1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JONATHAN DEWAYNE SMITH, No. 2:21-cv-02345-CKD (HC) 12 Petitioner, 13 v. ORDER 14 GENA JONES,1 15 Respondent. 16 17 I. Introduction 18 Petitioner is a state prisoner, proceeding without counsel, with an application for a writ of 19 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The parties have consented to this Court’s 20 jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Local Rule 302. 21 Petitioner challenges his 2018 conviction for rape of an unconscious person and two 22 counts of residential burglary. Petitioner was sentenced to 21 years and eight months in state 23 prison. Petitioner claims that the trial court violated his right to due process by (1) instructing the 24 jury to consider “certainty” of the eyewitness identification testimony and (2) admitting irrelevant 25 and unduly prejudicial evidence. After careful review of the record, this Court denies his petition 26 for habeas relief. 27 1 Gena Jones, acting Warden at California Health Care Facility, is hereby substituted as the 28 respondent in this action pursuant to Rule 2(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases. 1 II. Procedural History 2 A jury convicted petitioner of one count of raping an unconscious person and two counts 3 of residential burglary. (ECF No. 16-1 at 234-43.) The trial court found as true allegations that 4 petitioner had a prior strike conviction, served a prior prison term, and was previously convicted 5 of a serious felony and sentenced him to 21 years and eight months in state prison. (ECF No. 16- 6 4 at 20-21.) 7 Petitioner appealed his conviction to the California Court of Appeal. (ECF Nos. 16-8 to 8 16-10.) The state appellate court agreed that the challenged sentencing enhancement should be 9 stricken, but otherwise affirmed the judgment. (ECF No. 16-11.) Petitioner filed a petition for 10 review before the California Supreme Court, and the court denied the petition. (ECF Nos. 16-12 11 & 16-13.) 12 Petitioner filed the instant habeas petition in December 2021. (ECF No. 1.) Respondent 13 filed an answer. (ECF Nos. 15 & 16.) Petitioner did not file a traverse. 14 III. Facts2 15 After independently reviewing the record, this Court finds the appellate court’s summary 16 accurate and adopts it herein.3 In its unpublished memorandum and opinion affirming 17 petitioner’s judgment of conviction on appeal, the California Court of Appeal provided the 18 following factual summary: 19 BACKGROUND 20 I 21 Factual Background 22 The charges relevant to this appeal concern conduct from various dates in 2014 and 2017. 23 24 2 The facts are taken from the opinion of the California Court of Appeal for the Third Appellate 25 District in People v. Smith, C089240, 2021 WL 3524084 (Cal. Ct. App. Aug. 11, 2021), which respondent has lodged as ECF No. 16-11. 26
27 3 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) (emphasizing that “a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct” unless the petitioner rebuts it by clear and convincing 28 evidence). 1 A. Rape of Jane Doe (Count 1) 2 In the summer of 2014, Jane Doe went to a party at her friend’s house in Chico. Doe and her friends played a few drinking games at the 3 house and then left to meet other friends in downtown Chico, where they met defendant, who went by Ace. After visiting a few house 4 parties downtown, Doe, defendant, and others returned to Doe’s friend’s house. 5 In the early morning, as the party wound down, some people left and 6 others—including Doe and defendant—found places to sleep around the house. Doe slept on the floor and defendant sat on a couch beside 7 a woman who had passed out from drinking. 8 As others began falling asleep, defendant began rubbing the unconscious woman’s leg. But another woman, who saw defendant, 9 flashed her cell phone light on him, called him “nasty,” and told him to move somewhere else. Defendant responded, “I didn’t do 10 anything,” and then moved to the floor near Doe. 11 Shortly after, Doe, who was lying on her stomach, awoke to sharp pain. Her pants had been pulled down and she felt pain inside her 12 vagina caused, she believed, by an erect penis. She rolled over and saw defendant above her. Shocked and scared, Doe screamed, kicked 13 defendant, and ran to the backyard. Defendant pulled up his shorts and said, “Oh, no. She just kicked me in the face. I didn’t try to rape 14 her or nothing.” He then left the house. Doe’s sister afterward took Doe to the hospital. 