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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 24-CO-0168
MALIK J. HEWITT, APPELLANT,
V.
UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.
Appeal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia (2017-CF1-009418)
(Hon. Neal E. Kravitz, Trial Judge)
(Argued November 19, 2025 Decided February 26, 2026)
Adrian E. Madsen for appellant.
Edward R. Martin, Jr., United States Attorney at the time the brief was filed, with whom Chrisellen R. Kolb, Nicholas P. Coleman, Michael C. Liebman, and David Saybolt, Assistant United States Attorneys, were on the brief, for appellee.
Before BECKWITH and EASTERLY, Associate Judges, and THOMPSON, Senior Judge.
EASTERLY, Associate Judge: When a defendant is convicted of first-degree
(felony) murder and the underlying felony, one of these convictions must be vacated
to avoid running afoul of the Double Jeopardy Clause. In this case we are asked to 2
decide whether a trial court has discretion to choose which conviction to vacate or
whether, as the trial court here understood it was obligated to do under our decision
in Mooney v. United States, 938 A.2d 710 (D.C. 2007), a trial court must leave the
felony murder conviction in place and vacate the predicate felony. We acknowledge
there is tension between Mooney and earlier decisions from this court, specifically
Price v. United States, 531 A.2d 984 (D.C. 1987), and Bonhart v. United States, 691
A.2d 160 (D.C. 1997). But we ultimately conclude that the trial court correctly
determined that it had no choice but to sentence the defendant in this case, Malik
Hewitt, for his first-degree (felony) murder conviction and vacate his underlying
felony conviction.
I. Facts and Procedural History
As we detailed in our 2023 Memorandum Opinion and Judgment affirming
Mr. Hewitt’s convictions but remanding for resentencing, Mr. Hewitt, Nykemia
Everett, and Larissa Williams made a plan in April 2017 to rob Christopher Heard
because they believed he was a drug dealer who would have money on him. Everett
v. United States et al., Nos. 21-CF-723, 21-CF-724 & 21-CF-725, Mem. Op. & J. at
2 (D.C. July 24, 2023). Mr. Hewitt drove Mr. Everett and Ms. Williams in Ms.
Williams’s car to meet Mr. Heard on the pretense of buying drugs, and Mr. Hewitt
remained in the car for the entirety of Mr. Everett’s and Ms. Williams’s interaction 3
with Mr. Heard. After Mr. Hewitt took Mr. Everett and Ms. Williams to the housing
complex where Ms. Williams and Mr. Heard had arranged to meet,
Ms. Williams and Mr. Everett got out of the car and walked around the parking lot. At some point, Ms. Williams took a phone call from Mr. Heard, who directed her to meet him between two SUVs on the left side of the parking lot. Before Mr. Heard joined Ms. Williams there, Mr. Everett returned to the car, where Mr. Hewitt was sitting in the driver’s seat. When Mr. Heard and Ms. Williams began to speak, Mr. Everett exited the car again, walked towards them, and pointed a gun in Mr. Heard’s direction. Mr. Heard paused, reached into his pockets, and lunged at Mr. Everett. Mr. Everett then fired three shots at Mr. Heard. Ms. Williams and Mr. Everett ran to the car and Mr. Hewitt drove them away. By the time police arrived, Mr. Heard was on the ground and had no pulse.
Id. at 2-3.
Mr. Hewitt, Mr. Everett, and Ms. Williams were all arrested and charged in
connection with Mr. Heard’s death. Ms. Williams agreed to cooperate with the
government, pled guilty, and received a probationary sentence. Mr. Everett and Mr.
Hewitt went to trial. The jury found Mr. Everett guilty of an array of charges
including first-degree (felony) murder while armed, and the trial court imposed an
aggregate sentence of thirty-three years. The jury found Mr. Hewitt guilty of first-
degree (felony) murder while armed, attempted robbery while armed, and
conspiracy, see D.C. Code §§ 22-2101, 22-4502, 22-2802, 22-1805a, and the trial
court imposed an aggregate sentence of thirty years of incarceration, with the lesser 4
sentences for conspiracy and attempted robbery while armed—twenty-four and sixty
months, respectively—running concurrently with the mandatory minimum of thirty
years for the first-degree (felony) murder conviction.
