NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1866-17T2
HERBERT HURTADO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JENNIFER WILKINS,
Defendant-Respondent. __________________________________
Submitted October 17, 2018 – Decided May 3, 2019
Before Judges Ostrer and Mayer.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Docket No. L-1483-16.
Bramnick, Rodriguez, Grabas, Arnold & Mangan, LLC, attorneys for appellant (John C. Rodriguez, of counsel and on the brief; Brian J. Trembley, on the brief).
Law Offices of Viscomi & Lyons, attorneys for respondent (Emily S. Barnett, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Plaintiff Herbert Hurtado appeals from the trial court's summary judgment
order dismissing his automobile negligence action against another motorist. The
trial court held that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a) barred plaintiff from pursuing his
claim because he failed to maintain required medical expense benefits coverage
while operating an uninsured vehicle. After the accident, the insurance policy
that ostensibly covered the vehicle was declared void ab initio because of the
wife's underwriting fraud. However, plaintiff contends he was not barred from
suit, because he was not required to maintain medical expense benefits coverage.
That requirement applies to vehicle owners, and he asserts he was not the owner
of any vehicle. The car he operated was registered to his wife.
We reject that argument. Although the wife held title to the vehicle,
plaintiff was a beneficial owner, and was required to maintain the coverage.
Therefore, we affirm.
I.
The material facts pertain to the relationship between plaintiff and his wife
and plaintiff's interests in the vehicle he operated. In reviewing the motion
record, we extend to plaintiff, as the non-movant, all favorable inferences. Brill
v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995).
A-1866-17T2 2 Plaintiff was driving a 2005 Kia when he and defendant collided on June
9, 2015. Plaintiff allegedly suffered permanent injuries. He purchased the Kia
in 2013, when he was unmarried. However, over a year before the accident, he
made all the remaining payments on the Kia and gave it to his co-worker, whom
he married in October 2014. The precise date of the transfer is uncertain.
Plaintiff maintains that he gifted the Kia in late 2013, when his future wife was
just a friend; they did not start dating, he said, until 2014. However, insurance
documents indicate that she first insured the Kia in April 2014. Furthermore,
her insurer alleged that title for the Kia was formally transferred in May 2014.
When plaintiff gifted the Kia, his future wife already owned a vehicle, a
1994 Lexus. Plaintiff said he gifted the Kia because the Lexus was not working
well. However, she suggested that he asked her to insure the Kia because it was
too expensive for him. Plaintiff denied making such a request. She insured the
Kia and Lexus under her name with Progressive. In addition, she added a 2008
Scion to the policy in June 2014. She purchased the Scion with plaintiff's adult
daughter from a prior relationship; the daughter was the primary operator of the
Scion and garaged it at her own place.
In July 2014, she switched the three vehicles' insurance to New Jersey
Manufacturers Insurance Co. (NJM). She told NJM that she was the sole owner
A-1866-17T2 3 and driver of the vehicles, and there were no other drivers in her household.
NJM gave her a "one-driver household" discount. She made no changes in the
policy after she married plaintiff in October 2014 and he moved in with her.
Four to six months later – plaintiff could not be more precise – he moved
out, and stayed at a friend's house. For the balance of the year, he went back
and forth between the homes of his friend and his wife. At one point, he moved
back with his wife for "one month, more or less," but he could not recall which
month. Plaintiff maintained that he was living at his friend's house when the
June 2015 accident occurred. In January 2016, he returned to live with his wife
permanently.
Notwithstanding plaintiff's comings and goings, he continued to use the
Kia or Lexus, although the frequency and the vehicle are disputed. The wife
said that after plaintiff gifted the Kia to her, he preferred to drive the Lexus but
would use the Kia if necessary. Plaintiff denied ever driving the Lexus. Plaintiff
also contended he did not drive the Kia at all in 2014 but drove it on occasion
in 2015 to find a job. Plaintiff successfully obtained employment and he drove
the Kia on his first day of work – the day of the accident.
After plaintiff's accident, NJM filed suit against him and his wife. NJM
alleged that, contrary to his wife's representations when she applied for
A-1866-17T2 4 insurance, plaintiff's daughter was the co-owner and regular driver of the Scion,
and plaintiff was a regular driver of the Lexus and Kia. NJM ultimately obtained
a default judgment that voided the policy from its inception.
