(HC) Castro v. Trate

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: February 13, 2024
• Docket: 1:23-cv-00982
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9

10 SALVADOR CASTRO, Case No. 1:23-cv-00982-JLT-SAB-HC

11 Petitioner, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO GRANT RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO 12 v. DISMISS

13 B.M. TRATE, et al., (ECF No. 13) 14 Respondents.

15 16 Petitioner Salvador Castro, represented by counsel, is a federal prisoner proceeding with 17 a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. 18 I. 19 BACKGROUND 20 Petitioner was convicted in the Tulare County Superior Court of being a felon in 21 possession of a firearm, in violation of California Penal Code section 12021(a)(1), and having 22 served a prior prison term pursuant to California Penal Code section 667.5. As Petitioner 23 previously had been convicted of three counts of robbery, the court sentenced him pursuant to 24 the three strikes law then in effect and imposed an imprisonment term of twenty-six years to life 25 on April 1, 1997. (ECF No. 1-2 at 1–2.1) In 2021, while Petitioner was serving his state sentence 26 in the custody of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”), 27 Petitioner was indicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. 1 (ECF No. 13 at 2; App. 16, 36.2) On August 27, 2021, the United States District Court for the 2 Northern District of California issued a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum. (United States 3 v. Cervantes, et al., No. 4:21-cr-00328-YGR (N.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2021), ECF No. 493.3) On 4 September 29, 2022, Petitioner pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy, in violation of 18 5 U.S.C. § 1962(d), pursuant to a plea agreement. (Cervantes, No. 4:21-cr-00328-YGR (N.D. Cal. 6 Sept. 29, 2022), ECF Nos. 445, 448.) That same day, Petitioner was sentenced to an 7 imprisonment term of eighty-eight months “to be served consecutive, that is not concurrent, to 8 any other term of imprisonment imposed by the state of California.” (Judgment at 2, Cervantes, 9 No. 4:21-cr-00328-YGR (N.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2022), ECF No. 449.)4 10 On June 29, 2023, Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 11 U.S.C. § 2241 in this Court. (ECF No. 1.) At the time of filing, Petitioner was housed at the 12 United States Penitentiary in Atwater, California (“USP Atwater”). (ECF No. 1 at 2.) On July 6, 13 2023, the Court ordered Respondent to file a response to the petition. (ECF No. 4.) 14 On September 5, 2023, the parties filed a stipulation for relating this case with Yrigollen 15 v. Trate, No. 1:23-cv-00981, Maldonado v. Trate, No. 1:23-cv-00993, Robledo v. Trate, No. 16 1:23-cv-00995, and Rodriguez v. Trate, No. 1:23-cv-01008, and modified briefing schedules. 17 (ECF No. 7.) On September 25, 2023,5 Judge Thurston related and reassigned the cases. (ECF 18 No. 9.) On October 27, 2023, Respondent filed a motion to dismiss and response to the petition. 19 2 “App.” refers to the Appendix filed by Respondent on October 27, 2023, and the page numbers refer to the 20 pagination stamped in bold at the bottom right corner. (ECF No. 13-1.) 3 The writ stated in pertinent part: 21 Pursuant to the foregoing petition and order, you are directed to produce the body of SALVADOR CASTRO . . . , who is in the custody of Pleasant Valley State Prison, . . . to the U.S. Marshal 22 and/or his authorized deputies prior to appearing before the Honorable Nathanael Cousins, United States Magistrate Judge for the Northern District of California, . . . on September 15, 2021, at 1:00 23 p.m., or as soon thereafter as practicable, on the charges filed against defendant in the above- entitled Court and further to produce said defendant at all future hearings as necessary until the 24 termination of the proceedings in this Court. (Writ at 4, Cervantes, No. 4:21-cr-00328-YGR (N.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2021), ECF No. 493.) See U.S. ex rel. Robinson 25 Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992) (The Court “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); United States v. Raygoza-Garcia, 902 26 F.3d 994, 1001 (9th Cir. 2018) (“A court may take judicial notice of undisputed matters of public record, which may include court records available through PACER.”). 27 4 On May 24, 2021, Petitioner was sentenced in this Court to an imprisonment term of 210 months. (ECF No. 13 at 2 n.2; Judgment, United States v. Castro, No. 1:19-cr-00143-DAD (E.D. Cal. May 28, 2021), ECF No. 238.) 