In his first appeal, Mr. Hewitt argued that sentencing him for both first-degree
(felony) murder and the underlying offense of attempted armed robbery would
impose double punishment for the same offense in violation of the Double Jeopardy
Clause. Accordingly, he asked this court to merge these offenses by vacating his
attempted robbery while armed conviction. The government agreed that this was
the correct course of action. In our memorandum opinion and judgment, this court
affirmed Mr. Hewitt’s convictions but “remand[ed] for merger purposes,” relying
on Matthews v. United States, 13 A.3d 1181 (D.C. 2011), but with no further analysis
or instruction to the resentencing court. Everett, Mem. Op. & J. at 11.
On remand, the question arose whether the trial court had discretion to vacate
Mr. Hewitt’s first-degree (felony) murder while armed conviction instead of his
attempted robbery while armed conviction. The trial court observed that, if
permitted, it would be inclined to exercise such discretion because it deemed Mr.
Hewitt “far less culpable” than either Mr. Everett or Ms. Williams and believed the
thirty-year mandatory minimum sentence for first-degree (felony) murder to be
“disproportionately harsh” under the circumstances. The trial court considered 5
filings from the parties and reviewed this court’s merger decisions—among them
Bonhart and Young v. United States, 305 A.3d 402 (D.C. 2023), holding that, when
a defendant is convicted of both first-degree (felony) murder and second-degree
murder, a trial court has discretion to vacate the first-degree (felony) murder
conviction and leave in place the second-degree murder and underlying felony
convictions, and Mooney, holding that when a defendant is convicted of first-degree
(felony) murder the trial court must maintain the felony murder conviction and
vacate the lesser-included predicate felonies. The trial court observed that these
decisions were “not obviously consistent” and did not provide a “simple or
straightforward answer to the question” presented by Mr. Hewitt. Ultimately, the
trial court concluded this court’s decision in Mooney tied its hands and compelled it
to retain Mr. Hewitt’s first-degree (felony) murder while armed conviction and
vacate his underlying attempted robbery while armed conviction. The court
encouraged Mr. Hewitt to “consider appealing this ruling” to clarify this area of the
law and ensure it had not erred in its analysis.
II. Judicial Estoppel and Waiver
Before we turn to the merger issue presented in this case, we address the
government’s argument that Mr. Hewitt either waived any argument that his first-
degree (felony) murder while armed conviction should be vacated on remand or 6
should be judicially estopped from making this argument.
The government argues that Mr. Hewitt “waived” the merger question
presented in this appeal because, when he argued his merger claim in his first appeal
to this court, he did not argue that his first-degree (felony) murder while armed
conviction should be vacated and that he should be sentenced solely for the predicate
felony of attempted robbery while armed; to the contrary, he argued that his
attempted robbery while armed conviction should merge into his first-degree
(felony) murder while armed conviction. We are doubtful that his failure to pursue
his current merger argument in a brief to this court constituted a “waiver”—i.e., a
knowing, intelligent, and voluntarily relinquishment—of his current merger
argument. See Robin v. United States, 344 A.3d 1276, 1281 n.1 (D.C. 2025)
(distinguishing waiver from forfeiture); Riley v. United States, 338 A.3d 1, 7 (D.C.
2025) (distinguishing waiver from invited error). But in any event, the government’s
“waiver” argument fails because, when Mr. Hewitt pursued his current merger
argument on remand in the trial court, the government did not argue that this
argument had been “waived.” We have held that the government can “waive a
waiver” argument, see, e.g., Picon v. United States, 343 A.3d 57, 67 n.5 (D.C. 2025),
petition for cert. filed (U.S. Sept. 24, 2025) (No. 25-5713); Sims v. United States,
213 A.3d 1260, 1267 n.11 (D.C. 2019), and we conclude it has done so here. 7
Alternatively, the government contends that Mr. Hewitt should be judicially
estopped from pursuing his current merger argument because he persuaded this court
in his initial appeal to direct that his attempted robbery while armed conviction be
merged into his first-degree (felony) murder while armed conviction. See Mason v.