Meanwhile, after a period of discovery, defendant moved to dismiss
plaintiff's negligence action in this case, on the ground that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-
4.5(a) barred plaintiff from maintaining suit. The provision states:
Any person who, at the time of an automobile accident resulting in injuries to that person, is required but fails to maintain medical expense benefits coverage mandated by [N.J.S.A. 39:6A-3.1, -3.3, or -4] shall have no cause of action for recovery of economic or noneconomic loss sustained as a result of an accident while operating an uninsured automobile.
In granting the defense motion, Judge Camille M. Kenny found that,
despite plaintiff's periodic absences from the marital residence, he continued to
be married to his wife, and a member of her household. The judge held that
plaintiff was not an innocent permissive user, and was required to obtain
insurance on the Kia. Having failed to do so, plaintiff's claim was barred.
II.
On appeal, plaintiff contends (1) there are genuinely disputed facts as to
whether he was "culpably uninsured," that is, that he was required to maintain
coverage; and (2) precluding his claim would not further the overall purpose of
A-1866-17T2 5 N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a). We are unconvinced. Reviewing Judge Kenny's order
de novo, applying the same summary judgment standard as she did, Henry v.
N.J. Dep't of Human Servs., 204 N.J. 320, 330 (2010), we conclude the evidence
does not present "sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury" and
"it is so one-sided that [defendant] must prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142
N.J. at 536 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52
(1986)).
It is undisputed that plaintiff was "operating an uninsured vehicle." The
judgment NJM obtained retroactively voided the wife's policy based on
misrepresentation. Under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a), he was barred from pursuing
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1866-17T2
HERBERT HURTADO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JENNIFER WILKINS,
Defendant-Respondent. __________________________________
Submitted October 17, 2018 – Decided May 3, 2019
Before Judges Ostrer and Mayer.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Docket No. L-1483-16.
Bramnick, Rodriguez, Grabas, Arnold & Mangan, LLC, attorneys for appellant (John C. Rodriguez, of counsel and on the brief; Brian J. Trembley, on the brief).
Law Offices of Viscomi & Lyons, attorneys for respondent (Emily S. Barnett, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Plaintiff Herbert Hurtado appeals from the trial court's summary judgment
order dismissing his automobile negligence action against another motorist. The
trial court held that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a) barred plaintiff from pursuing his
claim because he failed to maintain required medical expense benefits coverage
while operating an uninsured vehicle. After the accident, the insurance policy
that ostensibly covered the vehicle was declared void ab initio because of the
wife's underwriting fraud. However, plaintiff contends he was not barred from
suit, because he was not required to maintain medical expense benefits coverage.
That requirement applies to vehicle owners, and he asserts he was not the owner
of any vehicle. The car he operated was registered to his wife.
We reject that argument. Although the wife held title to the vehicle,
plaintiff was a beneficial owner, and was required to maintain the coverage.
Therefore, we affirm.
I.
The material facts pertain to the relationship between plaintiff and his wife
and plaintiff's interests in the vehicle he operated. In reviewing the motion
record, we extend to plaintiff, as the non-movant, all favorable inferences. Brill
v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995).
A-1866-17T2 2 Plaintiff was driving a 2005 Kia when he and defendant collided on June
9, 2015. Plaintiff allegedly suffered permanent injuries. He purchased the Kia
in 2013, when he was unmarried. However, over a year before the accident, he
made all the remaining payments on the Kia and gave it to his co-worker, whom
he married in October 2014. The precise date of the transfer is uncertain.
Plaintiff maintains that he gifted the Kia in late 2013, when his future wife was
just a friend; they did not start dating, he said, until 2014. However, insurance
documents indicate that she first insured the Kia in April 2014. Furthermore,
her insurer alleged that title for the Kia was formally transferred in May 2014.
When plaintiff gifted the Kia, his future wife already owned a vehicle, a
1994 Lexus. Plaintiff said he gifted the Kia because the Lexus was not working
well. However, she suggested that he asked her to insure the Kia because it was
too expensive for him. Plaintiff denied making such a request. She insured the
Kia and Lexus under her name with Progressive. In addition, she added a 2008
Scion to the policy in June 2014. She purchased the Scion with plaintiff's adult
daughter from a prior relationship; the daughter was the primary operator of the
Scion and garaged it at her own place.
In July 2014, she switched the three vehicles' insurance to New Jersey
Manufacturers Insurance Co. (NJM). She told NJM that she was the sole owner
A-1866-17T2 3 and driver of the vehicles, and there were no other drivers in her household.
