Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Green,
The plaintiff’s statement of cause of action contains throughout a claim that the defendant was indebted to her for the proceeds of whiskey belonging to her but which he sold for her as her agent. The first clause alleged that the defendant was indebted to her for large quantities of whiskey, which the defendant received from her agent and “ sold for plaintiff and received the money or proceeds of said sales from time to time.” The second clause alleges “that from about July 20, 1894, to about March 24,1895, the defendant sold and collected for sales, of plaintiff’s whiskey and liquor, the sum of $1,608.75, and from that time on until about August 1, 1897, the sum of $734.06.” The third clause charges that defendant “marked down the values of whiskey or liquor he took away from time to time,” representing the values of the whiskey he received from her (plaintiff), “ and which defendant had agreed to, or was to sell at said prices for the plaintiff as her agent or salesman.” The fifth clause states that, “ the plaintiff allows the defendant the sum of $250, commission for said sales of said whiskey or liquors, that being the amount or balance he is entitled to receive.” Then follows a statement in items of the values of liquor taken away and sold by defendant for the plaintiff, amounting in the aggregate to $2,342.81, “ from which is deducted $250 amount of defendant’s commissions,” leaving a balance due the plaintiff of $2,092.81.
It will be perceived from this analysis of the plaintiff’s statement of cause of action, that it is in no sense a bill for goods sold and delivered by plaintiff to defendant, but is exclusively a claim for moneys due by defendant to plaintiff, which were collected from third parties to whom defendant had sold the whiskey as the agent of the plaintiff. On its face, therefore, it is a claim for money due from the defendant as agent, to the plaintiff as principal, collected by him for her and not paid over.
This being the correct legal aspect of the claim, the case is brought within a clear line of decisions, in which it has been held, that the agent could not make defense against the claim on the ground that the sales were illegal, because made with[422]*422out a license, or for. any other cause of illegality. The authorities on this subject are very numerous, and in reality not controverted. A very few references will suffice. The controlling principle is well stated in the opinion of Chief Justice Gibson in the case of Lestapies v. Ingraham, 5 Pa. 71 thus, “ True it is that an illegal contract will not be executed: but when it has been executed by the parties themselves, and the illegal object of it has been accomplished, the money or thing which was the price of it may be a legal consideration between the parties, for a promise express or implied and the court will not unravel the transaction to discover its origin.” A very full and exhaustive discussion of the whole subject is found in the opinion of Mr. Justice Wickham in the case of Com. v. Shober, 3 Pa. Superior Ct. 554. It was there said, “ It is an elementary rule in the law of agency applicable alike in civil and criminal proceedings, that the agent shall not be heard to deny the title of his principal. This rule is founded on reason, public policy and common honesty. Nor does it matter whether the goods or money retained or embezzled by the agent, came to his hands through transactions tainted with illegality. ‘ The contract of the agent to pay the money to his principal is not immediately connected with the illegal transaction, but it grows out of the receipt of the money for his principal: ’ Story on Agency, sec. 347. ‘ If money has been actually paid to an agent for the use of his principal, the legality of the action of which it is the fruit does not- affect the right of the principal to recover it. . . . The agent whose liability arises solely from the fact of having received money for another’s use, can have no pretence to retain it: ’ Dunlap’s Paley’s Agency, 62. ‘ While the law will not enforce an illegal contract, yet if a servant or agent of another has, in the prosecution of an illegal enterprise for his master,'received money or other property, belonging to his master, he is bound to turn it over to him and cannot shield himself from liability therefor, upon the ground of the illegality of the original transaction: ’ Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 202. ‘ An agent who has in his hands money belonging to his principal, on a closed or terminable account, cannot set up as a defense to an action by the principal for money had and received, the illegality of a part or the whole of the transactions: ’ Wharton on Agency, secs. 26, 250; Mechem [423]*423on Agency, sec. 526; 1 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.)? 1088. . . . The rule thus announced by all the leading writers on the subject of agency, as well as by all the authors of text books on criminal law who have touched on the subject, is no longer open to doubt.” The same doctrine was again enforced in Elder v. Corr, 9 Pa. Superior Ct. 228. The syllabus of the case is, “ A man holding a warehouse certificate for ten barrels of whisky, as collateral security for a debt, sold the collateral for cash. The vendee tortiously converted the property to his own use and refused to return the certificate or pay for the whisky. Held in an action of trespass that defendant could not set up the defense that the owner of the certificate was not a licensed vendor of liquor who had paid a government tax as a wholesale dealer.” In the opinion of Judge Oblady, it was said, “ As to the second proposition, that the court will not enforce the contract because it is against public policy, we do not agree with the appellant, in his application of the principle. The decisions are uniform from Seidenbender v. Charles, 4 S. & R. 151, to Phœnix Silk Manufacturing Co. v. Reilly, 187 Pa. 526, that the courts will not aid a party in an action on an immoral or illegal act. But we find no case which holds that a defendant who fraudulently receives property, is protected by the law, and relieved from any liability to return or pay for it or that the plaintiff is limited to the simple action of assumpsit, in recovering its value. A defense of this nature was urged in Commonwealth v. Shober, 8 Pa. Superior Ct. 554, and it was held by this court to he insufficient. See also Blakeslee Mfg. Co. v. Hilton, 5 Pa. Superior Ct. 184. We do not think the facts in this case bring it within the prohibition of the state or federal statutes: Rahter v. First Nat. Bank, 92 Pa. 393.” It is not necessary to multiply the authorities.
In the present case the facts were that the whiskey was delivered to the defendant by the plaintiff’s husband acting as her agent, who had a distillery as well as a revenue license, and it is extremely doubtful to say the least that there was any illegality whatever in the transaction. But, however, that may be, the defendant cannot set up any such defense, even if the want of a license by the plaintiff would have otherwise vitiated the transaction. The learned court below, not at all controverting the foregoing authorities, or the principle they establish, [424]*424but fully conceding their correctness, was of opinion they were not available for the plaintiff, on the ground that there was no evidence to establish the alleged agency of the defendant for the plaintiff, and consequently he withdrew the case from the jury and granted a compulsory nonsuit at the end of the plaintiff’s testimony. After a careful examination of the whole of the testimony we are unable to agree with the court upon this subject.
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Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Green,
The plaintiff’s statement of cause of action contains throughout a claim that the defendant was indebted to her for the proceeds of whiskey belonging to her but which he sold for her as her agent. The first clause alleged that the defendant was indebted to her for large quantities of whiskey, which the defendant received from her agent and “ sold for plaintiff and received the money or proceeds of said sales from time to time.” The second clause alleges “that from about July 20, 1894, to about March 24,1895, the defendant sold and collected for sales, of plaintiff’s whiskey and liquor, the sum of $1,608.75, and from that time on until about August 1, 1897, the sum of $734.06.” The third clause charges that defendant “marked down the values of whiskey or liquor he took away from time to time,” representing the values of the whiskey he received from her (plaintiff), “ and which defendant had agreed to, or was to sell at said prices for the plaintiff as her agent or salesman.” The fifth clause states that, “ the plaintiff allows the defendant the sum of $250, commission for said sales of said whiskey or liquors, that being the amount or balance he is entitled to receive.” Then follows a statement in items of the values of liquor taken away and sold by defendant for the plaintiff, amounting in the aggregate to $2,342.81, “ from which is deducted $250 amount of defendant’s commissions,” leaving a balance due the plaintiff of $2,092.81.
It will be perceived from this analysis of the plaintiff’s statement of cause of action, that it is in no sense a bill for goods sold and delivered by plaintiff to defendant, but is exclusively a claim for moneys due by defendant to plaintiff, which were collected from third parties to whom defendant had sold the whiskey as the agent of the plaintiff. On its face, therefore, it is a claim for money due from the defendant as agent, to the plaintiff as principal, collected by him for her and not paid over.
This being the correct legal aspect of the claim, the case is brought within a clear line of decisions, in which it has been held, that the agent could not make defense against the claim on the ground that the sales were illegal, because made with[422]*422out a license, or for. any other cause of illegality. The authorities on this subject are very numerous, and in reality not controverted. A very few references will suffice. The controlling principle is well stated in the opinion of Chief Justice Gibson in the case of Lestapies v. Ingraham, 5 Pa. 71 thus, “ True it is that an illegal contract will not be executed: but when it has been executed by the parties themselves, and the illegal object of it has been accomplished, the money or thing which was the price of it may be a legal consideration between the parties, for a promise express or implied and the court will not unravel the transaction to discover its origin.” A very full and exhaustive discussion of the whole subject is found in the opinion of Mr. Justice Wickham in the case of Com. v. Shober, 3 Pa. Superior Ct. 554. It was there said, “ It is an elementary rule in the law of agency applicable alike in civil and criminal proceedings, that the agent shall not be heard to deny the title of his principal. This rule is founded on reason, public policy and common honesty. Nor does it matter whether the goods or money retained or embezzled by the agent, came to his hands through transactions tainted with illegality. ‘ The contract of the agent to pay the money to his principal is not immediately connected with the illegal transaction, but it grows out of the receipt of the money for his principal: ’ Story on Agency, sec. 347. ‘ If money has been actually paid to an agent for the use of his principal, the legality of the action of which it is the fruit does not- affect the right of the principal to recover it. . . . The agent whose liability arises solely from the fact of having received money for another’s use, can have no pretence to retain it: ’ Dunlap’s Paley’s Agency, 62. ‘ While the law will not enforce an illegal contract, yet if a servant or agent of another has, in the prosecution of an illegal enterprise for his master,'received money or other property, belonging to his master, he is bound to turn it over to him and cannot shield himself from liability therefor, upon the ground of the illegality of the original transaction: ’ Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 202. ‘ An agent who has in his hands money belonging to his principal, on a closed or terminable account, cannot set up as a defense to an action by the principal for money had and received, the illegality of a part or the whole of the transactions: ’ Wharton on Agency, secs. 26, 250; Mechem [423]*423on Agency, sec. 526; 1 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.)? 1088. . . . The rule thus announced by all the leading writers on the subject of agency, as well as by all the authors of text books on criminal law who have touched on the subject, is no longer open to doubt.” The same doctrine was again enforced in Elder v. Corr, 9 Pa. Superior Ct. 228. The syllabus of the case is, “ A man holding a warehouse certificate for ten barrels of whisky, as collateral security for a debt, sold the collateral for cash. The vendee tortiously converted the property to his own use and refused to return the certificate or pay for the whisky. Held in an action of trespass that defendant could not set up the defense that the owner of the certificate was not a licensed vendor of liquor who had paid a government tax as a wholesale dealer.” In the opinion of Judge Oblady, it was said, “ As to the second proposition, that the court will not enforce the contract because it is against public policy, we do not agree with the appellant, in his application of the principle. The decisions are uniform from Seidenbender v. Charles, 4 S. & R. 151, to Phœnix Silk Manufacturing Co. v. Reilly, 187 Pa. 526, that the courts will not aid a party in an action on an immoral or illegal act. But we find no case which holds that a defendant who fraudulently receives property, is protected by the law, and relieved from any liability to return or pay for it or that the plaintiff is limited to the simple action of assumpsit, in recovering its value. A defense of this nature was urged in Commonwealth v. Shober, 8 Pa. Superior Ct. 554, and it was held by this court to he insufficient. See also Blakeslee Mfg. Co. v. Hilton, 5 Pa. Superior Ct. 184. We do not think the facts in this case bring it within the prohibition of the state or federal statutes: Rahter v. First Nat. Bank, 92 Pa. 393.” It is not necessary to multiply the authorities.
