FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, C. J., RICKMAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
June 9, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0090. JONES v. THE STATE.
RICKMAN, Presiding Judge.
Herbert Jones was tried by a jury and convicted of rape. He subsequently
moved for a new trial on numerous grounds, and following a hearing, the trial court
denied the motion. Jones now appeals and contends that a jury instruction about his
out-of-court statement was erroneous and that his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance in requesting it. For reasons that follow, we affirm.
The evidence at trial showed that in March 2016, Jones was at a bar and ran
into two acquaintances, one male and one female, who both knew him as Flash. The
acquaintances were with the victim, who was visiting from Brazil, and the three of
them had previously been to two other bars where they had consumed alcoholic
beverages. At approximately 3:00 or 4:00 a.m., Jones, the two acquaintances, and the victim all went back to the victim’s boyfriend’s studio apartment, where the male
acquaintance was house sitting.1 They were talking and listening to music and at some
point, Jones laid down on a hammock in the apartment and fell asleep. Jones later got
into the only bed in the apartment. The victim fell asleep in the bathroom, and the
female acquaintance later moved her into the other side of the bed.
While the two acquaintances were on the couch “fooling around” under a sheet,
they heard keys jingling and looked up to see Jones, completely naked, on his knees,
holding the victim’s leg over his shoulder and making slow thrusting movements
toward her while she was passed out. During the act, the naked buttocks of both Jones
and the victim were visible.2 Both acquaintances testified that they had no doubt
about what they were seeing and that they both shouted out, “What’s going on?,” at
which point Jones rolled away as if he was asleep and did not move. The male
acquaintance then went to a neighbor’s house and had the neighbor call the police.
When police officers arrived, the victim remained still and unresponsive for
approximately 30 minutes, despite several attempts to wake her, and only became
1 Another male also went back to the apartment with the group, but he left after approximately 30 minutes. 2 When the victim woke up, she was fully clothed.
2 responsive when smelling salts were placed under her nose. The victim did not
remember anything between the time she went into the bathroom to sleep and when
she was awakened, but did not consent to any sexual contact with Jones or anyone
else.
The victim was taken from the apartment to the hospital, where a physician
assistant conducted a sexual assault examination and discovered bruises on the
victim’s thigh that the victim did not recall having the day before. During the
examination, the physician assistant obtained vaginal and cervical swabbings, which
were submitted for testing. A DNA analyst from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation,
Division of Forensic Sciences, analyzed the swabs as well as buccal swabs from
Jones and determined that the vaginal swab contained DNA matching Jones or his
paternal male relatives.
An investigator with the City of Decatur police department interviewed Jones
at the police department, and the State played a recording of that interview at trial.
During the interview, Jones stated that, on the night in question, he was at a bar where
he had some beers and shots and ran into the male acquaintance, who invited him to
a condominium where they continued drinking and listening to music. He got sleepy
and laid down in a bed. When he woke up, a female was in bed with him, passed out,
3 and the male and female acquaintances were both upset, but he did not know why,
and then the police arrived. Jones denied any sexual contact with the victim and
stated that there would be no reason for his DNA to be in or on her.
Jones filed a motion for new trial in which he asserted that the verdict was
contrary to the law and the evidence and strongly against the weight of the evidence
and that errors of law were committed during trial that required a reversal of his
conviction. In an amended motion for new trial, Jones claimed that his trial counsel
was ineffective in several respects and that the trial court had committed plain error
in instructing the jury to consider his out-of-court statement “with great care and
caution.” Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motions on all grounds
asserted.
1. Jones contends that a jury instruction about his out-of-court statement was
erroneous, but after the jury was charged, Jones specifically stated that he had no
objections to the charge. OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) precludes appellate review of
challenges to the jury charge where the defendant has failed to object to any portion
of the charge to the jury in accordance with OCGA § 17-7-58 (a), which requires a
party to inform the court of the specific objection and the grounds for such objection.
See Blankenship v. State, 301 Ga. App. 602, 606 (4) (688 SE2d 395) (2009). OCGA
4 § 17-8-58 (b) does provide an exception if the challenged portion of the jury charge
constitutes plain error which affects substantial rights of the parties, but Jones has
waived plain error analysis of this issue because he requested the charge in question.
See Pena v. State, 297 Ga. 418, 424 (6) (a) (774 SE2d 652) (2015); Blankenship, 301
Ga. App. at 606 (4).
