Adams, J.:
The plaintiffs, although nominally parties to the contract, upon the provisions of which they rest their right of action, confessedly have hut little, if any, interest therein, for it is one of the undisputed facts of the case that immediately upon its execution an agreement was entered into between the plaintiffs and one Jacob J. Young, by which the latter was to perform all' the work and furnish all the materials required by the contract. In short, the contract was, in violation of its express provisions, virtually transferred to Young, who was, at the time of its execution and transfer, a member of the defendant board.
The charter of the city of Rochester contains a provision which expressly prohibits a member of the board of education of that city from being appointed to any office, of which the emoluments are paid from the city treasury, or from being “ directly or indirectly interested in any contract, as principal, surety or otherwise, or the furnishing of any materials or supplies for the city of Rochester, directly or by another person, the expense or consideration whereof are to be paid under any ordinance, resolution or order of the board of education ” (Laws of 1861, chap. 143, § 126, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 190, § 9); and the payment of the plaintiff’s demand is resisted by the defendant solely upon the ground that the contract out of which it arises contravenes this provision of the city charter, in that it was entered into by the plaintiffs, not for their own benefit, but for that of Jacob J. Young, who, by reason of his relation to the board of education, was disqualified from taking the contract in his own name.
The purpose of the prohibitory provision of the charter, to which reference has just been made, which is simply declaratory of the common law and in harmony with a general statute of this State (Penal Code, § 413), is manifestly for the protection of the public and to relieve persons who occupy positions of public trust from any temptation to encourage by their official action the expenditure of public moneys in an extravagant, wasteful and unnecessary manner, in order that some profit may thereby accrue to themselves as individuals. It is consequently a provision which is founded upon principles of public policy, and one which the court should enforce with the greatest rigor and without regard to the effects of its enforce[183]*183ment upon individual suitors. (Beebe v. Supervisors, 64 Hun, 377 : Smith v. City of Albany, 61 N. Y. 444; Woodworth v. Bennett, 43 id. 273.)
The primary question, therefore, to be considered and determined upon this review is to what extent does the evidence contained in the record before us support the finding of the learned referee that the contract between the parties to this action was executed by the plaintiffs for the benefit of Young, and as a result of the conspiracy between themselves and Yottng, whereby the latter, by an evasion of the charter, might secure to himself by indirection certain profits and benefits which he was prohibited by that instrument from securing by direct means.
A “ conspiracy ” is defined to be a “ combination of two or more [persons] to do something unlawful, either as a means or as an ultimate end ” (6 Am. & Eng. Eney. of Law [2d ed.], 833), and in this case, if there was in fact a conspiracy, it was obviously to accomplish an unlawful object in such a manner as is by law declared to be a misdemeanor. (Laws of 1861, chap. 143, § 126, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 190, § 9.)
Direct and positive proof of such an offense is, from the nature of things, seldom attainable, and for this reason resort is frequently had in both civil and criminal actions to circumstantial evidence, that is, to evidence of disconnected acts on the part of the individual conspirators which, when .taken in connection with each other, tend to show a combination to secure a particular result; and this character of evidence is often quite as satisfactory and conclusive as more direct proof. (People v. Flack, 125 N. Y. 324; People v. Van Tassel, 156 id. 561.)
In the present case, as has already been suggested, it is admitted that an arrangement was entered into between the plaintiffs and Young whereby the latter was to have the benefit of the contract with the board of education. Obviously the object sought to be accomplished by this agreement was an unlawful one, and although this fact does not of itself necessarily establish a conspiracy, it is a circumstance to be considered, and one which may furnish a basis for the inference that the parties entertained a common purpose to violate and avoid the statute. (People v. Flack, supra)
Moreover, such an inference is warranted and strengthened by the [184]*184further facts, which are likewise conceded, that the plaintiffs knew that Young was a member of the board of education ; that he was thereby disqualified from entering into the contract himself, and that he had already encountered opposition from the executive board of the city in his attempt to obtain pay for certain bills which he had rendered against the city for" labor performed and materials furnished while he was a member of such board.
Then, again, it appears by the admission of one of the plaintiffs while upon the witness stand that his firm had no intention, when they submitted their bid, of performing the contract themselves in the event of its being awarded to them, although their facilities therefor were ample. On the contrary, it was, as he said, their design from the outset to sub-let the contract to some one; and, although this witness at first declared that he had no particular person in mind when the contract was executed, he subsequently testified that it was his intention to divide the work between Young and a man by the name of Kohlmetz, but that Young had very little work to do, and consequently he let him have the whole of it. This same witness further testified that the agreement with Young was a verbal one; that the plaintiffs furnished none of the materials or labor called for by the contract; that they'had no connection with the actual performance of the work; that the only time they expended on the contract was in preparing the bids, and the only interest they had in it was $200, which Young was to allow them out of the contract price.
