Hernandez v. Chandler, City of

Opinion

1 WO JL 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Mario Alberto Hernandez, No. CV-23-01400-PHX-MTL (ESW) 10 Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER 12 City of Chandler, et al., 13 Defendants.

15 I. Procedural History 16 On June 8, 2023, pro se Plaintiff Mario Alberto Hernandez, who is not in custody, 17 filed a Complaint in the Superior Court of Maricopa County, Arizona, against the City of 18 Chandler, the Chandler Municipal Court, and the Chandler City Police Department. 19 Defendants were served on June 15, 2023. On July 17, 2023, Defendants filed a Notice of 20 Removal and removed the case to this Court. 21 Subsequently, Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint and a Motion to 22 Stay Discovery. Plaintiff filed a Motion for Electronic Filing, a Motion for Protective 23 Order, an Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis, and a Motion for Award of Damages. 24 In an August 22, 2023 Order, the Court determined removal was proper, denied Plaintiff’s 25 Motion for Protective Order,1 denied as moot Defendants’ Motion to Stay Discovery and 26

27 1 In the Motion for Protective Order, Plaintiff sought an order “prevent[ing] 28 retaliation” against him by Defendants. Plaintiff asserted that the City of Chandler made a “concerning statement” that “suggests an intention to hire an investigator to delve into Plaintiff’s background.” 1 Plaintiff’s Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis, denied Plaintiff’s Motion for Award 2 of Damages, and granted Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. The Court gave Plaintiff 30 days 3 to file an amended complaint. 4 On September 4, 2023, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint (Doc. 18), and 5 on September 5, 2023, he filed an Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (Doc. 19).2 6 On September 18, 2023, Defendant City of Chandler filed a Motion to Dismiss for Failure 7 to State a Claim. (Doc. 20.) Plaintiff filed a Response to the Motion, Defendant filed a 8 Reply, and Plaintiff filed a Sur-Reply. (Docs. 21, 22, 23.) On September 27, 2023, Plaintiff 9 filed a Motion for Preliminary Injunction. (Doc. 24.) Defendant filed a Response to the 10 Motion, and Plaintiff filed a Reply. (Docs. 25, 26.) On October 12, 2023, Plaintiff filed a 11 Motion in Limine. (Doc. 27.) On October 31, 2023, Defendant filed a Motion to Stay 12 Discovery. (Doc. 28.) 13 II. Discussion of First Amended Complaint 14 In his 13-count First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff sues the City of Chandler; 15 Municipal Court Magistrate Judge Monica K. Lindstrom; Deputy City Prosecutor 16 Rosemary Rosales; City of Chandler Police Officers Billie Etringham, Heath Hernandez, 17 Joshua Cohen, Sal Haro Trujillo, Jacob Ramer, Joseph Phelps, and Zachary Thomas; and 18 the respective spouses of the individual Defendants. Plaintiff asserts claims regarding his 19 civil and criminal proceedings in Chandler Municipal Court. He seeks monetary relief, 20 unspecified injunctive relief, and his costs and fees for this case. 21 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations 22 Plaintiff alleges the following: 23 On June 30, 2022, Defendant Ramer and a non-party police officer3 served an ex 24 parte Order of Protection on Plaintiff. (Doc. 18 at 8.) Defendant Lindstrom had issued the 25 Order of Protection, which granted Plaintiff’s estranged wife complete occupancy of their

26 2 Defendants paid the filing fee for this case when they filed their Notice of 27 Removal. Plaintiff does not need to file an Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis. 28 3 Plaintiff refers to the officer as “John Doe” and makes allegations against the officer, but he has not named the officer as a Defendant. 1 marital rented home. (Id.) Plaintiff “protested to service and explained to [Defendant] 2 Ramer . . . that everything stated in the [the Order of Protection] was a lie and had never 3 occurred.” (Id.) Pursuant to the Order of Protection, Plaintiff was forced to “remove 4 himself from the premises within 15 minutes.” (Id.) 5 On July 1, 2022, Plaintiff requested a contested hearing in Chandler Municipal 6 Court. (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff was informed that the contested hearing would be conducted 7 remotely. (Id.) Plaintiff was instructed to await correspondence from the Chandler 8 Municipal Court regarding his trial date. (Id.) 9 The contested hearing occurred on July 11, 2022. (Id. at 10.) It appears Plaintiff’s 10 estranged wife testified, and after her testimony, Defendant Lindstrom stated that she was 11 inclined to keep the protective order in place. (Id.) Defendant Lindstrom gave Plaintiff an 12 opportunity to explain why the court should not keep the Order of Protection in place. (Id.) 13 Plaintiff testified that everything his wife had said “was a complete lie” and a “complete 14 fabrication of the evidence.” (Id. at 11.) Defendant Lindstrom kept the Order of Protection 15 in place. (Id.) Plaintiff was not permitted to cross-examine his wife. (Id. at 12.) 