Hart, C. J.,
(after stating the facts). The general principle governing the bank’s liability is that the officers of the bank, who know that a fund on deposit is a trust fund, cannot appropriate tliat fund to the private benefit of the bank, or, where charged with notice of the conversion of the trustee, participate with him in appropriating it to his own use, without being liable to refund the money, if the appropriation is a breach of the trust. Allen v. Puritan Trust Co., 211 (Mass.) 409, 97 N. E. 916, L. R. A. 1915C, 518; and Blanton v. First National Bank of Forrest City, 136 Ark. 441, 206 S. W. 745.
The rule itself and the reasons for it are clearly stated by the Maryland Court of Appeals in Duckett v. National Mechanics’ Bank of Baltimore, 38 Atl. 983, 39 L. R. A. 84, 63 Am. St. Rep. 513. We quote from the opinion the following: “ft is immaterial, so far as respects the duty of the bank to the depositor, in what capacity the depositor holds or possesses the fund which he places on deposit. The obligation of the hank is simply to keep the fund safely and to return it to the proper person, or to pay it to his order. If it he deposited by one as trustee, the depositor, as trustee, has the right to withdraw it, and the bank, in the absence of knowledge or notice to the contrary, would 'be bound to assume that the trustee would appropriate the money, when drawn, to a proper use. Any other rule would throw upon a bank the duty of inquiring as to the appropriation of every fund deposited by a trustee or ‘other like fiduciary, and the imposition of such a duty would practically put an end to the banking business, because no bank could possibly conduct business if, without fault on its part, it were held accountable‘for the misconduct or malversation of its depositors who occupy some fiduciary relation to the fund placed by them with the bank. In the absence of notice or knowledge, a bank cannot question the right of its customer to withdraw funds, nor refuse (except in the instances already noted) to honor his demands by check; and therefore, even though the deposit be to the customer’s credit in trust, the bank is under no obligation to look after the appropriation of the trust funds when withdrawn, or to protect the trust by setting up a jus tertii against a demand. But, if the bank lias notice or knowledge that a breach of trust is being committed’ by an improper withdrawal of funds, or if it participates in the profits or fruits of the fraud, then it will be undoubtedly liable.”
As said in National Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 U. S. 54: “A bank account, it is true, even when it.is a trust fund, and designated as such by being kept in the name of the depositor as trustee, differs from other trust funds-which are permanently invested in the name of trustees for the sake of being held as such; for a bank account is made to be checked against, and represents a series of current' transactions. The contract between the bank and the depositor is that the former will pay according to the checks of the latter, and, when drawn in proper form, the bank is bound to presume that the trustee is in the course of lawfully performing his duty, and to honor them accordingly. ’ ’
It results from the principles of law decided in these cases, and many others which might be cited, that a trustee may legally deposit the trust funds in a bank to his individual account and credit, and that the knowledge on the part of the bank of- the nature of the fund received and credited does not affect the character of the act. The reason is that the bank has the right to presume that the fiduciary will apply the funds to their proper purposes under the trust.
The undisputed evidence in this case shows that the money in question was deposited by Myers as treasurer of the city of Helena, and that the bank knew that the funds deposited belonged to the city. The deposits were made in the individual name" of Myers, and were checked out in .k^at way. In 1922 an investigation showed that Myers was short in his accounts as city treasurer in the sum of $51,618.62.
It is not claimed or proved that the bank received any benefit from the conversion of the funds by Myers. The record does not show that the bank, fin any way, participated in the conversion of the funds or had any actual knowledge that Myers was checking out the funds for his individual benefit. The officers of the bank knew, in a general way, that the funds were being checked out by Myers to pay debts owed by the city of Helena, and they did not make any investigation to see that all the amounts checked out were applied to the payment of the debts of the city.
It is sought to hold the bank liable on the theory that the attendant circumstances charge it.with the knowledge that Myers was misappropriating the funds of the city. As we have already seen, the deposit by a trustee of funds belonging to the trust estate in his individual name and account at the bank is not a conversion of the trust fund. There is nothing in the present case from which it might be inferred that the hank participated in the conversion of the funds, except from the fact that it permitted Myers to draw out the funds without seeing to the proper application of them. It is insisted that the bank must have seen to the proper application of the funds, because it allowed Myers to deposit them in his individual name and to check them out that way. We do not think that this was sufficient to put the bank upon inquiry and to charge it with knowledge that Myers was misappropriating the funds belonging to the city.
