Loomis, J.
The important legal question in this case is, whether a foreign executrix, who, after tlxe testator’s death and proof of his will at the place of his domicil in another state, comes into this state to reside, and brings with her a portion of the property belonging to the deceased, can be [34]*34sued here in an action at law at the instance of a creditor and made liable to the extent of the property so removed ?
The principles adopted by Chief Justice Williams in giving the opinion in Holcomb v. Phelps, 16 Conn., 127, as well as the preponderance of legal authorities elsewhere, will compel us to answer this question in the negative. We cite from the opinion on page 137. “The case of Campbell v. Tousey, Executor of Booth, 7 Cowen, 64, was also relied on by the plaintiff. There the plaintiff, having a debt against Booth’s estate, sued Tousey as executor de son tort, and proved that lie had assets in his hands in New York brought from Pennsylvania. The defendant proved that he was duly appointed executor of Booth, and found the will in that state, where the diseased lived. He also had received debts due to Booth in the state of New York, and ho was held liable for all the assets brought into the state of New York which had not been applied in a due course of administration. The doctrine of this case, and similar decisions in Pennsylvania, is attacked by Judge Story, who says ‘ there is very great difficulty in supporting these decisions, to the extent of making the foreign executor or administrator liable here, for assets received by him abroad in his representative character, and brought here by him. It will be found exceedingly difficult to cite any authority, at common law, in support of such a doctrine.’ Story’s Conflict of Laws, § 514. On the other hand, says this learned commentator, there are other American authorities which indicate á very different doctrine. The modern English authorities are to the same effect. They fully establish the doctrine that if a foreign executor or administrator brings or transmits property here, which he has received under the administration abroad, or if ho is personally present, he is not either personally, or in liis representative capacity, liable to a suit here; nor is such property liable here to creditors, but they must resort for satisfaction to the forum of the original administration.”
Though the facts in the above case are not identical with those of the case we are considering, yet they are sufficiently alike to render the principles above mentioned applicable. In [35]*35botli cases the domicil of the testator and his property were in New York at the date of his death, and both the creditors and debtors of the estate then resided there, and the property was subsequently removed to this state. In the case cited the estate had been fully administered according to the laws of the state of New York, which furnished an independent ground of defence not applicable in the case at bar, but in the opinion the decision was placed, not upon this ground alone, but in part upon the general principles referred to.
The counsel for the plaintiff in the argument conceded that the general proposition of law as laid down by Judge Story in his Conflict of Laws, cited in the above opinion, would prevent a recovery in this action, but he relied upon Marcy v. Marcy, 32 Conn., 308, as establishing for this, state another doctrine. Judge.Butler, in his able opinion in that case, did revise the definition of an executor de son tort, and vigorously controverted the proposition that an executor appointed and qualified in another state could be such a stranger to the assets of his testator situated in this state as to become a wrongful intermeddler when he removed or collected them here without first taking out administration here, and he held that a foreign executor who comes into this state to collect debts or secure the property of his testator is liable to a creditor in this state to the extent of the assets so received. But we fail to discover any evidence of an intention to deny the doctrine of Judge Story as cited by Judge Williams, or to approve the doctrine of Campbell v. Tousey. Indeed, as to the last case he says, on page 815, “it has been questioned on both the points involved in it, and is not now an authority in the state of New York, for the principles adopted in later cases are irreconcilable with it.”
It is to be observed that one of the points in Campbell v. Tousey involved the identical doctrine on which the plaintiff relies for a recovery in this case. But it is further claimed in behalf of the plaintiff, that if we make an executor, appointed in another state, liable on account of assets collected here, we must logically advance the law so as to make him liable for all assets removed into this state. It seems to [36]*36us there is a clear and reasonable ground for distinction between the two cases. In the present case the jurisdiction of the New York court had actually attached to all the property in question and was necessarily exclusive, and the executrix had become accountable for it in the foreign forum, while in the other case, though the executor in Massachusetts had such a title that his act of receiving the debts due here was not wrongful, yet the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts court had never actually and exclusively attached to the uncollected debts due here. It was still necessary in some way to invoke the aid of our own laws to recover the assets. Until actually recovered and fully administered under the law of the forum, a creditor here would have been entitled to ancillary administration, or, as a substitute for that, he could bring a suit here against the executor and appropriate the property toward the payment of his debt.