15 B. Burglary of Nicole D. (Count 4) 16 In August 2017, Nicole D. and a few of her friends were in her living 17 room in Chico when defendant, who introduced himself as Ace, walked in through the front door. Defendant claimed he assisted 18 another woman back to the house the week before, but Nicole did not recognize him and, after becoming uncomfortable with defendant’s 19 presence, asked him to leave. Defendant complied. Shortly after, however, Nicole briefly saw defendant peeking in through her living 20 room window. 21 Later that night, after Nicole had gone to bed, she woke to defendant kissing her neck. Nicole told him to leave and he complied. Nicole 22 later called the police. 23 C. Burglary of Christina M. (Count 7) 24 A couple hours after Nicole told defendant to leave her house, another woman in Chico, Christina M., was awoken by her bedroom 25 door opening. Believing it was her roommate’s boyfriend, Christina called out, “Matt?” After a man replied, “yes,” Christina went back 26 to sleep. 27 But shortly after, she awoke with defendant on top of her, his legs straddling her hips and his hands touching her “lower area.” As 28 defendant tried to kiss her, Christina told him to get off. At first, she 1 believed defendant was someone she knew. But after she grabbed her cell phone and turned on its light, she saw a man she had never seen 2 before. Scared now, she again asked defendant to get off her and leave. But rather than leave, defendant asked if she wanted to use 3 cocaine and hang out. Christina again asked defendant to leave but he ignored her request. Eventually, after Christina woke up her 4 roommate and repeatedly asked him to leave, defendant finally left the house. Christina and her roommate later woke their house 5 manager, who called the police. 6 D. Burglary Involving Laptop Theft (Count 3) 7 In August 2017, Matthew Suttles, who was sitting on the porch of a friend’s house waiting for the friend to return home, heard footsteps 8 along the side of the house and shortly after saw defendant round the corner of the house holding a laptop. Given defendant’s location, 9 Suttles believed that defendant must have come from inside the house. After Suttles asked defendant what he was doing, defendant 10 dropped the laptop and walked away. Suttles retrieved the laptop— which he identified as his friend’s laptop based on its distinctive 11 stickers—and then noticed an open window along the side of the house. 12 Suttles, a moment later, remembered defendant’s face from an earlier 13 incident involving the theft of his own laptop. A few months before, in April 2017, Suttles had returned to his apartment to find his laptop 14 missing and a cell phone on the floor. He called the police and turned over the cell phone. A few months later, after Suttles claimed the 15 phone, the police returned the phone to Suttles. Suttles afterward learned the number for the phone, entered it into Facebook, and 16 connected the number to defendant’s Facebook page. 17 II 18 Procedural Background 19 In a consolidated information, as relevant here, the prosecution charged defendant with one count of raping an unconscious person 20 (Pen. Code, § 261, subd. (a)(4)—count 1)[] and three counts of burglary (§ 459—counts 3, 4, & 7). For the first burglary count 21 (count 3), the prosecution proceeded on the theory that defendant entered the home in that count to commit a theft; and for the 22 remaining burglary counts (counts 4 & 7), the prosecution proceeded on the theory that defendant entered the two homes in those counts 23 with the intent of raping an unconscious person. (See § 459 [any person who enters a house (and certain other spaces) “with intent to 24 commit grand or petit larceny or any felony is guilty of burglary”].) For all counts other than count 1, the information further alleged that 25 defendant had a prior strike conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(j), 1170.12), had served a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), and had 26 previously been convicted of a serious felony (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)). 27 Following trial, a jury found defendant guilty on counts 1, 4, and 7, and not guilty on the remaining counts, including count 3. The trial 28 court afterward, following a bench trial, found true the allegations 1 that defendant had a prior strike conviction, had served a prior prison term, and had previously been convicted of a serious felony. 2 The court sentenced defendant to a total of 21 years eight months in 3 prison. For count 4 (burglary of Nicole), the court sentenced him to the upper term of six years, doubled based on his prior strike 4 conviction, for a total of 12 years. For count 1 (rape of Jane Doe), the court sentenced him to one-third the middle term of six years for a 5 total of two years. And for count 7 (burglary of Christina), the court sentenced him to one-third the middle term of four years, doubled 6 based on his prior strike conviction, for a total of two years eight months. Finally, the court sentenced defendant to five additional 7 years in prison based on his prior serious felony and one additional year in prison because he had served a prior prison term. The court, 8 however, stayed execution of the one-year enhancement. 