In discussing this important question in Bischoff v. Yorkville Bank, 218 N. Y. 106, 112 N. E. 759, L. R. A. 1916F, p. 1059, the New York Court of Appeals said: “A. bank does not become privy to a misappropriation by merely paying or honoring the checks of a depositor drawn upon his individual account, in which there are, in the knowledge of the bank, credits created by deposits of trust funds. The law does not require'the hank, under such facts, to assume the hazard of correctly reading in each check the purpose of the drawer, or, being ignorant of the purpose, to dishonor the check. The presumption is, and, after the deposits are made, remains until annulled by adequate notice or knowledge, that the depositor would preserve or lawfully apply the trust funds. The contract, arising by implication of law from a general deposit of moneys in a bank, is that the bank will, whenever required, pay the moneys in such sums and to such persons as the depositor shall direct and designate. Although the depositor is drawing checks which the bank may surmise or suspect are for his personal benefit, it is bound to presume, in the absence of adequate notice to the contrary, that they are properly and lawfully drawn. Adequate notice may come from circumstances which reasonably support the sole inference that a misappropriation is intended, as well as directly.”
To the same effect see Whiting v. Hudson Trust Co., 234 N. Y. 394, 138 N. E. 33, 25 A. L. R. 1470.
It is claimed by counsel for the plaintiff that this view is contrary to the rule in Duckett v. National Mechanics’ Bank of Baltimore, 39 L. R. A. 84. We do not agree with counsel in their contention, but are of the opinion that our present view is in accord with the principles decided in that case.
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Hart, C. J.,
(after stating the facts). The general principle governing the bank’s liability is that the officers of the bank, who know that a fund on deposit is a trust fund, cannot appropriate tliat fund to the private benefit of the bank, or, where charged with notice of the conversion of the trustee, participate with him in appropriating it to his own use, without being liable to refund the money, if the appropriation is a breach of the trust. Allen v. Puritan Trust Co., 211 (Mass.) 409, 97 N. E. 916, L. R. A. 1915C, 518; and Blanton v. First National Bank of Forrest City, 136 Ark. 441, 206 S. W. 745.
The rule itself and the reasons for it are clearly stated by the Maryland Court of Appeals in Duckett v. National Mechanics’ Bank of Baltimore, 38 Atl. 983, 39 L. R. A. 84, 63 Am. St. Rep. 513. We quote from the opinion the following: “ft is immaterial, so far as respects the duty of the bank to the depositor, in what capacity the depositor holds or possesses the fund which he places on deposit. The obligation of the hank is simply to keep the fund safely and to return it to the proper person, or to pay it to his order. If it he deposited by one as trustee, the depositor, as trustee, has the right to withdraw it, and the bank, in the absence of knowledge or notice to the contrary, would 'be bound to assume that the trustee would appropriate the money, when drawn, to a proper use. Any other rule would throw upon a bank the duty of inquiring as to the appropriation of every fund deposited by a trustee or ‘other like fiduciary, and the imposition of such a duty would practically put an end to the banking business, because no bank could possibly conduct business if, without fault on its part, it were held accountable‘for the misconduct or malversation of its depositors who occupy some fiduciary relation to the fund placed by them with the bank. In the absence of notice or knowledge, a bank cannot question the right of its customer to withdraw funds, nor refuse (except in the instances already noted) to honor his demands by check; and therefore, even though the deposit be to the customer’s credit in trust, the bank is under no obligation to look after the appropriation of the trust funds when withdrawn, or to protect the trust by setting up a jus tertii against a demand. But, if the bank lias notice or knowledge that a breach of trust is being committed’ by an improper withdrawal of funds, or if it participates in the profits or fruits of the fraud, then it will be undoubtedly liable.”
As said in National Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 U. S. 54: “A bank account, it is true, even when it.is a trust fund, and designated as such by being kept in the name of the depositor as trustee, differs from other trust funds-which are permanently invested in the name of trustees for the sake of being held as such; for a bank account is made to be checked against, and represents a series of current' transactions. The contract between the bank and the depositor is that the former will pay according to the checks of the latter, and, when drawn in proper form, the bank is bound to presume that the trustee is in the course of lawfully performing his duty, and to honor them accordingly. ’ ’
It results from the principles of law decided in these cases, and many others which might be cited, that a trustee may legally deposit the trust funds in a bank to his individual account and credit, and that the knowledge on the part of the bank of- the nature of the fund received and credited does not affect the character of the act. The reason is that the bank has the right to presume that the fiduciary will apply the funds to their proper purposes under the trust.
The undisputed evidence in this case shows that the money in question was deposited by Myers as treasurer of the city of Helena, and that the bank knew that the funds deposited belonged to the city. The deposits were made in the individual name" of Myers, and were checked out in .k^at way. In 1922 an investigation showed that Myers was short in his accounts as city treasurer in the sum of $51,618.62.
It is not claimed or proved that the bank received any benefit from the conversion of the funds by Myers. The record does not show that the bank, fin any way, participated in the conversion of the funds or had any actual knowledge that Myers was checking out the funds for his individual benefit. The officers of the bank knew, in a general way, that the funds were being checked out by Myers to pay debts owed by the city of Helena, and they did not make any investigation to see that all the amounts checked out were applied to the payment of the debts of the city.
