1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GERARDO HERNANDEZ, Case No. 2:22-cv-00137-KJM-JDP 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS THAT PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR 13 v. DEFAULT JUDGMENT BE DENIED 14 MANGAL SINGH, et al., ECF No. 12 15 Defendants. OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS 16 17 Plaintiff alleges that defendants violated his rights under the Americans with Disabilities 18 Act, the California Unruh Civil Rights Act, and California Health and Safety Code § 19953. 19 Defendants have neither answered the complaint nor otherwise appeared in this action. Plaintiff 20 has filed a motion for default judgment, which was before the court for hearing on July 28, 2022. 21 I recommend that plaintiff’s motion be denied. 22 Background 23 The complaint alleges that plaintiff is “substantially limited in his ability to walk and must 24 use a wheelchair for mobility.” ECF No. 1 at 2. Defendants own and operate Four Oaks Market 25 (“Four Oaks”), located at 2140 Grand Avenue in Sacramento. Id. at 1-2. Four Oaks is a place of 26 public accommodation that was “designed and constructed . . . after January 26, 1993.” Id. at 2 & 27 5. 28 Plaintiff alleges that, on July 21, 2021, he visited Four Oaks to purchase beverages and 1 discovered barriers that interfered with his equal enjoyment and use of the market. Id. at 2-3. In 2 particular, he alleges that he “could not locate any designated accessible parking”; as a result, he 3 “parked in a standard parking stall where [he] had difficulty transferring to his wheelchair 4 because the surface of the pavement was very rough and uneven.” Id. at 3. However, he 5 acknowledges that “upon exiting his vehicle, he realized that there was a designated accessible 6 parking stall elsewhere” that he had not seen because “the pavement markings were so faded.” 7 Id. He also states that he “had difficulty on the way from his vehicle to the [Four Oaks] entrance 8 since the path of travel was narrow and excessively sloped.” Id. 9 Plaintiff properly served each of the defendants with a copy of the summons and 10 complaint on or before March 3, 2022. ECF Nos. 4, 5, & 6; see Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.20(c). 11 After defendants failed to timely respond to the complaint, plaintiff requested entry of 12 defendants’ default, ECF No. 7, which the Clerk entered on March 29, 2022, ECF No. 8. Plaintiff 13 now moves for default judgment on his ADA and state law claims. ECF No. 12. 14 Legal Standard 15 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55, default may be entered against a party who 16 fails to plead or otherwise defend against an action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). However, “[a] 17 defendant’s default does not automatically entitle the plaintiff to a court-ordered judgment.” 18 PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (citing Draper v. 19 Coombs, 792 F.2d 915, 924-25 (9th Cir. 1986)). Rather, the decision to grant or deny a motion 20 for default judgment is discretionary. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In 21 exercising that discretion, the court considers the following factors: 22 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) 23 the sum of money at stake in the action, (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning the material facts, (6) whether the default was due to 24 excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 25 26 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). “In applying this discretionary 27 standard, default judgments are more often granted than denied.” Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. 28 Castworld Prods., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 498 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (quoting PepsiCo, Inc. v. Triunfo- 1 Mex, Inc., 189 F.R.D. 431, 432 (C.D. Cal. 1999)). 2 Generally, once default is entered “the factual allegations of the complaint, except those 3 relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.” TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 4 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th 5 Cir. 1977)). However, “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are 6 legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 7 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). 8 Discussion 9 I first address the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim under the ADA and whether the 10 allegations in the complaint are sufficient to state a claim. See Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 11 1388 (9th Cir. 1978). 12 Title III of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the 13 basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, 14 advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, 15 leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). 16 Discrimination includes “a failure to remove architectural barriers . . . in existing facilities . . . 17 where such removal is readily achievable.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv). Under the ADA, the term 18 readily achievable means “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much 19 difficulty or expense.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9). The ADA Standards for Accessible Design “lay 20 out the technical structural requirements of places of public accommodation.” Fortyune v. Am. 21 Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1080-81 (9th Cir. 2004); see 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. D (“1991 22 Standards”); 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, Apps. B, D (“2010 Standards”). If a violation of the Standards 23 “relates to a plaintiff’s disability, it will impair the plaintiff’s full and equal access, which 24 constitutes discrimination under the ADA.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 25 939, 947 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal marks and citations omitted). Public accommodations that 26 commenced construction after July 26, 1992, but prior to September 15, 2010, must comply with 27 the 1991 Standards; new construction or alterations commenced after March 15, 2012, must 28 comply with the 2010 Standards. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.151. 