United States, 956 A.2d 63, 66-67 (D.C. 2008) (explaining that the doctrine of
judicial estoppel applies when a litigant’s “later position [is] clearly inconsistent
with [his] earlier position” and he appears to have “succeeded in persuading a court
to accept [his] earlier position, so that judicial acceptance of an inconsistent position
in a later proceeding would create the perception that either the first or the second
court was misled” (quoting New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750-51
(2001))). We question whether this argument is supported as a factual matter. First,
although this court agreed merger of Mr. Hewitt’s first-degree (felony) murder while
armed and attempted robbery while armed convictions was required, at no point did
we expressly state either that the latter conviction had to be vacated or that the trial
court lacked discretion to consider vacatur of the former. Second, even though we
cited to Matthews, a case in which we merged the predicate felony conviction into
the first-degree (felony) murder conviction, we did so only for the proposition that
“a person cannot be convicted of both felony murder and the underlying felony that
supported the felony murder conviction.” Everett, Mem. Op. & J. at 11 (emphasis
in original); see also Matthews, 13 A.3d at 1191. But because the government also 8
did not preserve this argument in the trial court on remand, we conclude it is forfeited
in this appeal as well. 1
III. Merger
The animating force behind our merger case law is the Fifth Amendment’s
Double Jeopardy Clause. Among other things, the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits
the imposition of multiple punishments for the “same offense” unless such
cumulative punishments are authorized by the legislature. Whalen v. United States,
445 U.S. 684, 688-89 (1980); see also Grogan v. United States, 271 A.3d 196, 207
(D.C. 2022) (explaining that legislative intent is paramount and the legislature can
always choose to forbid multiple punishments for certain crimes). This protection
against multiple punishments extends beyond offenses that are literally the same to
different offenses that share the same elements under the test set forth by the United
States Supreme Court in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932).
Whalen, 445 U.S. at 691-93; cf. (Samuel) Byrd v. United States, 500 A.2d 1376,
1384 (D.C. 1985) (explaining that the Blockburger test is used only if the court has
determined the two crimes are statutorily distinct), adopted by 510 A.2d 1035, 1037
(D.C. 1986) (en banc). Generally, if each offense “requires proof of a fact which the
1 The government’s law of the case argument, which it raises only in a footnote, fails for the same reason. 9
other does not,” the offenses are not the same and there is no double jeopardy bar on
multiple punishments, Whalen, 445 U.S. at 692 (quoting Blockburger, 284 U.S. at
304), but if each offense requires proof of the same elements—or one requires proof
of a subset of the same elements as the other—then the double jeopardy bar applies,
id. at 693-94 (concluding that a defendant could not receive consecutive sentences
for first-degree murder under a felony murder theory and the underlying felony of
rape); accord (Lindbergh) Byrd v. United States, 598 A.2d 386, 389-91 (D.C. 1991)
(en banc) (realigning this court’s understanding of the double jeopardy bar on
multiple punishments with that set forth in Whalen and Blockburger).
In the context of the offense of first-degree (felony) murder, see D.C. Code
§ 22-2101, our court recognized post-Whalen that “where there is one death, and the
jury returns a verdict of guilty as to felony murder and the underlying felony as well,
then the [trial] court may impose [a] sentence on only one of those charges, but not
both,” Garris v. United States (Garris I), 465 A.2d 817, 823 (D.C. 1983) (citing
Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C. 1981)). In Doepel v. United States, we
determined that even sentencing a defendant concurrently for first-degree (felony)
murder and the underlying felony of rape was incompatible with Whalen, and—
consistent with our conclusion in other contexts that the “appropriate appellate
remedy” was to merge lesser-included offenses into greater ones, see Franklin v.
United States, 392 A.2d 516, 519 n.3 (D.C. 1978)—we adopted the practice of 10
vacating the underlying felony and retaining only the first-degree (felony) murder
conviction, see Doepel, 434 A.2d at 459 (in light of defendant’s first-degree (felony)
murder conviction, remanding for vacatur of his concurrent prison term for the
underlying felony rape conviction); see also, e.g., Tribble v. United States, 447 A.2d
766, 774 (D.C. 1982) (holding that, where defendant had been convicted of first-
degree (felony) murder and armed robbery, the latter conviction “must be vacated in
light of Whalen”); Brown v. United States, 464 A.2d 120, 125 n.7 (D.C. 1983)
(acknowledging that the first-degree (felony) murder and underlying felony
convictions merged and remanding with instructions to vacate defendant’s
“underlying felony (robbery)” conviction); Williams v. United States, 483 A.2d 292,
294 n.2 (D.C. 1984) (remanding with instructions to vacate defendant’s armed
burglary conviction because it merged with his first-degree (felony) murder
conviction); Prophet v. United States, 602 A.2d 1087, 1089 (D.C. 1992) (remanding
with instructions to vacate defendant’s armed robbery conviction because that
underlying conviction merged with his first-degree (felony) murder conviction).
