UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
GLENFORD HEWITT,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 16-2192 (JEB) CHUGACH GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Glenford Hewitt worked for six years as a Facility Maintenance Technician for
Defendant Chugach Government Services, Inc., here in Washington. In the summer of 2016,
Chugach fired him for allegedly sleeping on the job. He responded with this suit for wrongful
termination, which Defendant now moves to dismiss. As Chugach correctly points out, Hewitt
has not demonstrated that his claim falls within the public-policy exception to the doctrine that
bars at-will employees from suing for wrongful discharge. The Court will thus grant
Defendant’s Motion.
I. Background
According to Plaintiff’s Complaint, which must be presumed true for purposes of this
Motion, he “was employed on an at-will basis as a Facility Maintenance Technician by
Defendant through Potomac Job Corps Center, Washington, District of Columbia,[] since March
22, 2010.” ECF No. 1-1, Attach. B (Complaint), ¶ 2. “On or about June 22, 2016[,] Defendant
alleged that Plaintiff was ‘sleeping’ on the job and as proof thereof, the Human Resources
Manager alleged in writing that it [sic] ‘received a picture’ of Plaintiff sleeping on the job” that
1 day. Id., ¶ 5. Although Plaintiff denied such somnolence, the company nonetheless relieved
him of his position in early July. Id., ¶¶ 6-7. Hewitt alleges that Defendant subsequently
admitted that no photographic proof existed. Id., ¶ 10.
The Complaint sets out no specific causes of action. Given that it is entitled “Complaint
for Wrongful Termination of Employment,” id. at 1, however, the Court assumes this is the sole
count asserted. Plaintiff initially filed in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, but
Defendant removed the matter here on the basis of diversity jurisdiction on November 2, 2016.
See ECF No. 1. In setting out his claim, Hewitt alleges that his termination contravened the
District’s public policy set forth in “D.C. Code, Title 51-110(b)(1)(2) [sic],” Compl., ¶ 11, a
code section related to unemployment benefits. More particularly, he alleges that, in responding
to his application for unemployment compensation, “the District of Columbia Department of
Employment Services concluded that Defendant has not established gross misconduct for the
discharge of Plaintiff from his employment.” Id., ¶ 9. Hewitt also claims to have “reasonably
relied on the provisions of the personnel manual regarding the cause for which employees could
be terminated and the procedures set forth for such termination,” which procedures, he believes,
were not followed. Id., ¶ 8.
Defendant has now moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
II. Legal Standard
Rule 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of an action where a complaint fails “to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.” In evaluating Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the
Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . and must grant plaintiff ‘the
benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air
Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d
2 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)) (citation omitted); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402
F.3d 1249, 1250 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The pleading rules are “not meant to impose a great burden
upon a plaintiff,” Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 347 (2005), and he must thus be
given every favorable inference that may be drawn from the allegations of fact. Scheuer v.
Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 238 (1974).
Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion, Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Plaintiff must
put forth “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The Court need not accept as true “a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor an inference unsupported by the facts set forth in
the Complaint. Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting
Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted)). For a plaintiff
to survive a 12(b)(6) motion even if “‘recovery is very remote and unlikely,’” moreover, the
facts alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56 (citing Rhodes, 416 U.S. at 236).
III. Analysis
Plaintiff’s claim here is that Chugach improperly sacked him. His principal hurdle,
therefore, is his concession that he was merely an at-will employee. See Compl., ¶ 2. Such
status is not necessarily fatal to a wrongful-termination suit, however, as the Court explained in a
similar case:
The general law “in the District of Columbia [is] that an employer may discharge an at-will employee at any time and for any reason,
3 or for no reason at all.” Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., 597 A.2d 28, 30 (D.C. 1991) (citations omitted). In Adams, the D.C. Court of Appeals held that “there is a very narrow exception to the at-will doctrine under which a discharged at-will employee may sue his or her former employer for wrongful discharge when the sole reason for the discharge is the employee's refusal to violate the law, as expressed in a statute or municipal regulation.” Id. at 34.