16 On July 14, 2022, Plaintiff appealed Defendant Lindstrom’s decision to the Arizona 17 Superior Court. (Id. at 15.) On January 4, 2023, the court reversed and remanded the case.4 18 (Id.) On February 17, 2023, the Chandler Municipal Court dismissed the Order of 19 Protection. (Id.) 20 On September 3, 2022, Plaintiff’s property “was the subject of an ongoing robbery 21 incident.” (Id. at 24.) That day, Defendants Etringham, Hernandez, Trujillo, and Thomas 22 responded to a disturbance call, and, although they were “presen[t] during the robbery 23 incident,” they “failed to intervene or take reasonable action to prevent the unlawful taking 24 of Plaintiff’s property.” (Id. at 24-25.) Defendant Trujillo later acknowledged that property 25 had been removed from the home but “argued it was communal property.” (Id. at 25.) 26

27 4 The Superior Court concluded that by failing to afford either party the opportunity to cross-examine the other party, the trial court failed to comply with the Arizona Rules of 28 Protective Order Procedure. See https://courtminutes.maricopa.gov/ viewerME.asp?fn=Lower%20Court/012023/m10254963.pdf (last accessed Nov. 2, 2023). 1 On September 10, 2022, Defendants Ramer and Thomas searched Plaintiff’s 2 residence without probable cause or a valid warrant. (Id. at 19.) As a result, Plaintiff 3 allegedly suffered emotional distress, invasion of privacy, humiliation, loss of property, 4 and “other damages.” (Id. at 20.) 5 On September 17, 2022, Defendants Trujillo and Hernandez informed Plaintiff that 6 “the items taken weren’t solely owned by [Plaintiff].” (Id. at 25.) Defendant Hernandez 7 did not conduct a “substantial investigation” into the robbery; his efforts were “limited to 8 a single phone call to inquire about the recovery of stolen property, despite the existence 9 of body camera video evidence depicting” the alleged robbery. (Id. at 26.) 10 Plaintiff alludes to a November 11, 2022 “incident” involving Defendant Cohen, 11 but he makes no other allegations concerning that incident. (Id.) 12 B. Section 1983 Claims Against the Non-Municipal Defendants 13 1. Judicial Immunity 14 Judges are absolutely immune from § 1983 suits for damages for their judicial acts 15 except when they are taken “in the ‘clear absence of all jurisdiction.’” Stump v. Sparkman, 16 435 U.S. 349, 356-57 (1978) (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. 335, 351 (1871)); 17 Ashelman v. Pope, 793 F.2d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir. 1986). An act is “judicial” when it is a 18 function normally performed by a judge and the parties dealt with the judge in his or her 19 judicial capacity. Stump, 435 U.S. at 362; Crooks v. Maynard, 913 F.2d 699, 700 (9th Cir. 20 1990). This immunity attaches even if the judge is accused of acting maliciously and 21 corruptly, Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 554 (1967), or of making grave errors of law or 22 procedure. See Schucker v. Rockwood, 846 F.2d 1202, 1204 (9th Cir. 1988). 23 Plaintiff’s allegations against Defendant Lindstrom pertain only to the role as judge 24 in Plaintiff’s municipal court proceeding. Defendant Lindstrom is absolutely immune from 25 liability under § 1983 and will be dismissed. 26 2. Count 1 (Due Process/Confrontation) 27 Plaintiff alleges that on June 30, 2022, Defendant Ramer served him with an order 28 of protection in #22-C-DV266, which Plaintiff asserts “stated false allegations of abuse 1 and inflationary lies of incidents that never occurred.” (Doc. 18 at 8.) In Count 1, Plaintiff 2 alleges that Defendant Ramer “demonstrated a reckless indifference and a callous disregard 3 for Plaintiff’s rights before, during, and after the contested hearing” by: failing to afford 4 Plaintiff the opportunity for meaningful cross-examination during the proceedings, thereby 5 depriving him of a crucial element of a fair trial; disrupting the integrity of the hearing by 6 imposing “REMOTE” procedures that further impeded Plaintiff’s ability to present a 7 comprehensive defense; exhibiting incompetence and negligence in their role as judicial 8 officers, causing significant harm to Plaintiff’s ability to receive a fair and impartial 9 hearing; deliberately limiting Plaintiff’s ability to provide critical testimony and evidence, 10 depriving him of a fair opportunity to present his case; and failing to ensure proper 11 guidance and clarification for Plaintiff’s procedural inquiries, causing confusion and 12 impeding his ability to navigate the remote proceedings effectively. (Doc. 18 at 18.) 13 Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendant Ramer served him an order of protection does 14 not state a due process claim under § 1983. Plaintiff does not allege any facts to support 15 that Defendant Ramer testified or in any other way participated in the contested hearing. 