9 Defendant timely appealed. 10 (ECF No. 16-11 at 2-6.) 11 IV. Standards for a Writ of Habeas Corpus 12 An application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody under a judgment of a 13 state court can be granted only for violations of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United 14 States. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). A federal writ of habeas corpus is not available for alleged error in 15 the interpretation or application of state law. See Wilson v. Corcoran, 562 U.S. 1, 5 (2010); 16 Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991); Park v. California, 202 F.3d 1146, 1149 (9th Cir. 17 2000). 18 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) sets forth the following limitation on granting federal habeas corpus 19 relief: 20 An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted 21 with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim – 22 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 23 unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 24 (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable 25 determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 26 27 The “contrary to” and “unreasonable application” clauses of § 2254(d)(1) are different, as 28 the Supreme Court has explained: 1 A federal habeas court may issue the writ under the “contrary to” clause if the state court applies a rule different from the governing 2 law set forth in our cases, or if it decides a case differently than we have done on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. The court 3 may grant relief under the “unreasonable application” clause if the state court correctly identifies the governing legal principle from our 4 decisions but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular case. The focus of the latter inquiry is on whether the state court’s 5 application of clearly established federal law is objectively unreasonable, and we stressed in Williams [v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 6 (2000)] that an unreasonable application is different from an incorrect one. 7 8 Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 (2002) (internal citations omitted). 9 “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so 10 long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” 11 Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 12 664 (2004)). Accordingly, “[a]s a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a 13 state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court 14 was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in 15 existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Id. at 103. 16 The court looks to the last reasoned state court decision as the basis for the state court’s 17 judgment. Stanley v. Cullen, 633 F.3d 852, 859-60 (9th Cir. 2011). The California Court of 18 Appeal’s decision on direct appeal is the last reasoned state court decision with respect to 19 petitioner’s claims. (ECF No. 16-11.) Petitioner bears the “burden to demonstrate that ‘there was 20 no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief.’” Walker v. Martel, 709 F.3d 925, 939 (9th 21 Cir. 2013) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 98). 22 V. Petitioner’s Claims 23 A. Claim One: Jury Instructional Claim 24 First, petitioner claims that the trial court violated his right to due process by telling the 25 jury in CALCRIM No. 315 that it was allowed to consider the witnesses’ level of certainty in 26 evaluating eyewitness identification. (ECF No. 1 at 5.) He contends that certainty is not an 27 indicator of reliability. (Id.) In response, respondent argues that the state court’s rejection of 28 ///// 1 petitioner’s instructional error claim was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of federal 2 law. (ECF No. 15 at 9-11.) 3 On the merits, this Court looks to the last reasoned state court decision in applying the 28 4 U.S.C. § 2254(d) standard. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1191-92 (2018); see also Ylst v. 5 Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803-04 (1991) (establishing the “look through” doctrine in federal 6 habeas cases). In the last reasoned decision, the state court considered and rejected this claim. 