The DCCA then expanded this exception six years later in its en banc decision in Carl v. Children’s Hospital, 702 A.2d 159 (D.C. 1997). The plaintiff in Carl was a nurse who was terminated after she testified in the City Council against the hospital’s interests and also as an expert witness for plaintiffs in malpractice cases. Id. at 160. The majority of the DCCA – as constituted by those joining Judge Terry’s concurrence and Judge Steadman’s dissent – held that Adams’s exception was not the only possible one, but that “the recognition of any such [future public-policy] exception must be firmly anchored either in the Constitution or in a statute or regulation which clearly reflects the particular ‘public policy’ being relied upon.” Id. at 162 (Terry, J., concurring).
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
GLENFORD HEWITT,
Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 16-2192 (JEB) CHUGACH GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Glenford Hewitt worked for six years as a Facility Maintenance Technician for
Defendant Chugach Government Services, Inc., here in Washington. In the summer of 2016,
Chugach fired him for allegedly sleeping on the job. He responded with this suit for wrongful
termination, which Defendant now moves to dismiss. As Chugach correctly points out, Hewitt
has not demonstrated that his claim falls within the public-policy exception to the doctrine that
bars at-will employees from suing for wrongful discharge. The Court will thus grant
Defendant’s Motion.
I. Background
According to Plaintiff’s Complaint, which must be presumed true for purposes of this
Motion, he “was employed on an at-will basis as a Facility Maintenance Technician by
Defendant through Potomac Job Corps Center, Washington, District of Columbia,[] since March
22, 2010.” ECF No. 1-1, Attach. B (Complaint), ¶ 2. “On or about June 22, 2016[,] Defendant
alleged that Plaintiff was ‘sleeping’ on the job and as proof thereof, the Human Resources
Manager alleged in writing that it [sic] ‘received a picture’ of Plaintiff sleeping on the job” that
1 day. Id., ¶ 5. Although Plaintiff denied such somnolence, the company nonetheless relieved
him of his position in early July. Id., ¶¶ 6-7. Hewitt alleges that Defendant subsequently
admitted that no photographic proof existed. Id., ¶ 10.
The Complaint sets out no specific causes of action. Given that it is entitled “Complaint
for Wrongful Termination of Employment,” id. at 1, however, the Court assumes this is the sole
count asserted. Plaintiff initially filed in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, but
Defendant removed the matter here on the basis of diversity jurisdiction on November 2, 2016.
See ECF No. 1. In setting out his claim, Hewitt alleges that his termination contravened the
District’s public policy set forth in “D.C. Code, Title 51-110(b)(1)(2) [sic],” Compl., ¶ 11, a
code section related to unemployment benefits. More particularly, he alleges that, in responding
to his application for unemployment compensation, “the District of Columbia Department of
Employment Services concluded that Defendant has not established gross misconduct for the
discharge of Plaintiff from his employment.” Id., ¶ 9. Hewitt also claims to have “reasonably
relied on the provisions of the personnel manual regarding the cause for which employees could
be terminated and the procedures set forth for such termination,” which procedures, he believes,
were not followed. Id., ¶ 8.
Defendant has now moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
II. Legal Standard
Rule 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of an action where a complaint fails “to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.” In evaluating Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the
Court must “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . and must grant plaintiff ‘the
benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air
Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d
2 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)) (citation omitted); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402
F.3d 1249, 1250 (D.C. Cir. 2005). The pleading rules are “not meant to impose a great burden
upon a plaintiff,” Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 347 (2005), and he must thus be
given every favorable inference that may be drawn from the allegations of fact. Scheuer v.
Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 238 (1974).
Although “detailed factual allegations” are not necessary to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion, Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007), “a complaint must contain
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Plaintiff must
put forth “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The Court need not accept as true “a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor an inference unsupported by the facts set forth in
the Complaint. Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting
Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted)). For a plaintiff
to survive a 12(b)(6) motion even if “‘recovery is very remote and unlikely,’” moreover, the
facts alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative
level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-56 (citing Rhodes, 416 U.S. at 236).
