Bruce, J.
. This is an action brought by A. E. Hecker, the trustee in bankruptcy of Bose M. Geiger, bankrupt, to recover from the Commercial State Bank of Carrington, North Dakota, the proceeds of an insurance policy which was collected by the bank and applied to the payment of debts owing to it by the bankrupt. The case was tried to the court without a jury, and from a judgment in favor of the defendant and dismissing the action, the plaintiff appeals.
According to the findings of fact, which are in no way controverted by the appellant, on or about the 21st of September, 1911, and continuously thereafter until on or about January 3d, 1913, the defendant, Bose M. Geiger, conducted and operated a retail millinery business in the city of Carrington, North Dakota. On or about September 21st, 1911, she procured through the defendant, The Commercial State Bank of Carrington, a policy of fire insurance in the standard form on her stock and store fixtures, and which policy remained in the possession of the defendant bank, which paid the premium thereon and charged the same against her account. Later, and on or about March 12th, 1912, the said Bose M. Geiger borrowed from the defendant bank the sum of $190, and gave her promissory note therefor. This note was ■signed by other persons as security. Erom that date and until September, 1912, the said Bose M. Geiger borrowed from the defendant bank additional sums of money, amounting in all to the sum of $650. At the time of making the first loan of $190, before mentioned, the said Bose M. Geiger deposited the policy of insurance before mentioned with the defendant bank under an oral agreement that it should be held as collateral security for the payment of the indebtedness due from her to the defendant, as evidenced by said promissory notes, and that in the event of the loss by fire of the property insured by such policy, the defendant bank -should collect from the insurance company the amount of such policy and deduct therefrom the amount of the indebtedness to it. Later, and on or about September 21st, 1912, the policy above set forth expired, but there was issued to the said Bose M. Geiger a renewal policy in the same form, and which policy was deposited by the said Bose M. Geiger with the defendant bank under the same terms ■and conditions as the prior one, and which policy was retained in the possession of the defendant bank in accordance with the said agreement. Later, and on or about January 3d, 1913, the property insured was [17]*17destroyed by fire. Later, and on or about January 8d, 1913, and immediately following tbe loss, the said Rose M. Geiger executed and delivered to the defendant bank an assignment of said policy of insurance for the purpose of enabling such bank to collect the proceeds thereof, but such assignment was merely formal, and was given by the said Rose M. Geiger pursuant to the collateral security agreement before mentioned. Later, and on the 20th of January, 1913, the defendant bank collected the sum of $934.75 on said policy from the insurance company, of which it retained the sum of $650.25, which sum was the amount of the indebtedness due to the bank from the said Rose M. Geiger at such time, and, after extinguishing the debt due to it, paid over the balance in cash to defendant, Rose M. Geiger. Thereafter, and on or about March 13th, 1913, the said Rose M. Geiger was adjudged a bankrupt in the United States district court, and on May 9th, 1913, the plaintiff, A. E. Hecker, was elected and qualified as trustee.. There is also a finding that at the time of the making of the loan by the defendant bank to the said Rose M. Geiger it had no knowledge of the financial condition of the said Rose M. Geiger; that prior to the date of the loss of the goods by fire, it made no special injuries as to such financial conditions, but that, after such loss by fire, it learned that claims aggregating, the sum of about $1,000 were held against her for collection. There is also a finding that on or about January 3d, 1913, which was the date of the fire, the said Rose M. Geiger was insolvent, which insolvency continued until the time of the trial.
The first proposition which is urged by the plaintiff and appellant is that the oral agreement made by Rose M. Geiger and the defendant bank on March 12th, 1912, together with the deposit of the policy, did not constitute a pledge, and this for the reason-that a policy of fire insurance may not be pledged orally, but only by a written instrument duly executed. Appellant, however, concedes that if the policy of fire insurance and its proceeds were properly and legally pledged on March 12th, 1912, and on September 21st, 1912, the date of the deposit of the renewal policy, he was properly defeated in the trial court, and his appeal should be dismissed. Plaintiff and appellant maintains in short that a policy of fire insurance is merely a chose in action, and that a chose in action cannot be pledged by on oral agreement merely.
We believe that there is no merit in this contention. It is true that [18]*18there is some support for it in the authorities, but the statements of recent years have been largely dicta. It now seems to be generally understood, indeed, that parol assignments of choses in action are valid, and especially of those which are themselves evidenced by written contracts, and which are capable of delivery. See 5 C. J. 900; Roberts v. First Nat. Bank, 8 N. D. 480, 79 N. W. 993; Howe v. Jones, 57 Iowa, 130, 8 N. W. 451, 10 N. W. 299; Moore v. Lowrey, 25 Iowa, 336, 95 Am. Dec. 790; Runyan v. Mersereau, 11 Johns. 534, 6 Am. Dec. 393; Dickey v. Pocomoke City Nat. Bank, 89 Md. 280, 43 Atl. 33.