This court’s practice of merging the underlying felony as the lesser offense
into the greater offense of first-degree (felony) murder was challenged in Mooney, a
case in which a defendant’s right to be present at his resentencing turned on whether
the trial court, in order to honor the double jeopardy bar on cumulative punishment,
had discretion to vacate either his first-degree (felony) murder conviction or the 11
predicate felony conviction of armed robbery. 938 A.2d at 712. We acknowledged
that a trial court has discretion to “vacat[e] either one of two convictions” in certain
situations, such as where a defendant is convicted of “first-degree premeditated
murder and felony murder (of the same person),” because of the rule that “a person
may stand convicted only once for a single murder.” Id. at 723. But we held a trial
court did not enjoy such discretion when “the illegality of multiple punishments
results from convictions of a greater and lesser-included offense.” Id. We explained
that in this scenario “the double jeopardy bar is fully addressed and the illegal
sentence corrected, by merging the lesser into the greater offense so that only the
latter remains, unless—and this is an important caveat—there is clear legislative
intent that punishment should be imposed for both.” Id. (emphasis in original).
Employing the Blockburger test, we reaffirmed that felony murder and the felony
used to prove the offense of felony murder “are not separate offenses and felony
murder is undoubtedly the greater offense.” Id. In addition, stressing the importance
of considering legislative intent, we observed that “[i]t cannot be suggested seriously
that the legislature intended an attempted robbery conviction to suffice as an
alternative sanction for murder.” Id. at 723-24 (quoting Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S.
376, 384-85 (1989)). With these considerations in mind,
[w]e . . . ma[d]e explicit what ha[d] been implied in our remand orders over the years: absent legislative intent otherwise, when resentencing to respect the double 12
jeopardy bar on multiple punishments for the same offense where the defendant has been convicted of a greater and lesser-included offense, the trial court has but one course, to vacate the lesser-included offense.
Id. at 724. Accordingly, we affirmed the trial court’s retention of the conviction for
felony murder, which “carrie[d] a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty years”
and its vacatur of the underlying felony conviction of armed robbery. Id.
Mooney is directly on point and would seem to require us to reject Mr.
Hewitt’s argument that the trial court had discretion in his case to vacate his felony
murder conviction and leave in place his attempted robbery while armed conviction.
But as Mr. Hewitt highlights, our court has also issued decisions, like Price, 531
A.2d 984, Bonhart, 691 A.2d 160, and most recently Young, 305 A.3d 402, in which
we have recognized that a trial court has discretion to vacate the greater offense of
felony murder and leave the lesser underlying felonies in place. He argues that since
Price and Bonhart predate Mooney, they are binding on this court per M.A.P. v.
Ryan, 285 A.2d 310, 312 (D.C. 1971); see also Thomas v. United States, 731 A.2d
415, 420 n.6 (D.C. 1999). We disagree. There is much about Price and Bonhart
that we find puzzling, and we question how those cases would be decided if the slate
were cleared. But ultimately we conclude that Price and Bonhart (and Young, which
was decided post Mooney and merely cites to Bonhart) address a trial court’s
discretion only in the distinct scenario where a defendant—unlike in this case or in 13
Mooney—has been convicted of second-degree murder, as well as first-degree
(felony) murder and an underlying felony in connection with the same complainant,
and in that context alone held that a trial court could opt either (1) to retain the
second-degree murder conviction and the conviction for the felony underlying the
felony murder conviction and vacate the felony murder conviction, or (2) merge both
the second-degree murder conviction and the underlying felony conviction into the
felony-murder conviction. See Loftus v. District of Columbia, 51 A.3d 1285, 1287
n.5 (D.C. 2012) (explaining that the binding precedent rule applies “[w]here the facts
underlying a prior panel’s decision cannot be meaningfully distinguished from those
present in this case” (internal quotations & citation omitted)). Thus we conclude
that we are bound by Mooney.
In Price, this court addressed in a footnote the double jeopardy problem that
arose from the defendant’s two murder convictions for the same death—first-degree
(felony) murder while armed and second-degree murder while armed—as well as
his conviction for attempted robbery while armed. 531 A.2d at 989 n.7. We
acknowledged that both second-degree murder and attempted robbery while armed
are lesser-included offenses of first-degree (felony) murder. Id.; see also Fuller v.