In Upton v. Hubbard, 28 Conn., 285, Judge Ellsworth says:—“An executor gets such a title to chattels which are within the state of the decedent’s domicil, that they can, in case of being stolen or lost, be reclaimed by the executor as his own property and in his own name. The domicil of a person in life, wherever he is, by a legal fiction drawrs the property'to himself, so that he is said to'be possessed of it there; hut this is not true when the owner dies, having no longer any place of domicil. A statute representative does not universally succeed by legal operation to his title and possession, but as such he takes the property only which is within the state. If he is the principal representative, such as the principal executor or administrator, or is a legal assignee, and wishes to obtain the property which is abroad, he must go there, and by an ancillary administration or appointment get authority, or employ some one else to do so in his own name, and remit what he receives to the principal executor, <fcc. If indeed the principal executor or assignee go there himself, and, without acquiring local authority, collects a debt or receives property belonging to the estate, it is well enough, we suppose, if the creditors or legatees there do not interpose and object; for in such a case the same end is [37]*37accomplished which could be readied through an ancillary administration, and the law does not require any unnecessary formality and expense, but looks at the substance of the thing.”
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Loomis, J.
The important legal question in this case is, whether a foreign executrix, who, after tlxe testator’s death and proof of his will at the place of his domicil in another state, comes into this state to reside, and brings with her a portion of the property belonging to the deceased, can be [34]*34sued here in an action at law at the instance of a creditor and made liable to the extent of the property so removed ?
The principles adopted by Chief Justice Williams in giving the opinion in Holcomb v. Phelps, 16 Conn., 127, as well as the preponderance of legal authorities elsewhere, will compel us to answer this question in the negative. We cite from the opinion on page 137. “The case of Campbell v. Tousey, Executor of Booth, 7 Cowen, 64, was also relied on by the plaintiff. There the plaintiff, having a debt against Booth’s estate, sued Tousey as executor de son tort, and proved that lie had assets in his hands in New York brought from Pennsylvania. The defendant proved that he was duly appointed executor of Booth, and found the will in that state, where the diseased lived. He also had received debts due to Booth in the state of New York, and ho was held liable for all the assets brought into the state of New York which had not been applied in a due course of administration. The doctrine of this case, and similar decisions in Pennsylvania, is attacked by Judge Story, who says ‘ there is very great difficulty in supporting these decisions, to the extent of making the foreign executor or administrator liable here, for assets received by him abroad in his representative character, and brought here by him. It will be found exceedingly difficult to cite any authority, at common law, in support of such a doctrine.’ Story’s Conflict of Laws, § 514. On the other hand, says this learned commentator, there are other American authorities which indicate á very different doctrine. The modern English authorities are to the same effect. They fully establish the doctrine that if a foreign executor or administrator brings or transmits property here, which he has received under the administration abroad, or if ho is personally present, he is not either personally, or in liis representative capacity, liable to a suit here; nor is such property liable here to creditors, but they must resort for satisfaction to the forum of the original administration.”
Though the facts in the above case are not identical with those of the case we are considering, yet they are sufficiently alike to render the principles above mentioned applicable. In [35]*35botli cases the domicil of the testator and his property were in New York at the date of his death, and both the creditors and debtors of the estate then resided there, and the property was subsequently removed to this state. In the case cited the estate had been fully administered according to the laws of the state of New York, which furnished an independent ground of defence not applicable in the case at bar, but in the opinion the decision was placed, not upon this ground alone, but in part upon the general principles referred to.
The counsel for the plaintiff in the argument conceded that the general proposition of law as laid down by Judge Story in his Conflict of Laws, cited in the above opinion, would prevent a recovery in this action, but he relied upon Marcy v. Marcy, 32 Conn., 308, as establishing for this, state another doctrine. Judge.Butler, in his able opinion in that case, did revise the definition of an executor de son tort, and vigorously controverted the proposition that an executor appointed and qualified in another state could be such a stranger to the assets of his testator situated in this state as to become a wrongful intermeddler when he removed or collected them here without first taking out administration here, and he held that a foreign executor who comes into this state to collect debts or secure the property of his testator is liable to a creditor in this state to the extent of the assets so received. But we fail to discover any evidence of an intention to deny the doctrine of Judge Story as cited by Judge Williams, or to approve the doctrine of Campbell v. Tousey. Indeed, as to the last case he says, on page 815, “it has been questioned on both the points involved in it, and is not now an authority in the state of New York, for the principles adopted in later cases are irreconcilable with it.”