1 (ECF No. 13.) On December 7, 2023, Petitioner filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss and 2 reply in support of the petition. (ECF No. 14.) 3 II. 4 DISCUSSION 5 Petitioner raises one ground for relief in the petition, asserting that he is being held in the 6 custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) “in violation of the doctrine of primary 7 jurisdiction” because the “State of California, CDCR, has primary jurisdiction of petitioner, and 8 service of his preexisting state term may not be interrupted for him to serve the federal term.” 9 (ECF No. 1 at 7.) Respondent moves to dismiss the petition, arguing that there is no § 2241 10 jurisdiction to challenge Petitioner’s place of confinement, Petitioner is not under the primary 11 jurisdiction of the State of California, and Petitioner failed to exhaust administrative remedies. 12 (ECF No. 13 at 1.) 13 A. Standing 14 Respondent asserts that “as a threshold matter, Petitioner’s transfer back to the custody of 15 the state of California claim — under the primary jurisdiction doctrine —must be jurisdictionally 16 dismissed for lack of constitutional standing and failure to state a claim under law.” (ECF No. 13 17 at 2–3.) Respondent contends that because “primary jurisdiction does not establish jurisdiction 18 under § 2241, Petitioner lacks standing to demand that any sovereign (state or federal) with 19 primary jurisdiction over him be compelled under § 2241 by this EDCA court-of-custody to be 20 released to another sovereign (state or federal).” (Id. at 3.) Petitioner argues that “Respondent has 21 confused the question of merit with that of jurisdiction and standing.” (ECF No. 14 at 1.) 22 “Trained on ‘whether the plaintiff is [a] proper party to bring [a particular lawsuit,]’ 23 standing is ‘[o]ne element’ of the Constitution’s case-or-controversy limitation on federal 24 judicial authority, expressed in Article III of the Constitution.” Arizona State Legislature v. 25 Arizona Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 576 U.S. 787, 799 (2015) (alterations in original) 26 (quoting Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 818 (1997)). The Supreme Court has cautioned that “one 27 must not ‘confus[e] weakness on the merits with absence of Article III standing.’” Arizona State 1 229, 249 n.10 (2011)). In light of the Supreme Court’s admonition, and given the motion to 2 dismiss argues Petitioner’s claim “must be jurisdictionally dismissed for lack of constitutional 3 standing and failure to state a claim under law,” (ECF No. 13 at 2–3 (emphasis added)), the 4 Court finds that Respondent’s arguments regarding lack of standing are better understood as 5 shorthand for failure to state a claim that would entitle Petitioner to habeas relief.6 See Moody v. 6 Holman, 887 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11th Cir. 2018) (“The reference in our earlier cases to lack of 7 standing is therefore best seen as shorthand for holding that the prisoners in question, as a matter 8 of substantive law, did not have a claim that would entitle them to habeas relief.”); Bean v. 9 Matteucci, 986 F.3d 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2021) (noting that “the state mischaracterizes the 10 cognizability question as a subject-matter jurisdiction issue” and distinguishing “a petitioner’s 11 obligation to satisfy the elements of his claim for habeas relief” from “a district court’s subject- 12 matter jurisdiction”). 13 B. Primary Jurisdiction 14 “The concept of primary jurisdiction was established by the Supreme Court . . . a century 15 ago, when it acknowledged the need for comity between state and federal authorities with respect 16 to managing defendants who are subject to both state and federal criminal prosecutions and 17 sentences.” Johnson v. Gill, 883 F.3d 756, 761 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Ponzi v. Fessenden, 258 18 U.S. 254, 259 (1922)). “In Ponzi, the Supreme Court stated the general rule that the first 19 sovereign to arrest a defendant obtains primary jurisdiction over him as against other 20 sovereigns.” Johnson, 883 F.3d at 761 (citing Ponzi, 258 U.S. at 260). “Nevertheless, the 21 sovereign with primary jurisdiction could consent to the defendant’s transfer to another 22 sovereign for trial or other proceedings.” Johnson, 883 F.3d at 762 (citing Ponzi, 258 U.S. at 23 261). “Such a decision is vested ‘solely to the discretion of the sovereignty making it,’ acting 24 through ‘its representatives with power to grant it.’” Johnson, 883 F.3d at 762 (quoting Ponzi, 25 258 U.S. at 260). Thus, “[t]he term ‘primary jurisdiction’ in this context refers to the