16 To the extent Plaintiff asserts he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to 17 confront witnesses during the contested hearing, an Order of Protection is a civil matter, 18 not a criminal matter. The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that 19 “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with 20 the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI; see also Paredes v. Ramirez, No. 2 21 CA-CV 2022-0007, 2022 WL 4091734, at *3 n.4. (Ariz. Ct. App. Sept. 7, 2022) 22 (recognizing that the Sixth Amendment applies only in “criminal prosecutions” and a 23 hearing on an order of protections is not a criminal proceeding). Plaintiff had no Sixth 24 Amendment rights with respect to the contested hearing. Thus, the Court will dismiss 25 Count 1 as to Defendant Ramer. 26 3. Count 2 (Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure) 27 In Count 2, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Ramer and Thomas violated his Fourth 28 Amendment rights when they searched his residence without probable cause or a valid 1 warrant. Plaintiff’s allegations are too vague and conclusory to state a Fourth Amendment 2 claim. Plaintiff does not allege the circumstances in which Defendants Ramer and Thomas 3 searched his residence; what evidence, if any was discovered; and whether that evidence 4 was used to charge or prosecute Plaintiff. As presented, Plaintiff fails to state a Fourth 5 Amendment claim in Count 2 against Defendants Ramer and Thomas. 6 Plaintiff also alleges in Count 2 that Defendant Cohen violated Plaintiff’s Fourth 7 Amendment rights, but he alleges no facts concerning Defendant Cohen’s conduct. Thus, 8 Plaintiff fails to state a claim in Count 2 against Defendant Cohen. The Court will dismiss 9 Count 2 as to Defendants Ramer, Cohen, and Thomas. 10 4. Count 3 (Miranda violation) 11 In Count 3, Plaintiff alleges that Ramer and Cohen twice interrogated him, without 12 advising him of his Miranda5 rights. “No person shall . . . be compelled in any criminal 13 case to be a witness against himself . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. V. To state a Fifth 14 Amendment claim, plaintiff must allege that he made a coerced statement that is used 15 against him in a criminal case. Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760, 766-67 (2003) (“[A] 16 violation of the constitutional right against self-incrimination occurs only if one has been 17 compelled to be a witness against himself in a criminal case.”). Plaintiff alleges that he was 18 not given a Miranda warning, but he does not assert that he made any statement as a result, 19 much less that such statement was used against him in a criminal case. Thus, Plaintiff has 20 failed to state a claim under the Fifth Amendment as to Defendants Ramer and Cohen. 21 Plaintiff also names Defendant Thomas in Count 3, but he does not allege that 22 Defendant Thomas ever questioned him in connection with a crime. Thus, Plaintiff fails 23 to state a Fifth Amendment claim in Count Three against Defendant Thomas. The Court 24 will dismiss Count 3 as to Defendants Ramer, Cohen, and Thomas. 25 5. Count 4 (Failure to Intervene) 26 In Count 4, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Etringham, Hernandez, Trujillo, and 27 Thomas were present while Plaintiff’s residence was robbed, but they “failed to intervene

28 5 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 1 or take reasonable action to prevent the unlawful taking of Plaintiff’s property.” (Doc. 18 2 at 24.) In general, the State is not liable for its failure to protect an individual from harm. 3 See DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 196 (1989) 4 (recognizing that “the Due Process Clauses generally confer no affirmative right to 5 governmental aid, even where such aid may be necessary to secure life, liberty, or property 6 interests of which the government itself may not deprive the individual”); Munger v. City 7 of Glasgow Police Dep’t, 227 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000). “If the Due Process Clause 8 does not require the State to provide its citizens with particular protective services, it 9 follows that the State cannot be held liable under the Clause for injuries that could have 10 been averted had it chosen to provide them.” DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 196-97. 11 But “the general rule announced in DeShaney that members of the public have no 12 constitutional right to sue state actors who fail to protect them from harm inflicted by third 13 parties ‘is modified by two exceptions: (1) the special relationship exception; and (2) the 14 danger creation exception.’” Johnson v. City of Seattle, 474 F.3d 634, 639 (9th Cir. 2007) 15 (quoting L.W. v. Grubbs, 974 F.2d 119, 121 (9th Cir. 1992)). 