A pledge is both an assignment and a transfer of possession. Oral proof of the assignment of the claim against the insurance company was certainly permissible. The formal written assignment which was made after the adjudication in bankruptcy was merely in furtherance of the original agreement. The insurance company made no defense on the ground of the illegality of the pledge, nor that in the first place there was no written assignment nor written agreement of pledging. It could have paid the claim and acknowledge the liability under the contract of insurance and the assignment of the right under the contract to the defendant bank, and this without any formal delivery or pledge of the policy to the bank whatever.
But plaintiff contends that the defendant bank did not have an insurable interest in the property covered by the policy, and that therefore any attempt to pledge or assign to it the rights under such policy was void. He cites the following sections of the Compiled Laws of 1913:
“Section 7471. The sole object of insurance is the indemnity of the insured and if he has no insurable interest the contract is void.”
“Section 6466. Every interest in the property, or any relation thereto, or liability in respect thereof of such a nature that a contemplated peril might directly damnify the insured is an insurable interest.”
These sections, however, do not support his contentions. The creditor bank had certainly an interest in the property which was of such a nature that a contemplated peril might directly damnify it. It is self-evident that a bank which loans money on the credit of an established and running business has an interest in the matter as to whether the' assets of that business are consumed by fire. See May, Ins. 2d. [19]*19ed. § 108; Connecticut Hut. L. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 94 U. S. 460, 24 L. ed. 253. No element of public policy is violated, indeed, by such an assignment or pledge.
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Bruce, J.
. This is an action brought by A. E. Hecker, the trustee in bankruptcy of Bose M. Geiger, bankrupt, to recover from the Commercial State Bank of Carrington, North Dakota, the proceeds of an insurance policy which was collected by the bank and applied to the payment of debts owing to it by the bankrupt. The case was tried to the court without a jury, and from a judgment in favor of the defendant and dismissing the action, the plaintiff appeals.
According to the findings of fact, which are in no way controverted by the appellant, on or about the 21st of September, 1911, and continuously thereafter until on or about January 3d, 1913, the defendant, Bose M. Geiger, conducted and operated a retail millinery business in the city of Carrington, North Dakota. On or about September 21st, 1911, she procured through the defendant, The Commercial State Bank of Carrington, a policy of fire insurance in the standard form on her stock and store fixtures, and which policy remained in the possession of the defendant bank, which paid the premium thereon and charged the same against her account. Later, and on or about March 12th, 1912, the said Bose M. Geiger borrowed from the defendant bank the sum of $190, and gave her promissory note therefor. This note was ■signed by other persons as security. Erom that date and until September, 1912, the said Bose M. Geiger borrowed from the defendant bank additional sums of money, amounting in all to the sum of $650. At the time of making the first loan of $190, before mentioned, the said Bose M. Geiger deposited the policy of insurance before mentioned with the defendant bank under an oral agreement that it should be held as collateral security for the payment of the indebtedness due from her to the defendant, as evidenced by said promissory notes, and that in the event of the loss by fire of the property insured by such policy, the defendant bank -should collect from the insurance company the amount of such policy and deduct therefrom the amount of the indebtedness to it. Later, and on or about September 21st, 1912, the policy above set forth expired, but there was issued to the said Bose M. Geiger a renewal policy in the same form, and which policy was deposited by the said Bose M. Geiger with the defendant bank under the same terms ■and conditions as the prior one, and which policy was retained in the possession of the defendant bank in accordance with the said agreement. Later, and on or about January 3d, 1913, the property insured was [17]*17destroyed by fire. Later, and on or about January 8d, 1913, and immediately following tbe loss, the said Rose M. Geiger executed and delivered to the defendant bank an assignment of said policy of insurance for the purpose of enabling such bank to collect the proceeds thereof, but such assignment was merely formal, and was given by the said Rose M. Geiger pursuant to the collateral security agreement before mentioned. Later, and on the 20th of January, 1913, the defendant bank collected the sum of $934.75 on said policy from the insurance company, of which it retained the sum of $650.25, which sum was the amount of the indebtedness due to the bank from the said Rose M. Geiger at such time, and, after extinguishing the debt due to it, paid over the balance in cash to defendant, Rose M. Geiger. Thereafter, and on or about March 13th, 1913, the said Rose M. Geiger was adjudged a bankrupt in the United States district court, and on May 9th, 1913, the plaintiff, A. E. Hecker, was elected and qualified as trustee.. There is also a finding that at the time of the making of the loan by the defendant bank to the said Rose M. Geiger it had no knowledge of the financial condition of the said Rose M. Geiger; that prior to the date of the loss of the goods by fire, it made no special injuries as to such financial conditions, but that, after such loss by fire, it learned that claims aggregating, the sum of about $1,000 were held against her for collection. There is also a finding that on or about January 3d, 1913, which was the date of the fire, the said Rose M. Geiger was insolvent, which insolvency continued until the time of the trial.