United States, 407 F.2d 1199, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 1967) (reasoning that second-degree
murder is a lesser-included offense of first-degree (felony) murder even though it
may not be chargeable on particular facts because the malice element for second- 14
degree murder is satisfied by a killing in the course of a felony). Nevertheless we
held that the trial court had a choice as to which murder conviction to keep, which
then had consequences for the underlying felony: the trial court could (1) keep the
first-degree (felony) murder conviction and vacate both the underlying felony
conviction and the second-degree murder conviction or (2) keep the second-degree
murder conviction, vacate the first-degree (felony) murder conviction, and keep the
underlying felony conviction. Price, 531 A.2d at 989 n.7. We said that this result
was consistent with our opinions in Thorne v. United States, 471 A.2d 247 (D.C.
1983), and Garris v. United States (Garris II), 491 A.2d 511 (D.C. 1985). Id.
Similarly, in Bonhart, we reaffirmed that a trial court has discretion to vacate a first-
degree (felony) murder conviction and keep the lesser-included second-degree
murder and underlying felony convictions, 691 A.2d at 164, now citing Price, 531
A.2d at 989 n.7, (Samuel) Byrd, 500 A.2d at 1385, adopted by 510 A.2d at 1037 (en
banc), and Thacker v. United States, 599 A.2d 52, 63 (D.C. 1991).
For multiple reasons, Price and Bonhart are curious decisions. First, in both
cases, we diverged from our longstanding practice—in the felony murder context
and beyond—of merging lesser-included offenses into the greater offense, see supra
(discussing cases predating Price and Bonhart), without acknowledging this
divergence. Price, 531 A.2d at 989 n.7; Bonhart, 691 A.2d at 164. Second, as
support for our determination that the trial court had discretion not to merge the 15
lesser offense into the greater but to divide the greater offense (felony murder) into
two lesser ones (second-degree murder and the underlying felony offense for felony
murder), we relied on a set of cases in which we had not engaged in a similar
division; rather, in those cases the defendants had actually been twice convicted of
the same offense, which we understood was impermissible under the Double
Jeopardy Clause and necessitated vacatur of one of the two duplicative convictions.
In Price, we looked to Thorne—where the defendant had been convicted of two
counts of burglary based on the government’s theory that he had unlawfully entered
the complainant’s apartment with the intent to commit two different crimes, 471
A.2d at 248-49—and Garris II—where the defendant had been convicted of two
counts of first-degree murder in relation to the same victim based on the
government’s theory that the murder was both premeditated and committed in the
course of another felony, 491 A.2d at 513-14. Price, 531 A.2d at 989 n.7; see also
(Samuel) Byrd, 500 A.2d at 1384 (explaining that “[f]irst-degree premeditated
murder and first-degree felony murder are but separate clauses in one statutory
provision—D.C. Code § 22-2401 (1981)—murder in the first degree”), adopted by
510 A.2d at 1037. Similarly, in Bonhart, we looked to (Samuel) Byrd, 500 A.2d
1376, and Thacker, 599 A.2d 52—both of which presented the same scenario as
Garris II. 691 A.2d at 164. Third, we seemingly failed to appreciate that, in the
Garris II-Byrd-Thacker scenario, the discretion given to trial courts to decide which 16
first-degree murder conviction to vacate did not and could not affect the sentence
the trial courts imposed for that offense; either way, these trial courts were obligated
by statute to sentence the defendant to life imprisonment. See D.C. Code § 22-2404
(1981) (providing that “the punishment of murder in the first degree shall be life
imprisonment” with parole eligibility after twenty years); see also Garris II, 491
A.2d at 514 (citing the first-degree murder statute and explaining that “a trial judge
has no discretion when passing sentence on a first-degree murder conviction”).
Fourth and finally, in allowing trial courts to divide a greater first-degree (felony)
murder conviction into lesser second-degree murder and underlying felony
convictions, we appeared to disregard “Congress’ intent that a mandatory minimum
sentence be imposed for first-degree murder convictions,” Garris II, 491 A.2d at
514; see also Ohio v. Johnson, 467 U.S. 493, 499 (1984) (acknowledging that “the
substantive power to prescribe crimes and determine punishments is vested with the
legislature”); Grogan, 271 A.3d at 206 n.8 (recognizing that an “animating purpose
of the Double Jeopardy inquiry is to protect the exclusive authority of the legislature
to define and punish crimes”).
