NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 22 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HERMAN ROBERSON, No. 21-55134
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:19-cv-06913-DMG-JPR v.
CITY OF HAWTHORNE, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant,
and
BRIAN LAZOREK, individually, and in his official capacity; JEROME MICHALCZAK, individually, and in his official capacity,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 15, 2023 University of San Diego
Before: McKEOWN, OWENS, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge BUMATAY.
Hawthorne police officers Brian Lazorek and Jerome Michalczak appeal
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. from the district court’s order denying summary judgment based on qualified
immunity in Herman Roberson’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging excessive force
and related violations of state law. We have jurisdiction over the interlocutory
appeal regarding Roberson’s federal claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Plumhoff v.
Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 771–73 (2014); Peck v. Montoya, 51 F.4th 877, 885 (9th
Cir. 2022). We do not have jurisdiction over defendants’ interlocutory appeal as to
Roberson’s state-law claims. See Peck, 51 F.4th at 885 (“[W]e may not review any
‘portion of a district court’s summary judgment order that, though entered in a
qualified immunity case, determines only a question of evidence sufficiency, i.e.,
which facts a party may, or may not, be able to prove at trial.’” (quoting Johnson v.
Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 313 (1995))).
We review de novo the district court’s denial of summary judgment on the
ground of qualified immunity. Est. of Aguirre v. County of Riverside, 29 F.4th
624, 627 (9th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. County of Riverside v. Est. of Najera-
Aguirre, 143 S. Ct. 426 (2022). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Roberson, as we must at this
stage, see id., the officers had no basis to suspect Roberson of a crime or consider
him a threat to others nor had they attempted an arrest. At the time of the incident,
it was clearly established that, under such circumstances, throwing an individual
against a wall, taking him to the ground using a headlock, and holding him on the
2 ground by applying weight to his neck is excessive force. See Blankenhorn v. City
of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 478 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Andrews v. City of
Henderson, 35 F.4th 710, 719 (9th Cir. 2022) (“Blankenhorn clearly established—
and thus ‘put a prudent officer on notice’—that an officer violates the Fourth
Amendment by tackling and piling on top of a ‘relatively calm,’ non-resisting
suspect who posed little threat of safety without any prior warning and without
attempting a less violent means of effecting an arrest.” (quoting Blankenhorn, 485
F.3d at 478, 481)). A reasonable official would have known that doing so under
the circumstances was unlawful. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232
(2009) (setting forth two-part test for qualified immunity). Officer Michalczak is
therefore not entitled to qualified immunity.
Officer Lazorek is, however, entitled to qualified immunity. Since Lazorek
was not “fundamental[ly] involve[d] in the conduct that allegedly caused the
violation,” he was not an “integral participant” in Michalczak’s excessive use of
force. Nicholson v. City of Los Angeles, 935 F.3d 685, 691 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting
Blankenhorn, 485 F.3d at 481 n.12); see also Peck, 51 F.4th at 891 (noting that an
actor is only an integral participant if he “knew about and acquiesced in the
constitutionally defective conduct as part of a common plan” or “set in motion a
series of acts by others which [he] knew or reasonably should have known would
cause others to inflict the constitutional injury”).
3 We therefore AFFIRM the denial of qualified immunity as to Michalczak,
REVERSE as to Lazorek, and DISMISS as to the appeal of state-law claims.
Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.
4 FILED Roberson v. City of Hawthorne, No. 21-55134 MAR 22 2023 BUMATAY, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
In this case, the undisputed facts show that City of Hawthorne police officers
did not use excessive force against Herman Roberson. Officers Jerome Michalczak
and Brian Lazorek responded to a 911 call about a “domestic disturbance” inside an
apartment. When they arrived on scene, the officers could hear loud arguing coming
from inside the apartment. The officers knocked on the door, and Rhonda Luckett
answered. Luckett and Roberson kept arguing as the officers stood near the
doorway. Luckett told the officers that Roberson had shown up to the apartment
“kicking on the door” and “hollering and screaming and kicking the doors.” When
one of the officers asked Luckett if there was a restraining order against Roberson,
Luckett responded, “Yeah, he’s on parole or something.” Officers observed
Roberson pacing about, yelling angrily, cursing, and acting erratically. Officers also
learned that children were in the apartment.
Officers then asked Luckett and Roberson to come outside, and Luckett did.
Roberson didn’t. Officers ordered Roberson to come out at least six times. But
Roberson didn’t comply. Finally, after the officers’ sixth command, Roberson came
out of the apartment. But then Robinson resisted. Roberson turned to go back into
the apartment, muttering that he needed to “get [his] shoe.” Officer Michalczak tried
grabbing Roberson to keep him from going back into the apartment. Then Officer
Michalczak took Roberson to the ground where Officer Lazorek handcuffed him. It 1 took the officers only two to three seconds to put Roberson in handcuffs. In those
few seconds, Officer Michalczak placed him in a headlock, threw him against the
wall, took him down, and placed his weight on Roberson’s neck until Officer
Lazorek handcuffed him.