7 Defendant next takes issue with the trial court’s instructing the jury about eyewitness testimony using CALCRIM No. 315. That 8 instruction states: “You have heard eyewitness testimony identifying the defendant. As with any other witness, you must decide whether 9 an eyewitness gave truthful and accurate testimony.” It then instructs the jury, when “evaluating identification testimony,” to consider 10 various questions, including the following question: “How certain was the witness when he or she made an identification?” Taking issue 11 with this instruction, defendant contends “[e]volving case law and scientific research support the rejection of witness certainty as a valid 12 factor in evaluating eyewitness identification. The trial court’s instruction thus authorized [defendant’s] conviction based upon 13 unreliable evidence [that witness certainty equals accuracy], in violation of his federal constitutional right to due process.” Although 14 we acknowledge that this instruction could mislead jurors, we find no violation of defendant’s due process rights. 15 At the time of defendant’s trial, California Supreme Court precedent 16 “specifically approved” of a similar jury instruction on witness certainty. (People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 411, 462.) But since 17 then, the court has “acknowledg[ed] that this form of instruction has the potential to mislead jurors.” (People v. Lemcke (2021) 11 Cal.5th 18 644 (Lemcke).) The court reasoned that jurors often assume that a certain identification is more likely to be accurate, an assumption 19 that CALCRIM No. 315 tends to reinforce, even though “[t]here is near unanimity in the empirical research that ‘ “ ‘under most 20 circumstances, witness confidence or certainty is not a good indicator of identification accuracy.”’ [Citations.]” (Lemcke, at pp. 665-666.) 21 But although, for these reasons, we acknowledge that CALCRIM 22 No. 315 has the potential to mislead jurors, we reject defendant’s contention that this instruction “permitted the jury to base its verdict 23 upon unreliable evidence that witness certainty equals accuracy.” As the court in Lemcke explained in rejecting a similar challenge, “the 24 instruction does not direct the jury that ‘certainty equals accuracy.’ [Citation.] Nor does the instruction state that the jury must presume 25 an identification is accurate if the eyewitness has expressed certainty. [Citation.] Instead, the instruction merely lists the witness’s level of 26 certainty at the time of identification as one of 15 different factors that the jury should consider when evaluating the credibility and 27 accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The instruction leaves the jury to decide whether the witness expressed a credible claim of certainty 28 and what weight, if any, should be placed on that certainty in relation 1 to the numerous other factors listed in CALCRIM No. 315.” (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 657.) As the Lemcke court also 2 noted, another standard jury instruction, which was offered here, further emphasizes the jury’s role in evaluating witness credibility 3 and deciding the weight of witness testimony, explaining that “[p]eople sometimes honestly ... make mistakes about what they 4 remember” and that jurors are responsible for “judg[ing] the credibility or believability of the witnesses.” (See id. at p. 659.) 5 Considering the jury instructions as a whole, together with 6 the Lemcke court’s construction of CALCRIM No. 315, we reject defendant’s contention that CALCRIM No. 315 “permitted the jury 7 to base its verdict upon unreliable evidence that witness certainty equals accuracy.” (See Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 661.) The 8 instruction, as discussed, has its shortcomings. But “ ‘ “not every ambiguity, inconsistency, or deficiency in a jury instruction rises to 9 the level of a due process violation. The question is ‘ “whether the ailing instruction ... so infected the entire trial that the resulting 10 conviction violates due process.” ‘ ” ‘ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 655.) Because defendant has not made this showing, we reject his 11 argument. 12 (ECF No. 16-11 at 11-13.) 13 To the extent petitioner argues that CALCRIM No. 315 runs afoul with state law, this 14 claim is not cognizable on habeas review. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 71-72. Federal habeas relief on a 15 jury instruction claim is only available if “‘the ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire 16 trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.’” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 72 (quoting Cupp v. 17 Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147 (1973)); see also Gilmore v. Taylor, 508 U.S. 333, 342 (1993) (In 18 non-capital cases, “we have never said that the possibility of a jury misapplying state law gives 19 rise to federal constitutional error. To the contrary, we have held that instructions that contain 20 errors of state law may not form the basis for federal habeas relief.”). The instruction cannot 21 merely be “undesirable, erroneous, or even ‘universally condemned.’” Donnelly v. 22 DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643 (1974). It must violate a constitutional right. Id. The jury 23 instruction “‘may not be judged in artificial isolation,’ but must be considered in the context of 24 instructions as a whole and the trial record.” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 72 (quoting Cupp, 414 U.S. at 25 147). The Supreme Court has cautioned that there are few infractions that violate fundamental 26 fairness. Id. at 72-73; see, e.g., Sarausad v. Washington, 555 U.S. 179, 191-92 (2009); Middleton 27 v. McNeil, 541 U.S. 433, 437 (2004) (per curiam) (“Nonetheless, not every ambiguity, 28 ///// 1 inconsistency, or deficiency in a jury instruction rises to the level of a due process violation”); 2 Jones v. United States, 527 U.S. 373, 390-92 (1999); Gilmore, 508 U.S. at 344. 3 After reviewing the record, this Court concludes that the state court was not objectively 4 unreasonable in denying the jury instruction claim. As the state court noted, in CALCRIM No. 5 315, the trial court instructed that the jury must decide whether an eyewitness gave truthful and 6 accurate testimony and could consider numerous factors, including the certainty of the witness in 7 making the identification. (ECF No. 16-1 at 207-08; ECF No. 16-11 at 12; see also ECF No. 16-1 8 at 187, 201-03.) This instruction is not contrary to federal law. The Supreme Court has identified 9 a witness’s level of certainty as a factor to consider in evaluating the likelihood of 10 misidentification. See Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972); see also Manson v. 11 Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114 (1977) (concluding that “liability is the linchpin in determining the 12 admissibility of identification testimony” and identifying certainty as a factor to consider); Perry 13 v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 239 n.5 (2012); Sexton v. Beaudreaux, 138 S. Ct. 2555, 2560 14 (2018) (per curiam). Petitioner has not identified any case law or evidence that the instruction as 15 given was erroneous and infected the entire trial such that the resulting conviction violated due 16 process. Because the Supreme Court has identified certainty as an essential factor in evaluating 17 misidentification, this Court cannot conclude that CALCRIM No. 315 violates federal due 18 process rights. The state court reasonably determined that petitioner’s due process rights were not 19 violated by CALCRIM No. 315. This Court, therefore, denies habeas relief on petitioner’s first 20 claim. 21 B. Claim Two: Admission of Evidence 22 Second, petitioner asserts that the trial court abused its discretion and committed 23 prejudicial error by allowing the jury to consider a prior uncharged burglary as propensity 24 evidence. (ECF No. 1 at 5.) Respondent disagrees, arguing that the admitted evidence does not 25 constitute a violation of clearly established federal law. (ECF No. 15 at 11-15.) 26 The state court considered his claim and rejected it on the grounds that the trial court did 27 not admit it to show propensity, but rather to show credibility of the witness’s identification. 28 ///// 1 Defendant first, for two reasons, contends the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the prosecution to present evidence of an 2 uncharged burglary—that is, a burglary for which there was testimony but that was not charged in this case. 3 Before turning to his specific contentions, we start with some 4 additional background. Defendant’s argument here concerns the testimony of Matthew Suttles. Before Suttles testified, the prosecutor 5 told the court that he would testify about count 3—which, again, involved the theft of the laptop from Suttles’s friend’s house. But 6 Suttles, the prosecution added, would also testify that he recognized defendant from an earlier incident involving the theft of his own 7 laptop—which relates to the uncharged burglary. A few months before Suttles encountered defendant at the friend’s house, Suttles 8 returned to his apartment to find his laptop missing and a cell phone on the floor. He called the police, turned over the cell phone, and, a 9 few months later, the police returned the phone to Suttles. Suttles afterward learned the number for the phone, entered it into Facebook, 10 and then connected the number to defendant’s Facebook page— which later allowed him to recognize defendant during the encounter 11 at his friend’s house. 