It is to be observed that one of the points in Campbell v. Tousey involved the identical doctrine on which the plaintiff relies for a recovery in this case. But it is further claimed in behalf of the plaintiff, that if we make an executor, appointed in another state, liable on account of assets collected here, we must logically advance the law so as to make him liable for all assets removed into this state. It seems to [36]*36us there is a clear and reasonable ground for distinction between the two cases. In the present case the jurisdiction of the New York court had actually attached to all the property in question and was necessarily exclusive, and the executrix had become accountable for it in the foreign forum, while in the other case, though the executor in Massachusetts had such a title that his act of receiving the debts due here was not wrongful, yet the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts court had never actually and exclusively attached to the uncollected debts due here. It was still necessary in some way to invoke the aid of our own laws to recover the assets. Until actually recovered and fully administered under the law of the forum, a creditor here would have been entitled to ancillary administration, or, as a substitute for that, he could bring a suit here against the executor and appropriate the property toward the payment of his debt.
In Upton v. Hubbard, 28 Conn., 285, Judge Ellsworth says:—“An executor gets such a title to chattels which are within the state of the decedent’s domicil, that they can, in case of being stolen or lost, be reclaimed by the executor as his own property and in his own name. The domicil of a person in life, wherever he is, by a legal fiction drawrs the property'to himself, so that he is said to'be possessed of it there; hut this is not true when the owner dies, having no longer any place of domicil. A statute representative does not universally succeed by legal operation to his title and possession, but as such he takes the property only which is within the state. If he is the principal representative, such as the principal executor or administrator, or is a legal assignee, and wishes to obtain the property which is abroad, he must go there, and by an ancillary administration or appointment get authority, or employ some one else to do so in his own name, and remit what he receives to the principal executor, <fcc. If indeed the principal executor or assignee go there himself, and, without acquiring local authority, collects a debt or receives property belonging to the estate, it is well enough, we suppose, if the creditors or legatees there do not interpose and object; for in such a case the same end is [37]*37accomplished which could be readied through an ancillary administration, and the law does not require any unnecessary formality and expense, but looks at the substance of the thing.”
The above extract, while it contains a very clear statement of the law as it is accepted in this state, furnishes by suggestion a good ground for distinguishing as to the liability of a foreign executor, between a case where the assets are brought into this state after the death of the testator and proof of his will in another state, and a case where it is necessary to come into this state to secure them.
But the counsel for the plaintiff further suggests, that to deny a remedy in such a case as this will open a wide door for fraud and injustice, by enabling foreign executors who have not fully administered their estates to take the property and remove into another state in fraud or in defiance of the rights of creditors. While we confess that we do not like this aspect of the defendant’s case, yet it is a pertinent suggestion in reply, to say that it is to be presumed that such laws are in force in New York as furnish a reasonable security to the parties in interest, and that the plaintiff by the use of due diligence and through the aid of legal process might in some form have hod a remedy. And here we remark that the finding shows that after the will was proved both the plaintiff and defendant continued to reside for about two years in the place of the testator’s domicil before the defendant removed any of the assets into this state; and the plaintiff continued to reside there some nine years longer before he came to this state to invoke the aid of our courts, having never, so far as appears, sought the aid of his own courts. It is possible, however, that this may be explained without imputing laches to the plaintiff.
Another objection of a technical character deserves a brief notice. The plaintiff claims that the- defendant cannot be allowed the benefit of the fact that she was a foreign executrix, because such a defence is matter of avoidance or in abatement, and should have been pleaded as such, instead of relying upon the general issue. But this objection is made [38]*38for the first timo in this court. In the court below the plaintiff made no such claim, and máde no objection to the evidence offered to sustain this defence,, but on the contrary allowed the trial to proceed to final judgment upon tho sole question whether, upon all the facts proved, the defendant was liable. We think therefore that the decision of the court below on this last mentioned question is the only one we are called upon to review, and upon this wc advise a new trial.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.