the motion to determine
appealability, nor did it file a RAP 17.7 motion to modify the commissioner's
ruling within 30 days of its entry. That ruling is now a final decision of this court.
Hough v. Ballard, 108 Wn. App. 272, 277 n.3, 31 P.3d 6(2001).
Lastly, the Richardsons request attorney fees and costs on appeal based
on RCW 4.84.330. "Reasonable attorney fees are recoverable on appeal if
allowed by statute, rule, or contract, and the request is made pursuant to RAP
2 CR 54(a) defines a "judgment" as "the final determination of the rights of the parties in the action and includes any decree and order from which an appeal lies." 9 No. 78416-1-1/10
18.1(a)." In re Guardianship of Wells, 150 Wn. App. 491, 503, 208 P.3d 1126
(2009).
RCW 4.84.330 provides:
In any action on a contract or lease ... where such contract or lease specifically provides that attorneys' fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce the provisions of such contract or lease, shall be awarded to one of the parties, the prevailing party, whether he or she is the party specified in the contract or lease or not, shall be entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees in addition to costs and necessary disbursements.
Here, Cornice's written contract provides that "[i]n the event that a lawsuit
is filed to enforce the terms of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be
awarded its attorney fees and costs to be paid by the non-prevailing party." "By
its terms, RCW 4.84.330 applies only to contracts with unilateral attorney fee
provisions." Kaintz v. PLG, Inc., 147 Wn. App. 782, 786, 197 P.3d 710 (2008).
"1[W]here, as here, the agreement already contains a bilateral attorneys' fee
provision, RCW 4.84.330 is generally inapplicable." Kaintz, 147 Wn. App. at 786
(quoting Hawk v. Branies, 97 Wn. App. 776, 780, 986 P.2d 841 (1999)).
Because RCW 4.84.330 does not apply here, we decline to award attorney fees
and costs on appeal on this basis.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR: