NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 5 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARIA DE LOS ANGELES HERNANDEZ No. 25-1997 ZEPEDA; et al., Agency Nos. A208-885-605 Petitioners, A208-885-606 A208-885-607 v. A208-885-608 PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM* Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted January 6, 2026** San Francisco, California
Before: NGUYEN and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO, Senior District Judge.***
Petitioner Maria de Los Angeles Hernandez-Zepeda (“Petitioner” or
“Hernandez-Zepeda”) and her sons F.A.M.H., C.H.M.H., and C.A.M.H.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States Senior District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. (collectively, “Petitioners”), citizens and natives of El Salvador, petition for review
of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding an
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).1 Petitioners sought relief based on
Hernandez-Zepeda’s witness of a murder, three threatening voicemails to her son,
C.A.M.H., and one in-person verbal threat. The IJ denied Petitioners’ claims, and
the BIA affirmed. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the
agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence and its legal conclusions de novo,
see Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 2022), we deny the petition
for review.
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Hernandez-Zepeda failed
to carry her burden of proof on her asylum and withholding claims to establish a
causal nexus between her alleged harms and her asserted protected grounds—
membership in three particular social groups (“PSGs”) and two political opinions.
None of Petitioner’s asserted protected grounds are both legally cognizable and “one
central reason” or “a reason” for her alleged harms. See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch,
846 F.3d 351, 358 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding the protected ground must be “one central
1 Because F.A.M.H, C.H.M.H, and C.A.M.H are derivative beneficiaries on Hernandez-Zepeda’s asylum applications as the children of Hernandez-Zepeda, this disposition will generally refer to the singular Petitioner Hernandez-Zepeda.
2 reason” for her alleged harms for asylum claims, and “a reason” for her alleged
harms for her withholding claims).
First, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that “Salvadoran
women who are perceived as whistleblowers against gang criminal activity and
targeted for retaliation by the gang to be silenced” and “Salvadoran women who are
perceived as witnesses against gang criminality and targeted for retaliation by the
gang to be silenced” were neither defined with particularity nor socially distinct
groups. Neither group is defined with particularity because they could
“encompass[] ‘anyone in [El Salvador] who is a potential witness to anything that
can be characterized as crime committed by a gang member,’” and are therefore “not
‘discrete’ and lack[] ‘definable boundaries.’” Aguilar-Osorio v. Garland, 991 F.3d
997, 999 (9th Cir. 2021). For the same reason, we held the proposed social group
“witnesses who . . . could testify against gang members based upon what they
witnessed” to be not cognizable in Aguilar-Osorio, and specifically contrasted this
group with “Salvadoran witnesses who testified in open court against gang
members,” which “we deemed cognizable in Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d
1081, 1092 (9th Cir. 2013).” Id. (emphasis added). Hernandez-Zepeda did not
testify in open court, and in fact did not report the criminal activity to police, and so
has not alleged a sufficiently particular social group.
Further, Hernandez-Zepeda has failed to provide evidence other than her own
3 testimony that Salvadoran “society in general perceives, considers, or recognizes”
witnesses to or whistleblowers against gang criminal activity “to be a group.”
Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1181 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal
quotations omitted). Because “‘the social distinction inquiry . . . will ordinarily
demand some type of corroborative, objective evidence’ other than [Petitioner’s]
testimony,” the BIA did not err in affirming the IJ’s determination that these two
groups lacked social distinction. Id. (quoting Diaz-Torres v. Barr, 963 F.3d 976, 982
(9th Cir. 2020)).
Second, substantial evidence also supports the agency’s finding that even if
the PSG “Salvadoran women” was legally cognizable, there was no causal nexus
between Hernandez-Zepeda’s membership in this group and her alleged harms. The
BIA and IJ did not err in determining that the use of the slur “bitches” by the man
who threatened the witnesses at the wake was insufficient to show that the
persecutors acted because Petitioner was a woman. The threat was made to a
generalized group of 30 to 35 people and there is no evidence indicating that the
group was composed only of women. Where there is insufficient evidence that a
persecutor was motivated by gender, the record “does not compel the conclusion”
that Hernandez-Zepeda was threatened because she was a woman. See Rodriguez-
Zuniga v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1019 (9th Cir. 2023).
Third, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Petitioner did not
4 establish she was persecuted because of an imputed “anti-gang” or “feminist”
political opinion. There is no evidence in the record that Petitioner expressed any
“anti-gang” or “feminist” political opinion, or that the persecutors were motivated
by a belief that Petitioner had expressed “anti-gang” or “feminist” opinions. The
only evidence to support Hernandez-Zepeda’s claim that the gang perceived her to
be “anti-gang” is her testimony that the first threatening voicemail said that “they
heard rumors” that “we were speaking out against them.” But the evidence in the
record does not compel the conclusion that the gang members imputed a political
opinion to Hernandez-Zepeda at all, rather than merely expressing that they believed
she had reported them to the police. See Soriano v. Holder, 569 F.3d 1162, 1164–
65 (9th Cir. 2009), overruled on other grounds by Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707
F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2013). Moreover, a petitioner’s refusal to acquiesce to gang
threats alone is also not a “sufficiently conscious and deliberate decision[] or act[]
such that society would naturally attribute certain political opinions to the petitioner
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 5 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARIA DE LOS ANGELES HERNANDEZ No. 25-1997 ZEPEDA; et al., Agency Nos. A208-885-605 Petitioners, A208-885-606 A208-885-607 v. A208-885-608 PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General, MEMORANDUM* Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted January 6, 2026** San Francisco, California
Before: NGUYEN and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO, Senior District Judge.***
Petitioner Maria de Los Angeles Hernandez-Zepeda (“Petitioner” or
“Hernandez-Zepeda”) and her sons F.A.M.H., C.H.M.H., and C.A.M.H.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States Senior District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. (collectively, “Petitioners”), citizens and natives of El Salvador, petition for review
of a decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding an
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection
under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).1 Petitioners sought relief based on
Hernandez-Zepeda’s witness of a murder, three threatening voicemails to her son,
C.A.M.H., and one in-person verbal threat. The IJ denied Petitioners’ claims, and
the BIA affirmed. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Reviewing the
agency’s factual findings for substantial evidence and its legal conclusions de novo,
see Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 2022), we deny the petition
for review.
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Hernandez-Zepeda failed
to carry her burden of proof on her asylum and withholding claims to establish a
causal nexus between her alleged harms and her asserted protected grounds—
membership in three particular social groups (“PSGs”) and two political opinions.
None of Petitioner’s asserted protected grounds are both legally cognizable and “one
central reason” or “a reason” for her alleged harms. See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch,
846 F.3d 351, 358 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding the protected ground must be “one central
1 Because F.A.M.H, C.H.M.H, and C.A.M.H are derivative beneficiaries on Hernandez-Zepeda’s asylum applications as the children of Hernandez-Zepeda, this disposition will generally refer to the singular Petitioner Hernandez-Zepeda.
2 reason” for her alleged harms for asylum claims, and “a reason” for her alleged
harms for her withholding claims).
First, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that “Salvadoran
women who are perceived as whistleblowers against gang criminal activity and
targeted for retaliation by the gang to be silenced” and “Salvadoran women who are
perceived as witnesses against gang criminality and targeted for retaliation by the
gang to be silenced” were neither defined with particularity nor socially distinct
groups. Neither group is defined with particularity because they could
“encompass[] ‘anyone in [El Salvador] who is a potential witness to anything that
can be characterized as crime committed by a gang member,’” and are therefore “not
‘discrete’ and lack[] ‘definable boundaries.’” Aguilar-Osorio v. Garland, 991 F.3d
997, 999 (9th Cir. 2021). For the same reason, we held the proposed social group
“witnesses who . . . could testify against gang members based upon what they
witnessed” to be not cognizable in Aguilar-Osorio, and specifically contrasted this
group with “Salvadoran witnesses who testified in open court against gang
members,” which “we deemed cognizable in Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d
1081, 1092 (9th Cir. 2013).” Id. (emphasis added). Hernandez-Zepeda did not
testify in open court, and in fact did not report the criminal activity to police, and so
has not alleged a sufficiently particular social group.
Further, Hernandez-Zepeda has failed to provide evidence other than her own
3 testimony that Salvadoran “society in general perceives, considers, or recognizes”
witnesses to or whistleblowers against gang criminal activity “to be a group.”
Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1181 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal
quotations omitted). Because “‘the social distinction inquiry . . . will ordinarily
demand some type of corroborative, objective evidence’ other than [Petitioner’s]
testimony,” the BIA did not err in affirming the IJ’s determination that these two
groups lacked social distinction. Id. (quoting Diaz-Torres v. Barr, 963 F.3d 976, 982
(9th Cir. 2020)).
Second, substantial evidence also supports the agency’s finding that even if
the PSG “Salvadoran women” was legally cognizable, there was no causal nexus
between Hernandez-Zepeda’s membership in this group and her alleged harms. The
BIA and IJ did not err in determining that the use of the slur “bitches” by the man
who threatened the witnesses at the wake was insufficient to show that the
persecutors acted because Petitioner was a woman. The threat was made to a
generalized group of 30 to 35 people and there is no evidence indicating that the
group was composed only of women. Where there is insufficient evidence that a
persecutor was motivated by gender, the record “does not compel the conclusion”
that Hernandez-Zepeda was threatened because she was a woman. See Rodriguez-
Zuniga v. Garland, 69 F.4th 1012, 1019 (9th Cir. 2023).
Third, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Petitioner did not
4 establish she was persecuted because of an imputed “anti-gang” or “feminist”
political opinion. There is no evidence in the record that Petitioner expressed any
“anti-gang” or “feminist” political opinion, or that the persecutors were motivated
by a belief that Petitioner had expressed “anti-gang” or “feminist” opinions. The
only evidence to support Hernandez-Zepeda’s claim that the gang perceived her to
be “anti-gang” is her testimony that the first threatening voicemail said that “they
heard rumors” that “we were speaking out against them.” But the evidence in the
record does not compel the conclusion that the gang members imputed a political
opinion to Hernandez-Zepeda at all, rather than merely expressing that they believed
she had reported them to the police. See Soriano v. Holder, 569 F.3d 1162, 1164–
65 (9th Cir. 2009), overruled on other grounds by Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707
F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2013). Moreover, a petitioner’s refusal to acquiesce to gang
threats alone is also not a “sufficiently conscious and deliberate decision[] or act[]
such that society would naturally attribute certain political opinions to the petitioner
based on those acts.” Rodriguez-Zuniga, 69 F.4th at 1017 (citation modified).
The BIA did not err in finding that it “need not address the remaining appellate
arguments” on Hernandez-Zepeda’s asylum and withholding claims because the
“lack of nexus to a protected ground is dispositive.” See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429
U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make
findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”).
5 The BIA thus did not need to reach or analyze any additional asylum and
withholding arguments including Hernandez-Zepeda’s arguments regarding state
action and internal relocation. Because the BIA explicitly declined to reach those
issues, they also lie outside the scope of the Court’s review. See Brezilien v. Holder,
569 F.3d 403, 406, 411 (9th Cir. 2009) (When a petitioner raises arguments that “the
BIA failed to address,” the “issues are not properly before us” and “we do not reach
the merits of those arguments.”).
Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s denial of CAT protection
because Petitioners have not shown that it is more likely than not that they will be
tortured by or with the consent or acquiescence of the government if returned to El
Salvador. See Aden v. Holder, 589 F.3d 1040, 1047 (9th Cir. 2009).
PETITION DENIED.2
2 Petitioners’ motions to stay removal, Dkt. No. 3 and Dkt. No. 4, are denied.