III. Analysis
Plaintiff’s claim here is that Chugach improperly sacked him. His principal hurdle,
therefore, is his concession that he was merely an at-will employee. See Compl., ¶ 2. Such
status is not necessarily fatal to a wrongful-termination suit, however, as the Court explained in a
similar case:
The general law “in the District of Columbia [is] that an employer may discharge an at-will employee at any time and for any reason,
3 or for no reason at all.” Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., 597 A.2d 28, 30 (D.C. 1991) (citations omitted). In Adams, the D.C. Court of Appeals held that “there is a very narrow exception to the at-will doctrine under which a discharged at-will employee may sue his or her former employer for wrongful discharge when the sole reason for the discharge is the employee's refusal to violate the law, as expressed in a statute or municipal regulation.” Id. at 34.
The DCCA then expanded this exception six years later in its en banc decision in Carl v. Children’s Hospital, 702 A.2d 159 (D.C. 1997). The plaintiff in Carl was a nurse who was terminated after she testified in the City Council against the hospital’s interests and also as an expert witness for plaintiffs in malpractice cases. Id. at 160. The majority of the DCCA – as constituted by those joining Judge Terry’s concurrence and Judge Steadman’s dissent – held that Adams’s exception was not the only possible one, but that “the recognition of any such [future public-policy] exception must be firmly anchored either in the Constitution or in a statute or regulation which clearly reflects the particular ‘public policy’ being relied upon.” Id. at 162 (Terry, J., concurring). In addition, “[t]his court should consider seriously only those arguments that reflect a clear mandate of public policy − i.e., those that make a clear showing, based on some identifiable policy that has been ‘officially declared’ in a statute or municipal regulation, or in the Constitution, that a new exception is needed. Furthermore, there must be a close fit between the policy thus declared and the conduct at issue in the allegedly wrongful termination.” Id. at 164 (Terry, J., concurring) (footnotes omitted).
Robinson v. Securitas Servs., Inc., 819 F. Supp. 2d 18, 20 (D.D.C. 2011).
In seeking to identify a public policy here that his termination violated, Plaintiff comes
up only with D.C. Code § 51-110(b)(2). See ECF No. 8 (Opposition) at 2; Compl., ¶ 11
(mislabeled as “(b)(1)(2)”). This statute, however, relates to unemployment benefits and
explains the situations in which they are available. For example, (b)(1) refers to individuals
“discharged for gross misconduct,” and (b)(2) concerns those “discharged for misconduct, other
than gross misconduct.” This statute in no way articulates or even suggests a public-policy
exception to the at-will doctrine.
4 Hewitt nonetheless contends that § 51-110 means that employees “can be discharge [sic]
only for gross misconduct occurring in the course of the employment.” Compl., ¶ 11; see Opp.
at 2 (“[A]n identifiable policy, namely, an employee cannot be terminated except for gross
misconduct, has been ‘officially declared’ in the said D.C. Code.”). The statute says nothing of
the kind, and any such interpretation would eviscerate the notion of at-will employment. This
claim thus cannot proceed.
Finally, the Court pauses to note that Plaintiff’s Complaint also alleges that he
“reasonably relied on the provisions of the personnel manual regarding the causes for which
employees could be terminated and the procedures set forth for such termination,” which he says
were not followed here. See Compl., ¶ 8. Defendant correctly rejoins that a violation of an
employer’s own policies “does not fall within the narrow ambit of the public[-]policy exception.”
ECF No. 7 (Motion) at 5; see Jones v. Dist. of Columbia Water & Sewer Auth., 963 F. Supp. 2d
17, 21 (D.D.C. 2013) (“[I]t is clear that an employer’s violation of mere internal policies cannot
support the exception.”) (citations omitted). Plaintiff’s abbreviated two-page Opposition does
not even mention the manual or make any other argument that it could somehow support a
different or separate claim such that dismissal would be unwarranted. In such a circumstance, it
is not the Court’s duty to articulate a theory for him. See Lewis v. Dist. of Columbia, 2011 WL
321711, at *1 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an
opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant,
a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded.”) (quoting
Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C.
2003)).
5 IV. Conclusion
The Court, accordingly, will dismiss the case without prejudice. An accompanying Order
will issue this day.
/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge Date: December 5, 2016