NJM gave her a "one-driver household" discount. She made no changes in the
policy after she married plaintiff in October 2014 and he moved in with her.
Four to six months later – plaintiff could not be more precise – he moved
out, and stayed at a friend's house. For the balance of the year, he went back
and forth between the homes of his friend and his wife. At one point, he moved
back with his wife for "one month, more or less," but he could not recall which
month. Plaintiff maintained that he was living at his friend's house when the
June 2015 accident occurred. In January 2016, he returned to live with his wife
permanently.
Notwithstanding plaintiff's comings and goings, he continued to use the
Kia or Lexus, although the frequency and the vehicle are disputed. The wife
said that after plaintiff gifted the Kia to her, he preferred to drive the Lexus but
would use the Kia if necessary. Plaintiff denied ever driving the Lexus. Plaintiff
also contended he did not drive the Kia at all in 2014 but drove it on occasion
in 2015 to find a job. Plaintiff successfully obtained employment and he drove
the Kia on his first day of work – the day of the accident.
After plaintiff's accident, NJM filed suit against him and his wife. NJM
alleged that, contrary to his wife's representations when she applied for
A-1866-17T2 4 insurance, plaintiff's daughter was the co-owner and regular driver of the Scion,
and plaintiff was a regular driver of the Lexus and Kia. NJM ultimately obtained
a default judgment that voided the policy from its inception.
Meanwhile, after a period of discovery, defendant moved to dismiss
plaintiff's negligence action in this case, on the ground that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-
4.5(a) barred plaintiff from maintaining suit. The provision states:
Any person who, at the time of an automobile accident resulting in injuries to that person, is required but fails to maintain medical expense benefits coverage mandated by [N.J.S.A. 39:6A-3.1, -3.3, or -4] shall have no cause of action for recovery of economic or noneconomic loss sustained as a result of an accident while operating an uninsured automobile.
In granting the defense motion, Judge Camille M. Kenny found that,
despite plaintiff's periodic absences from the marital residence, he continued to
be married to his wife, and a member of her household. The judge held that
plaintiff was not an innocent permissive user, and was required to obtain
insurance on the Kia. Having failed to do so, plaintiff's claim was barred.
II.
On appeal, plaintiff contends (1) there are genuinely disputed facts as to
whether he was "culpably uninsured," that is, that he was required to maintain
coverage; and (2) precluding his claim would not further the overall purpose of
A-1866-17T2 5 N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a). We are unconvinced. Reviewing Judge Kenny's order
de novo, applying the same summary judgment standard as she did, Henry v.
N.J. Dep't of Human Servs., 204 N.J. 320, 330 (2010), we conclude the evidence
does not present "sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury" and
"it is so one-sided that [defendant] must prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142
N.J. at 536 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52
(1986)).
It is undisputed that plaintiff was "operating an uninsured vehicle." The
judgment NJM obtained retroactively voided the wife's policy based on
misrepresentation. Under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a), he was barred from pursuing
his damages claim against defendant if he was required to maintain medical
expense benefits coverage. Whether he was so required is the key issue.
The owner of a vehicle principally garaged in New Jersey is required to
maintain such coverage. See N.J.S.A. 39:6A-3 (stating "every owner or
registered owner of an automobile . . . shall maintain automobile liability
insurance coverage"); N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4 (stating "every standard automobile
liability insurance policy . . . shall maintain [medical expense benefits]"). But
a permissive user is not. See White v. Schley, 333 N.J. Super. 581, 582-83 (Law
Div. 2000) (finding that a permissive operator of an uninsured vehicle could not
A-1866-17T2 6 be barred from relief by N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5 because the operator, as a non-
owner, was not required to maintain insurance).
"For insurance-coverage purposes, there may be more than one 'owner' of
a vehicle." Verriest v. INA Underwriters Ins. Co., 142 N.J. 401, 408 (1995).
Ownership does not depend solely upon who possesses formal title to
automobile. Ibid. "Under our cases, 'the true owner may be one other than
holder of legal title to that vehicle.'" Ibid. (quoting Am. Hardware Mut. Ins. Co.
v. Muller, 98 N.J. Super. 119, 129 (Ch. Div. 1967)). Were owner and title owner
synonymous, the statute would not separately refer to "every owner or registered
owner." N.J.S.A. 39:6A-3; see Dziuba v. Fletcher, 382 N.J. Super. 73, 77-78
(App. Div. 2005) (noting that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-7(b)(1), which refers to "the owner
or registrant," "does not equate owner and registrant"). A person may own a
vehicle by controlling it. Verriest, 142 N.J. at 409.