2. Jones contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for requesting the jury
instruction about his out-of-court statement, which was entirely exculpatory. The
challenged instruction informed the jury that:
You should consider with great care and caution the evidence of any out-of-court statement allegedly made by the defendant offered by the State. . . . A defendant’s out-of-court statement that is not supported by any other evidence is not sufficient to justify a conviction even if you believe the unsupported statement. . . . You must determine whether or not evidence sufficiently supports a defendant’s statement so as to justify a conviction.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant
must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687
(III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LEd2d 674) (1984). To prove that the performance of his trial
counsel was deficient, Jones must show that counsel performed her duties at trial in
5 an objectively unreasonable way, considering all the circumstances, and in the light
of prevailing professional norms. Id. at 687-688 (III) (A). To prove that he was
prejudiced by the performance of his trial counsel, Jones “must show that there is a
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FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, C. J., RICKMAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
June 9, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0090. JONES v. THE STATE.
RICKMAN, Presiding Judge.
Herbert Jones was tried by a jury and convicted of rape. He subsequently
moved for a new trial on numerous grounds, and following a hearing, the trial court
denied the motion. Jones now appeals and contends that a jury instruction about his
out-of-court statement was erroneous and that his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance in requesting it. For reasons that follow, we affirm.
The evidence at trial showed that in March 2016, Jones was at a bar and ran
into two acquaintances, one male and one female, who both knew him as Flash. The
acquaintances were with the victim, who was visiting from Brazil, and the three of
them had previously been to two other bars where they had consumed alcoholic
beverages. At approximately 3:00 or 4:00 a.m., Jones, the two acquaintances, and the victim all went back to the victim’s boyfriend’s studio apartment, where the male
acquaintance was house sitting.1 They were talking and listening to music and at some
point, Jones laid down on a hammock in the apartment and fell asleep. Jones later got
into the only bed in the apartment. The victim fell asleep in the bathroom, and the
female acquaintance later moved her into the other side of the bed.
While the two acquaintances were on the couch “fooling around” under a sheet,
they heard keys jingling and looked up to see Jones, completely naked, on his knees,
holding the victim’s leg over his shoulder and making slow thrusting movements
toward her while she was passed out. During the act, the naked buttocks of both Jones
and the victim were visible.2 Both acquaintances testified that they had no doubt
about what they were seeing and that they both shouted out, “What’s going on?,” at
which point Jones rolled away as if he was asleep and did not move. The male
acquaintance then went to a neighbor’s house and had the neighbor call the police.
When police officers arrived, the victim remained still and unresponsive for
approximately 30 minutes, despite several attempts to wake her, and only became
1 Another male also went back to the apartment with the group, but he left after approximately 30 minutes. 2 When the victim woke up, she was fully clothed.
2 responsive when smelling salts were placed under her nose. The victim did not
remember anything between the time she went into the bathroom to sleep and when
she was awakened, but did not consent to any sexual contact with Jones or anyone
else.
The victim was taken from the apartment to the hospital, where a physician
assistant conducted a sexual assault examination and discovered bruises on the
victim’s thigh that the victim did not recall having the day before. During the
examination, the physician assistant obtained vaginal and cervical swabbings, which
were submitted for testing. A DNA analyst from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation,
Division of Forensic Sciences, analyzed the swabs as well as buccal swabs from
Jones and determined that the vaginal swab contained DNA matching Jones or his
paternal male relatives.
An investigator with the City of Decatur police department interviewed Jones
at the police department, and the State played a recording of that interview at trial.
During the interview, Jones stated that, on the night in question, he was at a bar where
he had some beers and shots and ran into the male acquaintance, who invited him to
a condominium where they continued drinking and listening to music. He got sleepy
and laid down in a bed. When he woke up, a female was in bed with him, passed out,
3 and the male and female acquaintances were both upset, but he did not know why,
and then the police arrived. Jones denied any sexual contact with the victim and
stated that there would be no reason for his DNA to be in or on her.
Jones filed a motion for new trial in which he asserted that the verdict was
contrary to the law and the evidence and strongly against the weight of the evidence
and that errors of law were committed during trial that required a reversal of his
conviction. In an amended motion for new trial, Jones claimed that his trial counsel
was ineffective in several respects and that the trial court had committed plain error
in instructing the jury to consider his out-of-court statement “with great care and
caution.” Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motions on all grounds
asserted.
1. Jones contends that a jury instruction about his out-of-court statement was
erroneous, but after the jury was charged, Jones specifically stated that he had no
objections to the charge. OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) precludes appellate review of
challenges to the jury charge where the defendant has failed to object to any portion
of the charge to the jury in accordance with OCGA § 17-7-58 (a), which requires a
party to inform the court of the specific objection and the grounds for such objection.