So, the “merger” holdings in Price and Bonhart are subject to question on
numerous grounds. But even if we accept that the discretion afforded to trial courts
to choose which of two first-degree murder convictions to vacate under our Garris
II-Byrd-Thacker line of precedent was properly extended in Price and Bonhart to 17
the distinct scenario where a defendant has been convicted of the greater offense of
first-degree murder (with a mandatory minimum sentence) and the lesser offenses
of second-degree murder (with no mandatory minimum) and an underlying felony,
we are unpersuaded that Price and Bonhart compel the extension of similar
discretion to the facts presented in Mooney and this case. Price and Bonhart, after
all, acknowledged that at least one murder conviction had to stand, and neither
suggested that the greater offense of first-degree (felony) murder could “merge” into
the underlying felony conviction alone. Because we see no direct conflict between
Price and Bonhart on the one hand and Mooney on the other, we consider ourselves
bound by Mooney and our general practice of merging lesser-included offenses into
greater ones. 2
2 We acknowledged in Mooney that the rule of priority rationale we provided in Franklin, 392 A.2d at 519 n.3, for our practice of merging lesser included offenses into greater ones—i.e., that “the jury should have been charged to consider the lesser included offense only if it had already determined that the appellant was not guilty of the main offense,”—does not map on to the “sui generis” crime of first-degree (felony) murder. 938 A.2d at 724 n.17. To illustrate using Mr. Hewitt’s case, the court was not obligated to tell the jury to consider the felony murder charge first and only if it decided that he was not guilty of that offense to consider if he was guilty of attempted robbery while armed. To the contrary, the jury was instructed on attempted robbery while armed before it was instructed on first-degree (felony) murder because it needed to find that Mr. Hewitt was criminally responsible for the attempted robbery before it could convict him of first-degree (felony) murder. Even so, we conclude that the need to honor the legislature’s intent that a defendant serve a mandatory minimum sentence for first-degree (felony) murder supplies an alternate rationale for this established merger practice in the felony murder context. 18
Limiting our understanding of Price and Bonhart to their particular facts, as
Mooney effectively did, 938 A.2d at 723 & n.16, is also consistent with the Supreme
Court’s decision in Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S. 376 (1989), which Mooney cited. In
Jones, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that a defendant who had been given
consecutive sentences of fifteen years imprisonment for attempted robbery and life
imprisonment for first-degree (felony) murder and had served his fifteen-year
sentence should be released from prison because his life sentence for felony murder
was unconstitutional. Id. at 385-87. Instead, the Court held that, consistent with the
Double Jeopardy Clause’s bar against multiple punishments for the same crime, the
fifteen-year sentence could be credited against the life sentence and to do otherwise
would be contrary to legislative intent. Id. at 384-85. Jones supports our conclusion
that a trial court, at least when confronted with a single first-degree (felony) murder
conviction and an underlying felony, has no discretion to vacate the greater offense
and retain the lesser.
We agree with the trial court that the result is both harsh and incongruous. It
is harsh because the trial court must sentence Mr. Hewitt to the current mandatory
minimum sentence for first-degree (felony) murder—thirty years, see D.C. Code
§ 22-2101—meaning his punishment for driving his codefendants to and then away
from an attempted robbery in which he did not otherwise participate will be almost
as long as that of Mr. Everett for firing the fatal shots. And it is incongruous because 19
it creates the possibility that a trial court will have discretion to more leniently
sentence the person directly responsible for a death, but no such discretion with
respect to someone like Mr. Hewitt. For example, had Mr. Everett been convicted
of first-degree (felony) murder and second-degree murder, the trial court could have
sentenced him concurrently for second-degree murder (with no mandatory
minimum) and the underlying attempted robbery (with a maximum sentence of three
years imprisonment). 3 But these harsh and incongruous results are a product
primarily of the first-degree murder statute itself—which does not limit its
application to individuals directly responsible for deaths that occur in the course of
the commission of felonies 4—and secondarily of our decisions in Price and Bonhart
addressing a distinct sentencing scenario. The former concern is a subject for the
legislature; the latter concern can only be addressed by the en banc court.
3 This opportunity did not arise because the jury was instructed to consider second-degree murder (and, subsequently, involuntary manslaughter) only if it did not find Mr. Everett guilty of first-degree (felony) murder and it convicted him of the greater offense. 4 Compare D.C. Code § 22-2101, with N.Y. Penal Law § 125.27(1)(a)(vii) (McKinney) (limiting the application of first-degree (felony) murder to individuals directly responsible for death(s) in the course of a felony, unless they directed the murder), and Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 163.107(1)(j), 163.115(b) (limiting first-degree murder charges to those who personally and intentionally committed the homicide during the commission of the specified felonies). 20
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
So ordered.