26 6 This conclusion is further supported by Respondent’s arguments that “Petitioner does not allege that his federal custody for service of his NDCA sentence is in violation of the Constitution, federal law, or treaties as required by 27 § 2241. Rather, Petitioner falsely claims the doctrine of primary jurisdiction conveys obligation that Petitioner must be returned to the entity (CDCR) that had prior custody. There is no such obligation under the Constitution, federal 1 determination of priority of custody and service of sentence between state and federal 2 sovereigns.” Taylor v. Reno, 164 F.3d 440, 444 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. 3 Warren, 610 F.2d 680, 684 (9th Cir. 1980)). “A lack of ‘primary jurisdiction’ does not mean that 4 a sovereign does not have jurisdiction over a defendant. It simply means that the sovereign lacks 5 priority of jurisdiction for purposes of trial, sentencing and incarceration.” Taylor, 164 F.3d at 6 444 n.1 (citing Warren, 610 F.2d at 684–85). Accord Johnson, 883 F.3d at 759 n.1. 7 Petitioner acknowledges that the “question of primary jurisdiction usually arises in the 8 context of whether a prisoner is entitled to credits against a federal sentence pursuant to 18 9 U.S.C. § 3585,” but contends that the principle “applies equally to the order in which multiple 10 sentences, whether imposed consecutively or concurrently should be served,” and asserts that the 11 principles articulated by Thomas v. Brewer, 923 F.2d 1361 (9th Cir. 1991), and Johnson v. Gill, 12 883 F.3d 756 (9th Cir. 2018), “control the outcome here.” (ECF No. 1-2 at 3.) 13 Thomas concerned “the effect of producing a prisoner in state custody for sentencing in 14 federal court on when the federal sentence is deemed to commence.” 923 F.2d at 1366. Johnson 15 also concerned the issue of when a federal sentence is deemed to commence, albeit involving 16 two erroneous transfers to federal authorities while the petitioner served his state sentence. 883 17 F.3d at 759. Although the question of primary jurisdiction was central to the analysis in both 18 Thomas and Johnson, the Court finds that those cases do not directly control here. Rather, the 19 Ninth Circuit was previously presented with a habeas petition raising an identical claim to the 20 one raised here in Stamphill v. Johnston, 136 F.2d 291, 291 (9th Cir. 1943), which controls the 21 outcome in the instant matter. 22 In Stamphill, the petitioner had been serving an Oklahoma state sentence when he was 23 surrendered to the United States Marshal Service pursuant to a writ of habeas corpus ad 24 prosequendum for trial in the federal court, which resulted in his conviction and sentence. 136 25 F.2d at 291. The writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum issued by the federal court contained 26 language that “when final disposition has been made of the above styled and numbered cause [in 27 federal court], you shall return the said defendants to the Oklahoma State Penitentiary at 1 federal court, the petitioner was taken to a United States penitentiary and was serving his federal 2 sentence when he filed his habeas petition. Id. at 291–92. 3 [The petitioner]’s claim is that he should be restored to the state penitentiary to finish the service of the state sentence there before being required to serve his 4 federal sentence in the United States penitentiary at Alcatraz is based in part upon the form of the writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum under which he was 5 delivered to the United States marshal for trial in the federal court, and in part upon the theory that the state court having first acquired jurisdiction over him he 6 has a right to insist upon his imprisonment under the state judgment of conviction notwithstanding a subsequent conviction for a federal offense. 7 8 Stamphill, 136 F.2d at 291. The Ninth Circuit stated, “It is clear that the federal authorities had 9 actual possession of [petitioner] during his trial in the federal court. Jurisdiction resulted from 10 that possession, and it follows that any question concerning the rightfulness of what was done in 11 the exercise of that jurisdiction is merely a question of comity.” Id. at 292 (emphasis added). 12 Thus, “[s]uch a question cannot be raised by habeas corpus, which can be used to question the 13 validity of imprisonment only upon constitutional grounds or on the ground, not presented by 14 this case, of violation of a fundamental constitutional guarantee.” Id. (citations omitted). In 15 support of its conclusion, the Ninth Circuit noted that “[a]s pointed out by the Supreme Court in 16 Ponzi v. Fessenden, the arrangement made between the two sovereigns, the state and federal 17 governments, does not concern the defendant who has violated the laws of each sovereignty and 18 he cannot in his own right demand priority for the judgment of either.” Stamphill, 136 F.2d at 19 292 (citation omitted). 20 The Ninth Circuit came to the same conclusion in Poland v. Stewart, 117 F.3d 1094 (9th 21 Cir. 1997). In Poland, the petitioner’s conviction in Arizona state court was overturned by the 22 Arizona Supreme Court. Id. at 1096. At the time of the state retrial, the petitioner was in a federal 23 penitentiary serving his federal sentence. Id. at 1097. The petitioner was transferred to the 24 custody of the State of Arizona for the state retrial and was again convicted and sentenced to 25 death. The petitioner remained in Arizona state custody when he filed a federal habeas petition. 