The first proposition which is urged by the plaintiff and appellant is that the oral agreement made by Rose M. Geiger and the defendant bank on March 12th, 1912, together with the deposit of the policy, did not constitute a pledge, and this for the reason-that a policy of fire insurance may not be pledged orally, but only by a written instrument duly executed. Appellant, however, concedes that if the policy of fire insurance and its proceeds were properly and legally pledged on March 12th, 1912, and on September 21st, 1912, the date of the deposit of the renewal policy, he was properly defeated in the trial court, and his appeal should be dismissed. Plaintiff and appellant maintains in short that a policy of fire insurance is merely a chose in action, and that a chose in action cannot be pledged by on oral agreement merely.
We believe that there is no merit in this contention. It is true that [18]*18there is some support for it in the authorities, but the statements of recent years have been largely dicta. It now seems to be generally understood, indeed, that parol assignments of choses in action are valid, and especially of those which are themselves evidenced by written contracts, and which are capable of delivery. See 5 C. J. 900; Roberts v. First Nat. Bank, 8 N. D. 480, 79 N. W. 993; Howe v. Jones, 57 Iowa, 130, 8 N. W. 451, 10 N. W. 299; Moore v. Lowrey, 25 Iowa, 336, 95 Am. Dec. 790; Runyan v. Mersereau, 11 Johns. 534, 6 Am. Dec. 393; Dickey v. Pocomoke City Nat. Bank, 89 Md. 280, 43 Atl. 33.
A pledge is both an assignment and a transfer of possession. Oral proof of the assignment of the claim against the insurance company was certainly permissible. The formal written assignment which was made after the adjudication in bankruptcy was merely in furtherance of the original agreement. The insurance company made no defense on the ground of the illegality of the pledge, nor that in the first place there was no written assignment nor written agreement of pledging. It could have paid the claim and acknowledge the liability under the contract of insurance and the assignment of the right under the contract to the defendant bank, and this without any formal delivery or pledge of the policy to the bank whatever.
But plaintiff contends that the defendant bank did not have an insurable interest in the property covered by the policy, and that therefore any attempt to pledge or assign to it the rights under such policy was void. He cites the following sections of the Compiled Laws of 1913:
“Section 7471. The sole object of insurance is the indemnity of the insured and if he has no insurable interest the contract is void.”
“Section 6466. Every interest in the property, or any relation thereto, or liability in respect thereof of such a nature that a contemplated peril might directly damnify the insured is an insurable interest.”
These sections, however, do not support his contentions. The creditor bank had certainly an interest in the property which was of such a nature that a contemplated peril might directly damnify it. It is self-evident that a bank which loans money on the credit of an established and running business has an interest in the matter as to whether the' assets of that business are consumed by fire. See May, Ins. 2d. [19]*19ed. § 108; Connecticut Hut. L. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 94 U. S. 460, 24 L. ed. 253. No element of public policy is violated, indeed, by such an assignment or pledge. The policy was of course issued .prior to its pledge or assignment. The money was loaned to the original insurer in order to enable her to continué her business and to weather her financial storms. Surely with the hope of such relief and after such relief, she would have less reason for destroying her property than if such help had not been obtainable. The temptation on the part of the owner who is pressed by many debts to burn his own property is certainly greater than that of a bank, which is generally but one of many creditors, to burn it for him.
Nor is there any merit in appellant’s last point “that the oral agreement between Hose M. Geiger and respondent was ineffective for that it was not complete, as something more remained to be done to enable it to be carried into effect; to wit, a destruction of the property insured by fire and the execution of a written assignment following such destruction, and therefore it was in fact no more than an agreement for a pledge or assignment of the policy in the event of loss, and as such it must date from the date of the execution of the assignment and be construed as of that date; to wit, January 3d, 1913; and that date being within four months of Hose M. Geiger’s adjudication in bankruptcy, such transaction was voidable in the suit of the trustee, appellant herein.”
We have examined the cases cited by counsel for appellant and have no fault to find with the statements therein made that “a mortgage or transfer of his property by an insolvent debtor within four months of the filing of a petition in bankruptcy against him, which otherwise constitutes a voidable preference, is not deprived of that character or made valid by the fact that it was executed in performance of a contract to do so made more than four months before the filing of the petition.” See Cross, J., in Tilt v. Citizens’ Trust Co. 191 Fed. 449, quoting from Re Great Western Mfg. Co. 81 C. C. A. 341, 152 Fed. 123, 127. Nor have we any quarrel to make with the decision in Eagan v. Donovan, 189 Fed. 138, 146, wherein a debtor in 1904, under an oral agreement not to record the same, deposited with his creditor deeds to his property, and, in 1909, the deeds were recorded within four months of the filing of petitions in bankruptcy, and wherein it was said that [20]*20“delivery therefore was not complete and effective until some act was done which was within the contemplation of the parties and which ended Cahill’s dominion over the papers. That act was to file them for record, which was an eventuality clearly within the plans of the parties when they were made. Then only was there delivery.” These cases are not applicable to the one at bar, and for the reason that in the case which is before us the policy was actually pledged and the assignment actually made at the time of the delivery of the same. The mere formal assignment did not créate the lien or pass the property. Bush v. Boutelle, 156 Mass. 167, 32 Am. St. Rep. 442, 30 N. E. 607.
(filed September 8, 1916).
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.