16 The “special relationship exception” exists when “‘the State takes a person into its 17 custody and holds him there against his will.’” Johnson v. Wash. Dep’t of Soc. and Health 18 Servs., 671 F.3d 837, 842 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 199-200). “[I]t 19 is the State’s affirmative act of restraining the individual’s freedom to act on his own 20 behalf—through incarceration, institutionalization, or other similar restraint of personal 21 liberty—which is the ‘deprivation of liberty’ triggering the protections of the Due Process 22 Clause.” Id. (quoting DeShaney, 489 U.S. at 200). Plaintiff alleges no facts to support that 23 at the time of the robbery, he was incarcerated, institutionalized, or restrained against his 24 will. Thus, the “special relationship exception” does not apply here. 25 Plaintiff alleges no facts to support that any affirmative conduct by Defendants 26 Etringham, Hernandez, Trujillo, and Thomas put Plaintiff in danger. See id. at 641 (finding 27 no due process violation where plaintiffs failed to offer evidence that police officers 28 “engaged in affirmative conduct that enhanced the dangers” the plaintiffs exposed 1 themselves to by participating in a Mardi Gras celebration). Thus, the danger creation 2 exception to the rule set forth in DeShaney does not apply here. 3 In short, Plaintiff fails to state a claim in Count 4, and it will be dismissed. 4 6. Count 5 (Violation of Arizona Constitution) 5 In Count 5, Plaintiff alleges that all Defendants violated Article 2, section 4 of the 6 Arizona Constitution. Section 1983 does not provide a cause of action for violations of 7 state law or state constitutional rights. Ybarra v. Bastian, 647 F.2d 891, 892 (9th Cir. 8 1981). Thus, the Court will dismiss Count 5. 9 C. State Law Claims Against the Non-Municipal Defendants 10 The Court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim if it has 11 dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). 12 Moreover, the Supreme Court has cautioned that “if the federal claims are dismissed before 13 trial, . . . the state claims should be dismissed as well.” United Mine Workers of America 14 v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966); see also Gini v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 40 15 F.3d 1041, 1046 (9th Cir. 1994) (when federal law claims are eliminated before trial, the 16 court generally should decline jurisdiction over state law claims and dismiss them without 17 prejudice). Plaintiff has failed to state a federal claim against the individual Defendants. 18 The Court therefore declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state- 19 law claims for negligence, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, false imprisonment, 20 conspiracy, defamation/slander per se, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. 21 Thus, the Court will dismiss Counts 7 through 13 as to the individual Defendants. 22 III. City of Chandler’s Motion to Dismiss 23 A. Legal Standards 24 Dismissal of a complaint, or any claim within it, for failure to state a claim under 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) may be based on either a “‘lack of a cognizable 26 legal theory’ or ‘the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.’” 27 Johnson v. Riverside Healthcare Sys., LP, 534 F.3d 1116, 1121–22 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 28 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990)). In determining 1 whether a complaint states a claim under this standard, the allegations in the complaint are 2 taken as true and the pleadings are construed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. 3 Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 900 (9th Cir. 2007). A 4 pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 5 entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). But “[s]pecific facts are not necessary; the 6 statement need only give the defendant fair notice of what . . . the claim is and the grounds 7 upon which it rests.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (internal quotation 8 omitted). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must state a claim that is “plausible 9 on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); see Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 10 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff 11 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 12 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Where the plaintiff 13 is proceeding pro se, the court must “construe the pleadings liberally and . . . afford the 14 petitioner the benefit of any doubt.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). 15 Generally, when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court looks only to the face 16 of the complaint and documents attached thereto. Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, 17 Inc., 284 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2002); Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 18 Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). If a court considers evidence outside the 19 pleading, it must convert the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into a Rule 56 motion for summary 20 judgment. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907-08 (9th Cir. 2003). A court may 21 consider documents incorporated by reference in the complaint or matters of judicial notice 22 without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Id. 23 B. Discussion 24 Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the City of Chandler cannot be held liable under 25 § 1983 merely because of its employees’ conduct. In Monell v. Department of Social 26 Services of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), the Supreme Court held that a local 27 government entity “may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its 28 employees or agents. Instead, it is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, 1 whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to 2 represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible 3 under § 1983.” Id. at 694; see Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51 (2011) (“local 4 governments are responsible only for their own illegal acts”). A municipality cannot be 5 held vicariously liable for its employees’ actions. Connick, 563 U.S. at 60. To state a 6 claim for Monell liability, a plaintiff must allege a constitutional injury that results from a 7 custom or policy of the municipality or from a failure to train. Monell, 436 U.S. at 690- 8 91; City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 (1989). 9 For the reasons discussed above, Plaintiff fails to allege facts to support that he 10 suffered a constitutional injury as a result of the individual Defendants’ conduct. But even 11 if he had adequately alleged an injury, he has not alleged facts to support a policy or 12 inadequate training/supervision claim against the City of Chandler. 13 1. Policy Claim 14 Where Monell liability is based on a policy or custom, a plaintiff must allege several 15 threshold requirements: “(1) that [the plaintiff] possessed a constitutional right of which 16 [he was deprived; (2) that the municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy amounts to 17 deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s constitutional right; and (4) that the policy is the 18 moving force behind the constitutional violation.” Dougherty v. City of Covina, 654 F.3d 19 892, 900 (9th Cir. 2011). 20 “A policy of inaction or omission may be based on failure to implement procedural 21 safeguards to prevent constitutional violations.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 22 1128, 1143 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). In an “omission” case, a plaintiff must show, 23 in addition to a constitutional violation, that the municipality’s policy of inaction “amounts 24 to deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s constitutional right, and that the policy caused 25 the violation, in the sense that the municipality could have prevented the violation with an 26 appropriate policy.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). 27 In Count 1, Plaintiff alleges that the City of Chandler, through the Chandler 28 Municipal Court’s policy of conducting protective order hearings remotely, violated his 1 due process rights. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant Lindstrom, as a “supervisor responsible 2 for directing Defendant City of Chandler” with respect to Plaintiff’s “arrest, detention, and 3 criminal citation, “acted as a policymaker for the City of Chandler Municipal Court.” 4 Plaintiff does not allege any facts to support that he was injured in any way because the 5 contested hearing was conducted remotely rather than in-person. Moreover, a policy of 6 conducting hearings remotely does not amount to deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s due 7 process rights. Thus, Plaintiff fails to state a claim against the City of Chandler in Count 1. 8 2. Failure to Train/Supervise 9 To state a claim based on a failure to train or supervise, a plaintiff must allege facts 10 to support that the alleged failure amounted to deliberate indifference. Canell v. Lightner, 11 143 F.3d 1210, 1213 (9th Cir. 1998). A plaintiff must allege facts to support that not only 12 was particular training or supervision inadequate, but also that such inadequacy was the 13 result of “a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’ choice” on the part of the defendant. Id. at 1213- 14 14; see Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d 898, 905 (9th Cir. 2002) (a plaintiff must allege facts 15 to support that “in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees, the need 16 for more or different training is obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in violations 17 of constitutional rights, that the policy[]makers . . . can reasonably be said to have been 18 deliberately indifferent to the need.” (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. at 390)). 19 A plaintiff must also show a “sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s 20 wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Redman v. County of San Diego, 942 21 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). 