Now all these circumstances tend unmistakably to convict the plaintiffs out of their own mouths of complicity in the scheme which is relied upon as a defense to this action; and we are of the opinion that, without additional proof, they fully justify the inference that the plaintiffs were parties to a corrupt agreement, the object of which was an unlawful act. This being the case, the learned referee committed no error in admitting evidence of the various acts and declarations of the alleged conspirator Young, which in any manner indicated that he and the plaintiffs were acting with a common purpose and design; for when a conspiracy is once established, even though it be° merely by prima facie proof, the acts and declarations of each conspirator become competent as against his confederates (Kelley v. The People, 55 N. Y. 565; People v. [185]*185McKane, 143 id. 455 ; People v. Van Tassel, supra), and when we come to consider this case in the light of such additional proof of this character as the defendant was permitted to give, the inference drawn from the admissions of the plaintiffs gives place to certitude.
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Adams, J.:
The plaintiffs, although nominally parties to the contract, upon the provisions of which they rest their right of action, confessedly have hut little, if any, interest therein, for it is one of the undisputed facts of the case that immediately upon its execution an agreement was entered into between the plaintiffs and one Jacob J. Young, by which the latter was to perform all' the work and furnish all the materials required by the contract. In short, the contract was, in violation of its express provisions, virtually transferred to Young, who was, at the time of its execution and transfer, a member of the defendant board.
The charter of the city of Rochester contains a provision which expressly prohibits a member of the board of education of that city from being appointed to any office, of which the emoluments are paid from the city treasury, or from being “ directly or indirectly interested in any contract, as principal, surety or otherwise, or the furnishing of any materials or supplies for the city of Rochester, directly or by another person, the expense or consideration whereof are to be paid under any ordinance, resolution or order of the board of education ” (Laws of 1861, chap. 143, § 126, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 190, § 9); and the payment of the plaintiff’s demand is resisted by the defendant solely upon the ground that the contract out of which it arises contravenes this provision of the city charter, in that it was entered into by the plaintiffs, not for their own benefit, but for that of Jacob J. Young, who, by reason of his relation to the board of education, was disqualified from taking the contract in his own name.
The purpose of the prohibitory provision of the charter, to which reference has just been made, which is simply declaratory of the common law and in harmony with a general statute of this State (Penal Code, § 413), is manifestly for the protection of the public and to relieve persons who occupy positions of public trust from any temptation to encourage by their official action the expenditure of public moneys in an extravagant, wasteful and unnecessary manner, in order that some profit may thereby accrue to themselves as individuals. It is consequently a provision which is founded upon principles of public policy, and one which the court should enforce with the greatest rigor and without regard to the effects of its enforce[183]*183ment upon individual suitors. (Beebe v. Supervisors, 64 Hun, 377 : Smith v. City of Albany, 61 N. Y. 444; Woodworth v. Bennett, 43 id. 273.)
The primary question, therefore, to be considered and determined upon this review is to what extent does the evidence contained in the record before us support the finding of the learned referee that the contract between the parties to this action was executed by the plaintiffs for the benefit of Young, and as a result of the conspiracy between themselves and Yottng, whereby the latter, by an evasion of the charter, might secure to himself by indirection certain profits and benefits which he was prohibited by that instrument from securing by direct means.
A “ conspiracy ” is defined to be a “ combination of two or more [persons] to do something unlawful, either as a means or as an ultimate end ” (6 Am. & Eng. Eney. of Law [2d ed.], 833), and in this case, if there was in fact a conspiracy, it was obviously to accomplish an unlawful object in such a manner as is by law declared to be a misdemeanor. (Laws of 1861, chap. 143, § 126, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 190, § 9.)
Direct and positive proof of such an offense is, from the nature of things, seldom attainable, and for this reason resort is frequently had in both civil and criminal actions to circumstantial evidence, that is, to evidence of disconnected acts on the part of the individual conspirators which, when .taken in connection with each other, tend to show a combination to secure a particular result; and this character of evidence is often quite as satisfactory and conclusive as more direct proof. (People v. Flack, 125 N. Y. 324; People v. Van Tassel, 156 id. 561.)
In the present case, as has already been suggested, it is admitted that an arrangement was entered into between the plaintiffs and Young whereby the latter was to have the benefit of the contract with the board of education. Obviously the object sought to be accomplished by this agreement was an unlawful one, and although this fact does not of itself necessarily establish a conspiracy, it is a circumstance to be considered, and one which may furnish a basis for the inference that the parties entertained a common purpose to violate and avoid the statute. (People v. Flack, supra)
Moreover, such an inference is warranted and strengthened by the [184]*184further facts, which are likewise conceded, that the plaintiffs knew that Young was a member of the board of education ; that he was thereby disqualified from entering into the contract himself, and that he had already encountered opposition from the executive board of the city in his attempt to obtain pay for certain bills which he had rendered against the city for" labor performed and materials furnished while he was a member of such board.