The majority rightly concludes that Officer Lazorek is entitled to qualified
immunity because nothing in his actions approaches excessive force. And so I join
that reversal of the denial of qualified immunity as to Officer Lazorek. While a
closer case, the majority should have also granted Officer Michalczak qualified
immunity. Officer Michalczak did not violate Roberson’s constitutional rights—let
alone clearly established ones. So we should have reversed the denial of qualified
immunity for both officers. I thus concur in part and dissent in part.
I.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 22 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
HERMAN ROBERSON, No. 21-55134
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:19-cv-06913-DMG-JPR v.
CITY OF HAWTHORNE, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant,
and
BRIAN LAZOREK, individually, and in his official capacity; JEROME MICHALCZAK, individually, and in his official capacity,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 15, 2023 University of San Diego
Before: McKEOWN, OWENS, and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge BUMATAY.
Hawthorne police officers Brian Lazorek and Jerome Michalczak appeal
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. from the district court’s order denying summary judgment based on qualified
immunity in Herman Roberson’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action alleging excessive force
and related violations of state law. We have jurisdiction over the interlocutory
appeal regarding Roberson’s federal claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Plumhoff v.
Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 771–73 (2014); Peck v. Montoya, 51 F.4th 877, 885 (9th
Cir. 2022). We do not have jurisdiction over defendants’ interlocutory appeal as to
Roberson’s state-law claims. See Peck, 51 F.4th at 885 (“[W]e may not review any
‘portion of a district court’s summary judgment order that, though entered in a
qualified immunity case, determines only a question of evidence sufficiency, i.e.,
which facts a party may, or may not, be able to prove at trial.’” (quoting Johnson v.
Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 313 (1995))).
We review de novo the district court’s denial of summary judgment on the
ground of qualified immunity. Est. of Aguirre v. County of Riverside, 29 F.4th
624, 627 (9th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. County of Riverside v. Est. of Najera-
Aguirre, 143 S. Ct. 426 (2022). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Roberson, as we must at this
stage, see id., the officers had no basis to suspect Roberson of a crime or consider
him a threat to others nor had they attempted an arrest. At the time of the incident,
it was clearly established that, under such circumstances, throwing an individual
against a wall, taking him to the ground using a headlock, and holding him on the
2 ground by applying weight to his neck is excessive force. See Blankenhorn v. City
of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 478 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Andrews v. City of
Henderson, 35 F.4th 710, 719 (9th Cir. 2022) (“Blankenhorn clearly established—
and thus ‘put a prudent officer on notice’—that an officer violates the Fourth
Amendment by tackling and piling on top of a ‘relatively calm,’ non-resisting
suspect who posed little threat of safety without any prior warning and without
attempting a less violent means of effecting an arrest.” (quoting Blankenhorn, 485
F.3d at 478, 481)). A reasonable official would have known that doing so under
the circumstances was unlawful. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232
(2009) (setting forth two-part test for qualified immunity). Officer Michalczak is
therefore not entitled to qualified immunity.
Officer Lazorek is, however, entitled to qualified immunity. Since Lazorek
was not “fundamental[ly] involve[d] in the conduct that allegedly caused the
violation,” he was not an “integral participant” in Michalczak’s excessive use of
force. Nicholson v. City of Los Angeles, 935 F.3d 685, 691 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting
Blankenhorn, 485 F.3d at 481 n.12); see also Peck, 51 F.4th at 891 (noting that an
actor is only an integral participant if he “knew about and acquiesced in the
constitutionally defective conduct as part of a common plan” or “set in motion a
series of acts by others which [he] knew or reasonably should have known would
cause others to inflict the constitutional injury”).
3 We therefore AFFIRM the denial of qualified immunity as to Michalczak,
REVERSE as to Lazorek, and DISMISS as to the appeal of state-law claims.
Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.
4 FILED Roberson v. City of Hawthorne, No. 21-55134 MAR 22 2023 BUMATAY, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
In this case, the undisputed facts show that City of Hawthorne police officers
did not use excessive force against Herman Roberson. Officers Jerome Michalczak
and Brian Lazorek responded to a 911 call about a “domestic disturbance” inside an
apartment. When they arrived on scene, the officers could hear loud arguing coming
from inside the apartment. The officers knocked on the door, and Rhonda Luckett
answered. Luckett and Roberson kept arguing as the officers stood near the
doorway. Luckett told the officers that Roberson had shown up to the apartment
“kicking on the door” and “hollering and screaming and kicking the doors.” When
one of the officers asked Luckett if there was a restraining order against Roberson,
Luckett responded, “Yeah, he’s on parole or something.” Officers observed
Roberson pacing about, yelling angrily, cursing, and acting erratically. Officers also
learned that children were in the apartment.
Officers then asked Luckett and Roberson to come outside, and Luckett did.