22 In Count 2, Plaintiff alleges that the City of Chandler’s “failure to adequately train, 23 supervise, and discipline its law enforcement personnel have contributed to a pattern of 24 constitutional violations, including the violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment 25 rights.” (Doc. 18 at 20.) In Count 6, Plaintiff alleges that the City of Chandler “has created 26 and tolerated an atmosphere of lawlessness, having developed and maintained long- 27 standing, department-wide customs, law enforcement-related policies, procedures, 28 customs, practices, and/or failed to properly train and/or supervise its officers and 1 employees in a manner amounting to deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of 2 Plaintiff and of the public.” (Id. at 30.) Plaintiff asserts that the City of Chandler “has 3 developed and maintained, permitted to propagate and grow, and has a department-wide 4 custom of arresting, detaining, and ultimately charging citizens with crimes in an effort to 5 insulate itself from claims of excessive force, even if doing so requires fabrication of 6 factual evidence, or listening to known perjuries.” (Id. at 31.) Plaintiff claims that the 7 “improper training and supervision provided by Defendant City of Chandler . . . resulted 8 from a conscious or deliberate choice to follow a course of action from among various 9 alternatives.” (Id.) 10 Again, Plaintiff has not alleged facts to support that he suffered any constitutional 11 violation. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges no facts concerning the individual Defendants’ 12 training or supervision, let alone facts to support that any inadequate training or supervision 13 was the result of a “deliberate” or “conscious” choice on the part of the City of Chandler. 14 Plaintiff has simply repeated the elements of a claim for failure to train or supervise. 15 “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 16 statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Plaintiff also alleges no facts to support 17 that the City of Chandler has maintained or permitted a custom of “arresting, detaining, 18 and ultimately charging citizens with crimes.” 19 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff fails to state a § 1983 claim against the City of 20 Chandler. 21 C. State Law Claims 22 Because the Court will dismiss the federal claims against the City of Chandler, the 23 Court declines to exercise jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s related state-law claims. See 28 24 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); United Mine Workers of America, 383 U.S. at 726; Gini, 40 F.3d at 25 1046. 26 IV. Leave to Amend 27 The Court will dismiss the First Amended Complaint with leave to amend. See 28 Flowers v. First Hawaiian Bank, 295 F.3d 966, 976 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Lucas v. Dep’t 1 of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248-49 (9th Cir. 1995)) (“[D]ismissal of a pro se complaint without 2 leave to amend is proper only if it is clear that the deficiencies cannot be cured by 3 amendment or after the pro se litigant is given an opportunity to amend.”). 4 Within 30 days, Plaintiff may submit a second amended complaint to cure the 5 deficiencies outlined above. Plaintiff must clearly designate on the face of the document 6 that it is the “Second Amended Complaint.” The second amended complaint must be 7 retyped or rewritten in its entirety and may not incorporate any part of the original 8 Complaint or First Amended Complaint by reference. Plaintiff may include only one claim 9 per count. 10 A second amended complaint supersedes the original Complaint and First Amended 11 Complaint. Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992); Hal Roach Studios, 12 896 F.2d at 1546. After amendment, the Court will treat the original Complaint and First 13 Amended Complaint as nonexistent. Ferdik, 963 F.2d at 1262. Any cause of action that 14 was raised in the original Complaint or First Amended Complaint and that was voluntarily 15 dismissed or was dismissed without prejudice is waived if it is not alleged in a second 16 amended complaint. Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (en 17 banc). 18 V. City of Chandler’s Motion to Stay Discovery 19 Defendant City of Chandler seeks to stay discovery in this matter pending resolution 20 of the Motion to Dismiss. Because the Court will grant the Motion to Dismiss, the Court 21 will deny as moot the Motion to Stay Discovery. 22 VI. Plaintiff’s Motions 23 A. Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction 24 Whether to grant or deny a motion for a temporary restraining order or preliminary 25 injunction is within the Court’s discretion. See Miss Universe, Inc. v. Flesher, 605 F.2d 26 1130, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 1979). 