It is sought to hold the bank liable on the theory that the attendant circumstances charge it.with the knowledge that Myers was misappropriating the funds of the city. As we have already seen, the deposit by a trustee of funds belonging to the trust estate in his individual name and account at the bank is not a conversion of the trust fund. There is nothing in the present case from which it might be inferred that the hank participated in the conversion of the funds, except from the fact that it permitted Myers to draw out the funds without seeing to the proper application of them. It is insisted that the bank must have seen to the proper application of the funds, because it allowed Myers to deposit them in his individual name and to check them out that way. We do not think that this was sufficient to put the bank upon inquiry and to charge it with knowledge that Myers was misappropriating the funds belonging to the city.
In discussing this important question in Bischoff v. Yorkville Bank, 218 N. Y. 106, 112 N. E. 759, L. R. A. 1916F, p. 1059, the New York Court of Appeals said: “A. bank does not become privy to a misappropriation by merely paying or honoring the checks of a depositor drawn upon his individual account, in which there are, in the knowledge of the bank, credits created by deposits of trust funds. The law does not require'the hank, under such facts, to assume the hazard of correctly reading in each check the purpose of the drawer, or, being ignorant of the purpose, to dishonor the check. The presumption is, and, after the deposits are made, remains until annulled by adequate notice or knowledge, that the depositor would preserve or lawfully apply the trust funds. The contract, arising by implication of law from a general deposit of moneys in a bank, is that the bank will, whenever required, pay the moneys in such sums and to such persons as the depositor shall direct and designate. Although the depositor is drawing checks which the bank may surmise or suspect are for his personal benefit, it is bound to presume, in the absence of adequate notice to the contrary, that they are properly and lawfully drawn. Adequate notice may come from circumstances which reasonably support the sole inference that a misappropriation is intended, as well as directly.”
To the same effect see Whiting v. Hudson Trust Co., 234 N. Y. 394, 138 N. E. 33, 25 A. L. R. 1470.
It is claimed by counsel for the plaintiff that this view is contrary to the rule in Duckett v. National Mechanics’ Bank of Baltimore, 39 L. R. A. 84. We do not agree with counsel in their contention, but are of the opinion that our present view is in accord with the principles decided in that case. In that case one of the checks was received by the bank with explicit directions to deposit it to the credit of a certain named trustee. The bank, instead of depositing it in the name of the individual as trustee, deposited it to the general account of the individual. The court said that the act of marking a trust fund to the personal credit of the trustee was wrong, and that the bank must bear the consequences of allowing the trustee to draw the fund out on his personal account. There the court had under consideration a single transaction, where the bank was the first wrongdoer, and it was properly held that the whole transaction showed that the bank participated in the conversion of the funds by crediting it to the individual and allowing him to draw the fund out that way, instead of crediting the item to him as trustee, as it was directed to do. In the present case, if the bank had been directed to credit the funds to' Myers as treasurer, and, instead of doing s.o, had allowed him to place the account in his own name and check the funds out in that way, it might be inferred that there was an intention from, the beginning, participated in by tbe bank and Myers, that tlie funds should 'be deposited in the individual name of Myers and checked out that way for the purpose of converting them to his own use or diverting them from their proper use. Here there is nothing from which to infer that the bank participated in any wrongdoing by Myers, except the fact that it allowed him to deposit the public funds of the city in his own name and to check them out that way. We think the better rule is to hold this to be insufficient to put the bank upon notice that Myers intended to misappropriate the funds. His account ran through a series of years, and there is nothing whatever in the record to show that the bank assisted him in misappropriating the funds of the city or had any intimation whatever that he was doing so. It is not even" claimed that the conversion of the funds resulted in any benefit, directly or indirectly, to the bank. The only reason for holding it liable was that it allowed him to deposit the funds in his own name and to check them out that way. As we have ‘ already stated, we think the better view and the one more in accord with reason and justice is that this state' of facts is not sufficient to put the bank 'upon notice that the treasurer intended to misappropriate the funds of the city.
Finally, it is insisted that such a view is contrary to the rule established in Blanton v. First National Bank of Forrest City, 136 Ark. 441, 206 S. W. 745. We do not agree with counsel for the plaintiff in this contention. In that case, under the facts alleged in the complaint and admitted by the demurrer, the cashier of the bank knew that the money belonged to the ward, and, contrary to explicit directions, he placed the amount to the individual credit of the guardian and allowed her to check out the money for her own private use.' Here there was nothing whatever to put the bank upon notice that Myers intended to check out the fmids for his own private use except the mere fact that it permitted him to deposit the funds in his individual name in the beginning; and, as we have already seen, this was not t sufficient to establish lmowl-edge or notice on tlio (part of tlie (bank, that Myers intended to misappropriate tlie public funds of the city.
It follows that the decree was correct, and must be affirmed. '
Kirby, J., concurs.