12 Although defendant objected to the testimony concerning the theft of Suttles’s laptop, calling it prejudicial and confusing, the trial court 13 ultimately allowed it. It reasoned that the testimony about the uncharged burglary was admissible under Evidence Code section 14 1101, which allows the introduction of a defendant’s uncharged offenses “when relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, 15 opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, [or] absence of mistake or accident ...) other than his or her disposition to 16 commit such an act.” (Evid. Code, § 1101, subd. (b).) In the court’s view, the testimony about the uncharged burglary was relevant to 17 show identity, a common scheme, and intent. The court further found it inappropriate to exclude the testimony under Evidence Code 18 section 352, which allows courts to exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its 19 admission would “(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, 20 or of misleading the jury.” Suttles afterward testified as anticipated. 21 Following Suttles’s testimony, in closing arguments, the prosecutor contended the uncharged burglary was relevant to show Suttles’s 22 ability to accurately identify defendant. In particular, she argued, Suttles already “knew who [defendant] was,” and so was able to 23 identify him during the burglary charged in count 3, “because a few months prior his house ha[d] been broken into, his laptop was stolen, 24 and he found a phone” that had a number associated with defendant’s Facebook page. Consistent with the prosecutor’s closing arguments, 25 the court’s jury instructions also focused on the potential relevance of the uncharged burglary to the issue of identity. The court 26 instructed the jury: “If you decide that the defendant committed the offenses, you may, but are not required to, consider that evidence 27 [concerning the uncharged burglary] for the limited purpose of deciding whether” the “defendant was the person who committed the 28 offenses alleged in this case.” 1 With that background, we turn to defendant’s two contentions. First, defendant asserts, the evidence of the uncharged burglary “had no 2 tendency in reason to prove [his] ‘motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or 3 accident’ to commit” the burglary charged in count 3 or any of the other charged offenses. We disagree. 4 Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) generally bars 5 admission of evidence of a defendant’s other acts or offenses to prove the defendant’s “conduct on a specified occasion.” So, for example, 6 a prosecutor seeking to persuade a jury that a defendant committed theft on one “specified occasion” generally cannot introduce 7 evidence that the defendant was convicted of theft in the past. Evidence section 1101, subdivision (b) however, “provides a limited 8 basis for admission” of this type of evidence. (People v. Williams (1988) 44 Cal.3d 883, 904.) As relevant here, it allows the 9 introduction of a defendant’s uncharged offenses “when relevant to prove some fact (such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, 10 plan, knowledge, identity, [or] absence of mistake or accident ...) other than his or her disposition to commit such an act.” (Evid. Code, 11 § 1101, subd. (b).) 12 In this case, our focus is on the issue of identity. Although, again, the trial court initially found the uncharged burglary relevant to show 13 identity, intent, and a common scheme, the prosecutor ultimately only relied on the uncharged burglary to show identity and the court, 14 similarly, only instructed on the issue of identity. We thus limit our discussion to that topic. 15 The general standard for evaluating the relevance of other crimes’ 16 evidence to show identity—a standard that both parties focus on—is well established. “To be relevant on the issue of identity,” courts 17 have long explained, “the uncharged crimes must be highly similar to the charged offenses. [Citation.]” (People v. Kipp (1998) 18 18 Cal.4th 349, 369.) In particular, the charged and uncharged offenses must be so similar that they “display a ‘ “pattern and characteristics 19 ... so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature.” ‘ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 370.) The charged and uncharged offenses, in other words, 20 must be similar enough “to support the inference that the same person committed both acts.” (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 403.) 