In the present case the facts were that the whiskey was delivered to the defendant by the plaintiff’s husband acting as her agent, who had a distillery as well as a revenue license, and it is extremely doubtful to say the least that there was any illegality whatever in the transaction. But, however, that may be, the defendant cannot set up any such defense, even if the want of a license by the plaintiff would have otherwise vitiated the transaction. The learned court below, not at all controverting the foregoing authorities, or the principle they establish, [424]*424but fully conceding their correctness, was of opinion they were not available for the plaintiff, on the ground that there was no evidence to establish the alleged agency of the defendant for the plaintiff, and consequently he withdrew the case from the jury and granted a compulsory nonsuit at the end of the plaintiff’s testimony. After a careful examination of the whole of the testimony we are unable to agree with the court upon this subject. In point of fact the plaintiff did not herself make any contract or any deliveries to the defendant. The whole business was transacted on her part by her husband who was acting as his wife’s agent in caring for and disposing- of the whiskey in question. He was examined as a witness and he testified as follows: “ Q. Upon what condition did he get the whiskey ? How did he get it and how was he to pay for it, and was there any commission allowed him? A. Yes, I promised him that if he would sell fifty barrels I would give Mm $250 for his share. We had been dealing for a year or so before I failed. Q. For every fifty barrels he would sell, you would allow Mm $250 ? A. Yes. Fifty barrels represented $1,500.”
Another witness, Miles Roth, who was the distiller at the distillery was examined and testified thus: “ Q. You were the distiller at the time Mr. Hertzler carried it on? A. Yes, sir. Q. The time they lived there, were you ? A. Yes, sir. Q. During that time did you notice whether since 1894 Mr. Geigley used to fetch whiskey there? A. Yes, sir. Q. More than once? A. I don’t-understand that right. Q. Whether he took whiskey away from the retail house ? A. Yes, he was an agent for Hertzler. Q. To sell whiskey, was that it? Did you see Mr. Geigley fetch away whiskey from the distillery after 1894, after the sheriff’s sale ?' A. Yes. Q. How often did you see Mm there about ? A. About well probably, perhaps every two weeks. Sometimes every four weeks. I couldn’t exactly say how often. Sometimes not perhaps for a whole month. Q. Did you .ever measure it out for him when Mr. Hertzler was not there ? A. Yes, sir. Q. How much did he fetch away as near as you can recollect the time you measured it out for Mm ? A. Sometimes he fetched away from sixteen to thirty-five gallons and sometimes not so much.”
It is perfectly manifest from a mere inspection of the figures of the account, and from the testimony as to the frequency [425]*425and quantity of the items of whiskey which were obtained by the defendant from Hertzler, that he was not buying the whiskey for his own .use, but fon the purpose of selling it to others. When both Hertzler and Roth testified that the defendant was acting as an agent in these transactions, it is very clear that they truthfully characterized his position in the matter. There is not the slightest contradiction of the testimony of these witnesses, and their statements are corroborated by the manner in which the account was kept, and the plain indications afforded by the figures, and the mode in which the defendant obtained his supplies of whiskey. Hertzler testified that he did not keep the account of the defendant in the day book, as he kept all his other accounts, but that he would get from the defendant his figures representing the deliveries and the prices, and copy it off in a small book. He said, “ The reason I kept Geigley’s account in that way I always kept it on his book, and I had the dates and everything marked down. Then I kept my account just temporary in that little book; I took off his account. He has the dates and cash all fixed here, as he fetched them. Q. The sales represented in this book were put down at the time you made them ? A. Yes. Always copied off of his account.” It is difficult to understand this method of keeping the account of the transactions with the defendant upon the theory that they were direct sales to him at fixed prices, or upon any other theory than that they represented sales made by the defendant for the account of the plaintiff. Such is the tendency of the testimony and when it is accompanied with the positive testimony of two witnesses, who were not contradicted to the fact that the defendant was acting as the agent of the plaintiff in selling the whiskey, it is not correct to say there is no evidence on the record to establish the agency. That question was one of fact, the evidence distinctly supported the allegation of the agency of- the defendant and therefore it should have been submitted to the jury for their action.
The assignments of error are sustained.
Judgment reversed and new venire awarded.