26 Id. Therein, Poland argued he could not “be executed by Arizona until his federal sentence ha[d] 27 ‘expired[,]’” citing to Ponzi v. Fessenden. Poland, 117 F.3d at 1097. The Ninth Circuit held “[i]t 1 cited to Stamphill v. Johnston, and Gunton v. Squier, 185 F.2d 470, 471 (9th Cir. 1950), which 2 declared that “[i]t is well recognized rule of law that a person who has violated the criminal 3 statutes of both the Federal and State Government may not complain of the order in which he is 4 tried or punished for such offenses.” Poland, 117 F.3d at 1098 (quotation marks omitted) 5 (quoting Gunton, 185 F.2d at 471). 6 Accordingly, Stamphill and Poland stand for the proposition that there is no cognizable 7 federal right to require the first sovereign to regain custody and have a prisoner complete his 8 unexpired sentence before serving the sentence imposed by the second sovereign. See Moody, 9 887 F.3d at 1290–91 (11th Cir. 2018) (collecting a “number of federal and state cases hold[ing] 10 that” a petitioner “cannot delay his execution by the second sovereign until he finishes serving a 11 non-capital sentence imposed by the first sovereign,” and finding that “[t]he rationale of these 12 cases is that the prisoner does not have a cognizable federal right to require the first sovereign to 13 take back custody and have him complete its unexpired sentence”); United States ex rel. 14 Buchalter v. Warden of Sing Sing Prison, 141 F.2d 259, 259–60 (2d Cir. 1944) (L. Hand, J.) 15 (“Obviously, he [the prisoner] has actually the greatest possible interest in serving the remainder 16 of his federal [first sovereign] sentence, and the only question is whether that is an interest that 17 the law recognizes: i.e., whether it is a ‘right.’ It is not. . . . If it was unlawful for the Attorney 18 General to surrender custody of the prisoner, and to make it impossible for any further execution 19 of the federal sentence, it was not a wrong for him, for that sentence was imposed only in the 20 interest of the United States, not in any degree whatever as a benefit to the [prisoner]. He has 21 been deprived of nothing to which he was entitled; if the United States has been so deprived, he 22 may not vicariously assert its rights.”). 23 Petitioner explains that in essence the “question is whether the two sovereigns may agree 24 to interrupt service of one sentence to allow service of another term and further, whether any 25 such agreement to do so is valid. These questions encompass whether the CDCR had the 26 authority to agree to surrender primary jurisdiction to the United States Department of Justice at 27 all.” (ECF No. 14 at 3.) Based on Stamphill, Poland, and Ponzi, the answer is that this “is merely 1 “constitutional grounds” or a “violation of a fundamental constitutional guarantee” and there is 2 no cognizable federal right to require the first sovereign to regain custody and have a prisoner 3 complete his unexpired sentence before serving the sentence imposed by the second sovereign. 4 Stamphill, 136 F.2d at 292. Accordingly, the Court finds that Petitioner fails to state a cognizable 5 claim for federal habeas corpus relief and recommends that the petition be dismissed on this 6 ground.7 7 III. 8 RECOMMENDATION 9 Based on the foregoing, the Court HEREBY RECOMMENDS that: 10 1. Respondent’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13) be GRANTED; and 11 2. The petition for writ of habeas corpus be DISMISSED. 12 This Findings and Recommendation is submitted to the assigned United States District 13 Court Judge, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636 (b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local 14 Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within 15 fourteen (14) days after service of the Findings and Recommendation, any party may file 16 written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be 17 captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation.” Replies to the 18 objections shall be served and filed within fourteen (14) days after service of the objections. The 19 assigned District Judge will then review the Magistrate Judge’s ruling pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 20 § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time 21 /// 22 /// 23 7 In light of this conclusion, the Court declines to address whether dismissal is warranted for failure to exhaust. The 24 Court observes that even if Petitioner’s claim to be transferred back to state custody pursuant to the primary jurisdiction doctrine was cognizable in federal habeas corpus, considering “the record as a whole,” it appears that 25 primary jurisdiction lies with the federal government. Johnson, 883 F.3d at 765. The record before this Court includes: (1) a copy of a BOP letter, dated September 2, 2022, addressed to Kathleen Allison, then-Secretary of the CDCR, “in response to [Allison’s] letter dated August 31, 2022, in which [Allison] request[ed] the Federal Bureau 26 of Prisons accept primary jurisdiction for 13 currently incarcerated California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) inmates,” including Petitioner, and agreeing to accept primary jurisdiction; and (2) a state- 27 lodged detainer, which reflects that Petitioner was released to BOP “for service of concurrent sentences between California and your agency/department.” (App. 10–13.) See Johnson, 883 F.3d at 766, 768 (lodging of detainer is a 1 | may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 2 | 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. FA. ee 5 Dated: _ February 12, 2024 "

‘ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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