Then, again, it appears by the admission of one of the plaintiffs while upon the witness stand that his firm had no intention, when they submitted their bid, of performing the contract themselves in the event of its being awarded to them, although their facilities therefor were ample. On the contrary, it was, as he said, their design from the outset to sub-let the contract to some one; and, although this witness at first declared that he had no particular person in mind when the contract was executed, he subsequently testified that it was his intention to divide the work between Young and a man by the name of Kohlmetz, but that Young had very little work to do, and consequently he let him have the whole of it. This same witness further testified that the agreement with Young was a verbal one; that the plaintiffs furnished none of the materials or labor called for by the contract; that they'had no connection with the actual performance of the work; that the only time they expended on the contract was in preparing the bids, and the only interest they had in it was $200, which Young was to allow them out of the contract price.
Now all these circumstances tend unmistakably to convict the plaintiffs out of their own mouths of complicity in the scheme which is relied upon as a defense to this action; and we are of the opinion that, without additional proof, they fully justify the inference that the plaintiffs were parties to a corrupt agreement, the object of which was an unlawful act. This being the case, the learned referee committed no error in admitting evidence of the various acts and declarations of the alleged conspirator Young, which in any manner indicated that he and the plaintiffs were acting with a common purpose and design; for when a conspiracy is once established, even though it be° merely by prima facie proof, the acts and declarations of each conspirator become competent as against his confederates (Kelley v. The People, 55 N. Y. 565; People v. [185]*185McKane, 143 id. 455 ; People v. Van Tassel, supra), and when we come to consider this case in the light of such additional proof of this character as the defendant was permitted to give, the inference drawn from the admissions of the plaintiffs gives place to certitude.
In justification of this assertion, it may be well to advert briefly to some of the confirmatory facts and circumstances which appear without substantial contradiction.
Mr. Noyes, the superintendent of education and the clerk of the board, testified that he never delivered the specifications for the work in question to either of the plaintiffs, but that Commissioner Young had access to them prior to the time the bids were submitted; that he made figures from them and was the only person who did so to the knowledge of the witness. He further testified that the resolution of May seventeenth was drawn by him at the request of Young, who remarked at the time that he was hard pressed for money, “ and that the boys had got to clear it up and go ahead.”
Mr. Oliver, the messenger of the board, testified that he delivered the specifications to Mr. Young on the ninth day of November, although Peiffer, one of the plaintiffs, had insisted that Young had no connection with the contract until a week after November sixth.
Mr. Warner, the architect, states that he delivered all the plans and specifications to Young; and Mr. Nell, one of the commissioners, testified that he saw Young while he was engaged in making the gates and informed him that he was acting illegally, to which Young replied that he did not think any one could stop him from making a living, and that he had got the contract through the plaintiffs, who were to make $100 out of it.
The significance of this last-mentioned evidence becomes apparent when it is considered in connection with that of Mr. Mann, the city auditor, who informs us that when he refused to audit Young’s bills against the city because he (Young) was a member of the board of education, Young replied that he could avoid the prohibitory provision of the charter by furnishing the supplies and doing the work in the name of some other contractor. And the substance of what occurred on this occasion, it is to be borne in mind, was brought to the notice of the plaintiffs before the present contract was entered into.
[186]*186In addition to the circumstances above narrated, it appears that this same man, Young, has, by means of personal interviews with the individual members of the board of education, sought to influence official action in furtherance- of his scheme; and last, but by no means least in our summary of inculpatory evidence, is the fact that the plaintiffs failed to call Young as a witness in their own behalf, although it is perfectly obvious that he, of all other persons, could have met and answered the defendant’s contention had it been without substantial foundation.
But without dwelling at greater length upon this feature of the case, it only remains to be said that the conclusion reached by the learned referee meets our approval, and that the evidence upon which he rests that conclusion is ample, in our opinion, to warrant this court in expressing its condemnation of the scheme disclosed by the record in this case in language which will admit of no misinterpretation. '
The learned counsel for the appellant calls attention to numerous exceptions taken to the admission of evidence of the acts and declarations of Hr. Young, and insists that they present error so prejudicial in its character as to require a reversal of the judgment appealed from. We think we have already answered this contention and made it clear that, when this class of evidence was received, there was sufficient proof of the existence of a conspiracy to render it competent.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
All concurred.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.