21 But although both parties look to this standard for evaluating the 22 admission of the uncharged burglary here, we find it a poor fit for our facts. In general, we agree, “the uncharged crimes must be highly 23 similar to the charged offenses” to establish relevance on the issue of identity. (People v. Kipp, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 369.) That is 24 because, in these types of cases, courts are generally considering whether the charged and uncharged offenses disclose a distinctive 25 modus operandi that supports “a strong inference that the defendant committed both crimes. [Citations.]” (People v. Bradford (1997) 15 26 Cal.4th 1229, 1316.) But the prosecutor’s theory of admissibility in this case did not turn on any distinctive modus operandi. The 27 prosecutor did not, for example, allege that the peculiar characteristics of the uncharged burglary tended to show that 28 defendant, and not some other person, committed the burglary 1 charged in count 3. She instead alleged that the facts surrounding the uncharged burglary tended to show that Suttles could accurately 2 identify defendant. In particular, the prosecutor alleged, these facts tended to show that Suttles already “knew who [defendant] was” and 3 so could identify him at the scene of the charged burglary. 4 Our facts, in this respect, have little to do with the typical case involving an uncharged act admitted to prove identity. And on our 5 somewhat usual facts—involving a witness who was able to identify a defendant in the act of committing a crime on one occasion 6 because, on a prior occasion, the defendant committed a similar crime against the witness—the test for admissibility is quite 7 different. The California Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Beamon (1973) 8 Cal.3d 625 (Beamon) demonstrates the point. The 8 defendant in that case pulled a gun on the driver of a delivery truck and took his truck. “After the truck had been driven a few blocks [the 9 witness] looked up at the [defendant]. Eighteen months earlier he had suffered a similar highjacking and he now recognized [the] defendant 10 as the person who had been tried for and acquitted of criminal charges filed in connection therewith.” (Id. at p. 630.) After the 11 defendant was charged for the second truck robbery, the driver testified at trial about both the second robbery and the first robbery 12 that had occurred some 18 months earlier. (Id. at p. 632.) On appeal, the defendant contended the trial court wrongly admitted evidence of 13 this prior wrongful conduct. (Ibid.) But the California Supreme Court disagreed. The driver’s identification of the defendant, the court 14 explained, was “materially buttressed by evidence that the victim was familiar with and able to recognize defendant because of 15 observations made at a time prior to the kidnaping and robbery. Evidence of the circumstances which made it possible for 16 the victim to identify defendant, although it disclosed a prior highjacking, was thus relevant to establish the credibility of the 17 identification.” (Ibid.) 18 The court in People v. Ellers (1980) 108 Cal.App.3d 943 (Ellers) reasoned similarly. An informant in that case, working with the 19 police, purchased heroin from a drug dealer and then identified the defendant as the dealer. (Id. at p. 948.) In part to bolster the 20 informant’s identification, the informant at trial “testified he had known [the defendant] for about ten years and had purchased heroin 21 from him during those years.” (Id. at pp. 952-953.) On appeal, the defendant contended the trial court wrongly admitted evidence of 22 these prior heroin sales. But the court disagreed, reasoning in part that “this evidence was probative as to whether the informant indeed 23 knew the identity of the man who sold him the heroin.” (Id. at p. 953.) 24 We find similarly here. The prosecution, again, sought to introduce Suttles’s testimony about the uncharged burglary to prove some fact 25 other than his disposition to commit burglaries—namely, to prove that Suttles could ably identify defendant based on his past 26 familiarity with defendant. Considering Beamon and Ellers, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in agreeing that 27 Suttles’s testimony about the uncharged burglary was admissible for this reason. To use the Beamon court’s language, Suttles’s 28 identification of defendant “is materially buttressed by evidence that 1 [Suttles] was familiar with and able to recognize [defendant] because of observations made at a time prior to the [charged burglary]. 2 Evidence of the circumstances which made it possible for [Suttles] to identify [defendant], although it disclosed a prior [burglary], was 3 thus relevant to establish the credibility of the identification.” (Beamon, supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 632.) 