Roberson didn’t. Officers ordered Roberson to come out at least six times. But
Roberson didn’t comply. Finally, after the officers’ sixth command, Roberson came
out of the apartment. But then Robinson resisted. Roberson turned to go back into
the apartment, muttering that he needed to “get [his] shoe.” Officer Michalczak tried
grabbing Roberson to keep him from going back into the apartment. Then Officer
Michalczak took Roberson to the ground where Officer Lazorek handcuffed him. It 1 took the officers only two to three seconds to put Roberson in handcuffs. In those
few seconds, Officer Michalczak placed him in a headlock, threw him against the
wall, took him down, and placed his weight on Roberson’s neck until Officer
Lazorek handcuffed him.
The majority rightly concludes that Officer Lazorek is entitled to qualified
immunity because nothing in his actions approaches excessive force. And so I join
that reversal of the denial of qualified immunity as to Officer Lazorek. While a
closer case, the majority should have also granted Officer Michalczak qualified
immunity. Officer Michalczak did not violate Roberson’s constitutional rights—let
alone clearly established ones. So we should have reversed the denial of qualified
immunity for both officers. I thus concur in part and dissent in part.
I.
Even construing the facts in Roberson’s favor, we should not have found a
constitutional violation here.
First, contrary to the majority’s assertion, officers did have reason to suspect
Roberson of a crime or consider him a threat to others. Based on the 911 call,
Luckett’s statements about Roberson violently kicking the door, Roberson and
Luckett’s verbal altercation, Roberson’s potential restraining order, and the
observations of Roberson acting erratically and angrily, even the district court
concluded that officers made no constitutional error in seeking to detain Roberson.
2 Indeed, leaving Roberson in the apartment with Luckett and several children could
have led to a potentially volatile situation.
Second, given everything he knew about the situation, Officer Michalczak
was justified in his use of force. Roberson refused to comply with multiple
directions to leave the apartment. After finally stating he would leave, Roberson
then resisted Officer Michalczak by pulling away and trying to head back into the
apartment. It was only then that Officer Michalczak swiftly took Roberson to the
ground and arrested him. Based on these facts, Michalczak’s two-to-three-second
arrest is safely within the bounds of reasonable force allowed by the Fourth
Amendment. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). Thus, we should
have found that Officer Michalczak committed no constitutional violation.
Third, the majority’s conclusion that Officer Michalczak violated clearly
established law is unjustified. The majority supports its holding by citing
Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463 (9th Cir. 2007). But there, we said
that officers were not entitled to qualified immunity when they “gang-tackled” a
non-threatening, non-resisting suspect; kneeled on his neck so that he was unable to
breathe; and placed hobble restraints on him. 485 F.3d at 478. And the officers did
all that despite having a series of peaceful interactions with the suspect in the weeks
and moments leading up to his arrest. Id. Those facts are simply too different to be
applicable here. Roberson was never “gang-tackled”—only Officer Michalczak
3 took part in taking Roberson to the ground. Next, Blankenhorn involved a suspect
who “did not actively resist being handcuffed” before being gang-tackled. Id. at
478–79. That’s not what Roberson did here. And remember, Roberson’s arrest took
only three seconds at most. Blankenhorn emphasized the long interaction officers
had with the suspect to show how unjustified their actions were. Id. at 478. So
nothing in Blankenhorn would lead a reasonable officer to believe—beyond
dispute—that Officer Michalczak’s actions were unconstitutional.
Next, the majority cites Andrews v. City of Henderson, 35 F.4th 710 (9th Cir.
2022). Our court decided Andrews after Roberson’s arrest, so it couldn’t have put
Officer Michalczak on notice that his conduct was unconstitutional. Even so,
Andrews provides that “Blankenhorn clearly established . . . that an officer violates
the Fourth Amendment by tackling and piling on top of a relatively calm, non-
resisting suspect who posed little threat of safety without any prior warning and
without attempting a less violent means of arrest.” 35 F.4th at 719 (simplified).
None of these facts are here. There was no “tackling and piling on top” of Roberson.
No one would characterize Roberson as “relatively calm” during the interaction.
Nor could Roberson be described as “non-resisting” since he clearly defied
numerous officer directives, including attempting to reenter the apartment. And it
would be implausible to say that Roberson “posed little threat of safety” given the
reports of his aggressively kicking the door, the screaming, the erratic behavior, and
4 his angry demeanor. So we aren’t even close to what Andrews said was clearly
established.
II.
Even when read in a light most favorable to Roberson, the facts here do not
show a violation of Roberson’s constitutional rights—especially not a violation
that’s clearly established. And because Roberson’s constitutional rights weren’t
violated, we should have asserted supplemental jurisdiction over his state claims and
dismissed those, too. See Reese v. County of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1044
(9th Cir. 2018). Accordingly, we should have reversed with directions to the district
court to dismiss all of Roberson’s claims. I respectfully concur in part and dissent
in part.