In Dziuba, we applied these principles of vehicle ownership to a married
couple. The Dziuba household had three vehicles. "Even if the cars were only
registered in [the wife's] name, there [was] no legitimate dispute that the
vehicles were joint assets in an intact household." Dziuba, 382 N.J. Super. at
78. The wife regularly drove one vehicle; the husband regularly drove the other;
and he sometimes drove the third. Id. at 76. The Dziuba court noted that, in
A-1866-17T2 7 their depositions, the couple "continuously used the pronoun 'we' in describing
their use and ownership of the vehicles." Id. at 78. Citing Verriest, as well as
Dobrolowski v. R.C. Chevrolet, 227 N.J. Super. 412, 415 (Law Div. 1988), the
court applied the general principle that an owner may often not be the registrant.
Dziuba, 382 N.J. Super. at 78. In particular, "[i]t is common that a husband and
wife jointly own the family cars" although only one is a registrant. Ibid. The
husband in Dziuba was a "beneficial owner" of an uninsured car, even if it was
registered to his wife. 382 N.J. Super. at 78-79. Therefore, he was a person
required to obtain medical expense benefit coverage. Id. at 82.1
We reach the same conclusion with respect to plaintiff here, and reject his
effort to distinguish Dziuba. Plaintiff contends that, unlike the Dziubas, his
household was not intact, and he and his wife did not use "we" to refer to their
use and ownership of the vehicles. Rather, they disagreed about plaintiff's use
of the vehicles. We are unpersuaded.
1 Notwithstanding that conclusion, the court held that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5 did not bar the husband from seeking damages because he did not suffer his damages "while operating [the] uninsured vehicle." Rather, he was a passenger in another person's vehicle. Dziuba, 382 N.J. Super. at 81-82. However, the court did hold that N.J.S.A. 39:6A-7(b)(1) barred the husband from collecting personal injury protection (PIP) benefits. Ibid. A-1866-17T2 8 It is undisputed that, despite any discord, plaintiff remained married to his
wife during 2015. No divorce action was commenced. There is no evidence of
a division of property. He continuously lived with his wife at her home until
early 2015, and then, at some point in the year, returned for another month or
so. But, even when he was staying with a male friend and not living at the
marital home continuously, he returned to visit his wife. In short, the
relationship was not severed. Although plaintiff disputes the frequency with
which he used the Kia after he transferred it to his future wife, he was able to
use it when he needed it. He exercised sufficient control to establish ownership.
We also reject plaintiff's argument that barring his damages claim would
not serve the underlying purposes of N.J.S.A. 39:6A-4.5(a) – to create an
incentive to comply with mandatory insurance requirements; and to control
costs, by barring recoveries by persons who have not contributed to the
insurance pool. See Caviglia v. Royal Tours of Am., 178 N.J. 460, 471 (2004).
Plaintiff was an indirect beneficiary of his wife's underwriting fraud. Certainly,
by October 2014, when he married and moved in with his wife, he was "in a
unique position to be aware of [his wife's] interactions with the insur er of the
household's vehicles." Palisades Safety & Ins. Ass'n v. Bastien, 175 N.J. 144,
151-52 (2003) (holding that a "spouse, licensed to drive and living in the same
A-1866-17T2 9 household as the other spouse" was barred from collecting first-party PIP
benefits where the policy was voided based on the other spouse's
misrepresentation that there were no other licensed drivers in the household).
The law is intended to create an incentive for spouses like plaintiff to intervene.
Yet, he obviously made no effort to assure that he was listed on the insurance
policy as a member of the household, and a driver of an insured vehicle.
Barring plaintiff's claim also serves the second goal of the law – to prevent
access by uninsured persons to the pool of insurance funds. While his wife was
certainly paying something into the insurance pool in the form of her NJM
premiums, she was paying less than what she would have been, absent the
misrepresentations. The damage-claim bar not only shields the insurance pool
from complete free-riders – those who have no insurance at all. It also shields
the pool from riders who extract an undeserved discount – those who have
secured more coverage than they paid for based on underwriting fraud.
In sum, plaintiff was mandated to obtain medical expense benefit coverage
as an owner of the Kia. He did not. Therefore, the trial court correctly barred
his claim for damages incurred while he was operating an uninsured vehicle.
Affirmed.
A-1866-17T2 10