27 1. Motion for Temporary Restraining Order 28 A temporary restraining order can be issued without notice only if: (A) specific facts in an affidavit or a verified complaint 1 clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or 2 damage will result to the movant before the adverse party can be heard in opposition; and (B) the movant’s attorney certifies 3 in writing any efforts made to give notice and the reasons why 4 it should not be required. 5 Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1) (emphasis added). See also LRCiv 65.1 (“Ex parte restraining 6 orders shall only issue in accordance with Rule 65, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”). 7 Plaintiff has not shown that he will suffer irreparable injury before Defendants can 8 be heard in opposition and has not certified the “efforts made to give notice and the reasons 9 why it should not be required.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1)(B). Because the request for a 10 temporary restraining order fails to comply with Rule 65(b)(1)(B), the Court, in its 11 discretion, will deny without prejudice Plaintiff’s request for a temporary restraining order. 12 See LRCiv 65.1. See also Am. Can Co. v. Mansukhani, 742 F.2d 314, 321 (7th Cir. 1984) 13 (district court abused its discretion in granting ex parte temporary restraining order “when 14 there was no valid reason for proceeding ex parte and by disregarding the strict procedural 15 requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b) for the issuance of such ex parte orders”); Adobe Sys., 16 Inc. v. S. Sun Prods., Inc., 187 F.R.D. 636, 643 (S.D. Cal. 1999). 17 2. Motion for Preliminary Injunction 18 To obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show “that he is likely to 19 succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of 20 preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in 21 the public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). The 22 moving party has the burden of proof on each element of the test. Envtl. Council of 23 Sacramento v. Slater, 184 F. Supp. 2d 1016, 1027 (E.D. Cal. 2000). 24 An injunction or restraining order is appropriate to grant “intermediate relief of the 25 same character as that which may be granted finally,” but relief is not proper when it is 26 requested on matters lying wholly outside the issues in the suit. DeBeers Consol. Mines v. 27 United States., 325 U.S. 212, 220 (1945). To obtain injunctive relief, the party “must 28 necessarily establish a relationship between the injury claimed in the party’s motion and 1 the conduct asserted in the complaint.” Devose v. Herrington, 42 F.3d 470, 471 (8th Cir. 2 1994) (per curiam). 3 Plaintiff seeks an injunction “prohibiting retaliation” against him. He alleges that 4 he has received messages from Defendant Rosales “expressing an interest in hiring an 5 investigator to target” Plaintiff; Defendant Cohen’s “unsolicited phone call added to” 6 Plaintiff’s “growing anxiety”; and he has “been subjected to a barrage of emails and phone 7 calls from other police agencies, constituting an obvious pressure campaign aimed at 8 intimidating him.” These issues are beyond the scope of this case. 9 Furthermore, as discussed above, the Court will dismiss the First Amended 10 Complaint for failure to state a claim; Plaintiff therefore fails to show he is likely to succeed 11 on the merits of his claims. Thus, the Court will deny the portion of the Motion that seeks 12 a preliminary injunction. 13 B. Motion in Limine 14 In his Motion in Limine, Plaintiff asks the Court to enter certain evidence into the 15 record. The Court will deny the Motion. As discussed above, the Court will dismiss the 16 First Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim. If Plaintiff files a second amended 17 complaint, the Court will screen it. If the Court determines that Plaintiff states a claim 18 against one or more Defendants, the Court will order Defendant(s) to answer the claims. 19 After one or more Defendants have answered, the Court will issue a scheduling order 20 setting forth deadlines for discovery. Until then, any discovery motions are premature and 21 will be denied. 22 IT IS ORDERED: 23 (1) Plaintiff’s Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (Doc. 19) is denied as 24 moot. 25 (2) Defendant City of Chandler’s Motion to Stay Discovery (Doc. 28) is denied 26 as moot. 27 (3) Defendant City of Chandler’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 20) is granted. 28 1 (4) ‘Plaintiff's Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction (Doc. 24) and Motion in Limine (Doc. 27) are denied. 3 (5) The First Amended Complaint (Doc. 18) is dismissed without prejudice. 4 (6) Within 30 days of the filing date of this Order, Plaintiff may file a second 5 | amended complaint that cures the deficiencies identified in the Order. 6 (7) If Plaintiff fails to file a second amended complaint within 30 days, the Clerk 7 | of Court must, without further notice, enter a judgment of dismissal of this action without 8 | prejudice and deny any pending unrelated motions as moot. 9 Dated this 6th day of November, 2023. 10 Michal T. Siburde Michael T. Liburdi 13 United States District Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28