See Blankenship v. State, 301 Ga. App. 602, 606 (4) (688 SE2d 395) (2009). OCGA
4 § 17-8-58 (b) does provide an exception if the challenged portion of the jury charge
constitutes plain error which affects substantial rights of the parties, but Jones has
waived plain error analysis of this issue because he requested the charge in question.
See Pena v. State, 297 Ga. 418, 424 (6) (a) (774 SE2d 652) (2015); Blankenship, 301
Ga. App. at 606 (4).
2. Jones contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for requesting the jury
instruction about his out-of-court statement, which was entirely exculpatory. The
challenged instruction informed the jury that:
You should consider with great care and caution the evidence of any out-of-court statement allegedly made by the defendant offered by the State. . . . A defendant’s out-of-court statement that is not supported by any other evidence is not sufficient to justify a conviction even if you believe the unsupported statement. . . . You must determine whether or not evidence sufficiently supports a defendant’s statement so as to justify a conviction.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant
must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687
(III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LEd2d 674) (1984). To prove that the performance of his trial
counsel was deficient, Jones must show that counsel performed her duties at trial in
5 an objectively unreasonable way, considering all the circumstances, and in the light
of prevailing professional norms. Id. at 687-688 (III) (A). To prove that he was
prejudiced by the performance of his trial counsel, Jones “must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694 (III) (B). Because a
defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test, we need not conduct the
Strickland inquiry in any particular order or even address both components of the test
if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one. See Dresbach v. State, 308
Ga. 423, 425 (2) (841 SE2d 714) (2020).
To support his argument that requesting the challenged instruction constituted
deficient performance, Jones points to trial counsel’s testimony at the motion for new
trial hearing that, after reading the amended motion for new trial, she agreed that she
had used the wrong charge on that issue. But even if we assume that trial counsel was
deficient for requesting the challenged instruction under these circumstances, Jones
has failed to establish that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
trial would have been different if his counsel had not requested the instruction.
6 In its charge, the trial court cautioned the jury about relying on the out-of-court
statement to convict Jones. The “great care and caution” portion of the charge was
followed by directions that a defendant’s statement unsupported by other evidence
is not sufficient to justify a conviction and that other evidence must sufficiently
support the defendant’s statement to justify a conviction. The trial court also
instructed the jurors that they had the duty to apply the general rules for the testing
or believability of witnesses and to decide what weight should be given to all or any
part of such evidence. Taken in context of the charge as a whole, a reasonable juror
would have understood the disputed instruction as referring to his or her
consideration of Jones’s statement for inculpatory rather than exculpatory purposes
and would not have understood the disputed instruction to mean that they should be
more skeptical of Jones’s statements than those of other witnesses. See Williamson
v. State, 305 Ga. 889, 896 (3) (b) (827 SE2d 857) (2019); Pincherli v. State, 295 Ga.
App. 408, 415 (3) (b) (671 SE2d 891) (2008); McKenzie v. State, 293 Ga. App. 350,
353 (3) (667 SE2d 142) (2008).3 In light of the charge as a whole and the strength of
3 We note that this Court has cautioned against giving the “great care and caution” charge when the defendant has made exculpatory statements and recommended that the pattern charge utilizing this language be modified. See Pincherli, 295 Ga. App. at 414-415 (3) (b); McKenzie, 293 Ga. App. at 352-353 (3). As a result of this recommendation, the charge was omitted from one section of
7 the evidence of Jones’s guilt, we conclude that Jones has failed to show the required
prejudice.
Judgment affirmed. McFadden, C. J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E.
Phipps concur.
Georgia’s pattern jury instructions for criminal cases. See Campbell v. State, 292 Ga. 766, 769 (3) (740 SE2d 115) (2013). But the charge remains as a suggested pattern instruction under the section entitled “Corroboration; Defendant’s Statement” and cites as authority OCGA § 24-8-823 (“All admissions shall be scanned with care, and confessions of guilt shall be received with great caution. A confession alone, uncorroborated by any other evidence, shall not justify a conviction.”). See Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2021), § 1.32.70. “Consistent with [former] OCGA § 24-3-53 [now OCGA § 24-8-823], and to avoid any possibility for confusion, [we reiterate our suggestion that] the suggested pattern instruction should . . . be modified to refer to incriminatory statements only, i.e., admissions and confessions.” McKenzie v. State, 293 Ga. App. at 353 (3); see Pincherli, 295 Ga. App. at 414 (3) (b), n.25.