4 Defendant next contends that, even if the uncharged burglary had 5 some relevance, “the court nonetheless erred by admitting the evidence because the weak probative value was far outweighed by 6 the powerful prejudice this negative character evidence had on [defendant].” We reject this argument too. 7 Again, under Evidence Code section 352, evidence may be excluded 8 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission would “(a) necessitate undue consumption of time 9 or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” We decline, however, to find that 10 the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Suttles’s testimony. Suttles’s testimony about the uncharged burglary was clearly 11 relevant to establish the credibility of his identification of defendant—a critical issue for count 3. And although this testimony 12 was prejudicial to defendant to an extent—just as is true of all evidence of uncharged offenses—we decline to find that it was 13 unduly prejudicial. The testimony about the uncharged burglary was brief (covering less than 10 pages of the transcript), required no 14 additional witnesses, and concerned a crime no more inflammatory than the burglary charged in count 3. Considering these facts and 15 viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we find no abuse of discretion. 16 17 (ECF No. 16-11 at 6-11.) 18 To the extent that petitioner challenges the admissibility of Suttle’s testimony regarding 19 the uncharged burglary, habeas relief is unavailable. State law determines whether evidence is 20 admissible. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67-68; Holley v. Yarborough, 568 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. 21 2009). And errors of state law do not warrant federal habeas relief. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67- 22 68. “The admission of evidence does not provide a basis for habeas relief unless it rendered the 23 trial fundamentally unfair in violation of due process.” Johnson v. Sublett, 63 F.3d 926, 930 (9th 24 Cir. 1995). 25 “Under AEDPA,4 even clearly erroneous admissions of evidence that render a trial 26 fundamentally unfair may not permit the grant of federal habeas corpus relief if not forbidden by 27 ‘clearly established Federal law,’ as laid out by the Supreme Court.” Holley, 568 F.3d at 1101;
28 4 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. 1 see also Walden v. Shinn, 990 F.3d 1183, 1204 (9th Cir. 2021). Because the Supreme Court has 2 “not yet made a clear ruling that admission of irrelevant or overly prejudicial evidence constitutes 3 a due process violation sufficient to warrant issuance of the writ,” Holley, 568 F.3d at 1101, this 4 Court cannot conclude that the state court’s ruling was contrary to, or an unreasonable application 5 of, clearly established federal law. See generally Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 126 (2008) 6 (per curiam). To the extent petitioner contends that the trial court erred in admitting his testimony 7 as propensity evidence, the Supreme Court also has never held that propensity evidence violates 8 due process. See Estelle, 502 U.S. at 75, n.5; Mejia v. Garcia, 534 F.3d 1036, 1046-47 (9th Cir. 9 2008) (“While allowing an uncharged offense might sound more egregious than allowing an 10 uncounseled conviction, the United States Supreme Court has never established the principle that 11 introduction of evidence of uncharged offenses necessarily must offend due process.”); Larson v. 12 Palmateer, 515 F.3d 1057, 1066 (9th Cir. 2008); Alberni v. McDaniel, 458 F.3d 860, 866-67 (9th 13 Cir. 2006); see also Jennings v. Runnels, 493 F. App’x 903, 906 (9th Cir. 2012). 14 Further, the state court determined that Suttles’s testimony about the uncharged burglary 15 was admissible to prove his ability to identify petitioner, relevant to establish credibility of the 16 identification, and was not unduly prejudicial. (ECF No. 16-11 at 10-11.) These conclusions are 17 supported by the record and were not objectively unreasonable. (ECF No. 16-5 at 178-98.) This 18 Court finds that the state court’s rejection of petitioner’s claim was not contrary to, or an 19 unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law and denies habeas relief on this claim. 20 ///// 21 ///// 22 ///// 23 ///// 24 ///// 25 ///// 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 | VI. Conclusion 2 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 3 1. Petitioner’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus (ECF No. 1) 1s denied; 4 2. The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case. 5 3. The Court declines to issue the certificate of appealability referenced in 28 6 U.S.C. § 2253. 7 | Dated: January 24, 2023 ( ae f | / a /y i CAROLYNK. DELANEY 9 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 10 1] 12 || 20/smit2345.hab 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15