1 Plaintiff alleges that he relies on a wheelchair for mobility and is thus disabled within the 2 meaning of the ADA. See ECF No. 1 at 2. He alleges that defendants own or operate Fair Oaks, 3 a public accommodation that was constructed after January 26, 1993. Id. at 5. Since plaintiff 4 “does not know if [Four Oaks] . . . had any alteration done after March 15, 2012,” ECF No.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GERARDO HERNANDEZ, Case No. 2:22-cv-00137-KJM-JDP 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS THAT PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR 13 v. DEFAULT JUDGMENT BE DENIED 14 MANGAL SINGH, et al., ECF No. 12 15 Defendants. OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS 16 17 Plaintiff alleges that defendants violated his rights under the Americans with Disabilities 18 Act, the California Unruh Civil Rights Act, and California Health and Safety Code § 19953. 19 Defendants have neither answered the complaint nor otherwise appeared in this action. Plaintiff 20 has filed a motion for default judgment, which was before the court for hearing on July 28, 2022. 21 I recommend that plaintiff’s motion be denied. 22 Background 23 The complaint alleges that plaintiff is “substantially limited in his ability to walk and must 24 use a wheelchair for mobility.” ECF No. 1 at 2. Defendants own and operate Four Oaks Market 25 (“Four Oaks”), located at 2140 Grand Avenue in Sacramento. Id. at 1-2. Four Oaks is a place of 26 public accommodation that was “designed and constructed . . . after January 26, 1993.” Id. at 2 & 27 5. 28 Plaintiff alleges that, on July 21, 2021, he visited Four Oaks to purchase beverages and 1 discovered barriers that interfered with his equal enjoyment and use of the market. Id. at 2-3. In 2 particular, he alleges that he “could not locate any designated accessible parking”; as a result, he 3 “parked in a standard parking stall where [he] had difficulty transferring to his wheelchair 4 because the surface of the pavement was very rough and uneven.” Id. at 3. However, he 5 acknowledges that “upon exiting his vehicle, he realized that there was a designated accessible 6 parking stall elsewhere” that he had not seen because “the pavement markings were so faded.” 7 Id. He also states that he “had difficulty on the way from his vehicle to the [Four Oaks] entrance 8 since the path of travel was narrow and excessively sloped.” Id. 9 Plaintiff properly served each of the defendants with a copy of the summons and 10 complaint on or before March 3, 2022. ECF Nos. 4, 5, & 6; see Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.20(c). 11 After defendants failed to timely respond to the complaint, plaintiff requested entry of 12 defendants’ default, ECF No. 7, which the Clerk entered on March 29, 2022, ECF No. 8. Plaintiff 13 now moves for default judgment on his ADA and state law claims. ECF No. 12. 14 Legal Standard 15 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55, default may be entered against a party who 16 fails to plead or otherwise defend against an action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). However, “[a] 17 defendant’s default does not automatically entitle the plaintiff to a court-ordered judgment.” 18 PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (citing Draper v. 19 Coombs, 792 F.2d 915, 924-25 (9th Cir. 1986)). Rather, the decision to grant or deny a motion 20 for default judgment is discretionary. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In 21 exercising that discretion, the court considers the following factors: 22 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) 23 the sum of money at stake in the action, (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning the material facts, (6) whether the default was due to 24 excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 25 26 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). “In applying this discretionary 27 standard, default judgments are more often granted than denied.” Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. 28 Castworld Prods., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 498 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (quoting PepsiCo, Inc. v. Triunfo- 1 Mex, Inc., 189 F.R.D. 431, 432 (C.D. Cal. 1999)). 2 Generally, once default is entered “the factual allegations of the complaint, except those 3 relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.” TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 4 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting Geddes v. United Fin. Grp., 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th 5 Cir. 1977)). However, “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, and claims which are 6 legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d 7 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). 8 Discussion 9 I first address the merits of plaintiff’s substantive claim under the ADA and whether the 10 allegations in the complaint are sufficient to state a claim. See Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 11 1388 (9th Cir. 1978). 12 Title III of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the 13 basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, 14 advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, 15 leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). 16 Discrimination includes “a failure to remove architectural barriers . . . in existing facilities . . . 17 where such removal is readily achievable.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv). Under the ADA, the term 18 readily achievable means “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much 19 difficulty or expense.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9). The ADA Standards for Accessible Design “lay 20 out the technical structural requirements of places of public accommodation.” Fortyune v. Am. 21 Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1080-81 (9th Cir. 2004); see 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. D (“1991 22 Standards”); 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, Apps. B, D (“2010 Standards”). If a violation of the Standards 23 “relates to a plaintiff’s disability, it will impair the plaintiff’s full and equal access, which 24 constitutes discrimination under the ADA.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 25 939, 947 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal marks and citations omitted). Public accommodations that 26 commenced construction after July 26, 1992, but prior to September 15, 2010, must comply with 27 the 1991 Standards; new construction or alterations commenced after March 15, 2012, must 28 comply with the 2010 Standards. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.151. 1 Plaintiff alleges that he relies on a wheelchair for mobility and is thus disabled within the 2 meaning of the ADA. See ECF No. 1 at 2. He alleges that defendants own or operate Fair Oaks, 3 a public accommodation that was constructed after January 26, 1993. Id. at 5. Since plaintiff 4 “does not know if [Four Oaks] . . . had any alteration done after March 15, 2012,” ECF No. 12-1 5 at 4, I will assess plaintiff’s allegations with reference to the 1991 Standards. 6 Plaintiff’s allegation that he could not locate the accessible parking space because the 7 pavement markings were too faded is insufficient to state a claim under the ADA. He argues that 8 defendants’ failure to maintain a “properly configured and identified accessible parking stall” 9 constitutes “a violation of 1991 [Standards] § 4.1.2(5)(a).” ECF No. 12-1 at 5. Section 4.1.2(5) 10 requires facilities with self-parking spaces to have at least one accessible parking space that meets 11 the standards of section 4.6. 28 C.F.R Pt. 36, App. D § 4.1.2(5). In turn, section 4.6.4 states that 12 accessible parking spaces must be “designated as reserved by a sign showing the symbol of 13 accessibility . . . [,] located so [it] cannot be obscured by a vehicle parked in the space.” Id. at 14 § 4.6.4.1 Plaintiff does not indicate, in either his complaint or his motion, whether the accessible 15 parking space provided by Four Oaks was designated with a sign that could not be obscured by a 16 vehicle, and he fails to supply any other explanation for why faded pavement markings rise to the 17 level of an ADA violation. 18 In his motion, plaintiff argues that “defendants failed to provide an accessible route of 19 travel connecting the designated accessible parking to the [Four Oaks] entrance,” ECF No. 12-1 20 at 4, but he submits no evidence to support this contention. The complaint alleges only that “the 21 pavement was very rough and uneven” and that “the path of travel . . . from his vehicle to the 22 [Four Oaks] entrance . . . was narrow and excessively sloped.” ECF No. 1 at 3. Both statements 23 refer solely to features that plaintiff encountered after parking in a non-accessible space; there are 24 no allegations regarding the path of travel between the accessible parking space and the entrance. 25
1 The 2010 Standards add only that “[a]ccess aisles shall be marked so as to discourage 26 parking in them.” See 36 C.F.R. Pt. 1191, App. D. § 502.3.3; see also 2010 Standards for 27 Accessible Design at 150 (2010), https://www.ada.gov/2010ADAstandards_index.htm (“The method and color of marking are not specified by these requirements but may be addressed by 28 State or local laws or regulations.”). 1 The 1991 Standards require only that “[a]t least one accessible route within the boundary of the 2 site shall be provided from . . . accessible parking, and accessible passenger loading zones . . . to 3 the accessible building entrance they serve.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. D § 4.3.2.2 4 Plaintiff also alleges violations of the Unruh Act on the sole basis that “[a] violation of the 5 ADA . . . constitutes an automatic violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act.” ECF No. 12-1 at 6 6 (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 51(f)). Since plaintiff’s ADA claim is insufficiently pled, he has also 7 failed to plead a violation of the Unruh Act.3 8 While many of the remaining Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting plaintiff’s 9 application for default judgment—namely, the small sum at stake, the possibility of prejudice to 10 plaintiff, and the lack of a basis to find excusable neglect—the insufficiency of his allegations 11 “weighs dispositively against granting default judgment.” El Sobrante Dev., LLC v. Nat. Assur. 12 Grp., No. 1:08-cv-00455-AWI-SKO, 2010 WL 3171422, at *8 (E.D. Cal., 2010); see Alan 13 Neuman Prods., Inc. v. Albright, 862 F.2d 1388, 1393 (9th Cir. 1988) (reversing the entry of the 14 default judgment where the allegations failed to state a claim). Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion 15 for default judgment should be denied along with his request for attorney’s fees. 16 For the reasons stated above, it is hereby RECOMMENDED that plaintiff’s motion for 17 default judgment, ECF No. 12, be denied without prejudice. 18 I submit these findings and recommendations to the district judge under 28 U.S.C. 19 § 636(b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, 20 Eastern District of California. Within 14 days of the service of the findings and 21 recommendations, any party may file written objections to the findings and recommendations 22
23 2 Even if plaintiff’s allegation regarding the slope and width of the path of travel is generously construed to refer to the path between the accessible space and the entrance, it would 24 be too vague and conclusory to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits. See Kalani v. Avenue Grill, Inc., No. 2:15-cv-2114-JAM-AC, 2016 WL 5402709, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sep. 28, 25 2016) (finding allegations that an accessible route was “excessively sloped” and “lacked proper wheelchair clearances” insufficient in the absence of measurements or facts that would permit to 26 the court to find that the route “did not comply with 1991 Standards § 4.3.3”). 27 3 Although the complaint also alleges a violation of the California Health and Safety Code, the motion for default judgment addresses only plaintiff’s claims under the ADA and the 28 Unruh Act. 1 | with the court and serve a copy on all parties. That document should be captioned “Objections to 2 | Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The district judge will review the findings 3 | and recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). Failure to file objections within the 4 | specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. See Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 5 | 834, 839 (th Cir. 2014). 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: _ November 3, 2022 Q_—_—. 9 JEREMY D. PETERSON 10 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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