(HC) Arciga v. Frauenheim

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: January 10, 2023
• Docket: 1:15-cv-01372
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARIO ARCIGA, No. 1:15-cv-01372-DAD-CDB (HC) 12 Petitioner, 13 v. ORDER DENYING RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO STAY PENDING APPEAL 14 SCOTT FRAUENHEIM, Warden, (Doc. No. 72) 15 Respondent.

16 17 This matter is before the court on respondent’s motion to stay the effect of this court’s 18 November 21, 2022 order granting habeas relief (Doc. No. 68) pending respondent’s appeal of 19 that order to the Ninth Circuit. (Doc. No. 72.) In the pending motion, respondent alternatively 20 requests that this court enter a temporary stay to enable him to seek a stay from the Ninth Circuit. 21 (Id. at 5.) A hearing on the pending motion was not held because the parties agreed to have the 22 court decide the motion on the papers. (Id. at 1, n.1.) For the reasons explained below, the court 23 will deny respondent’s motion for a stay of this court’s November 21, 2022 order. 24 BACKGROUND 25 On June 15, 2022, the court issued an order providing for petitioner’s application for a 26 writ of habeas corpus to proceed only on his Batson claim and concluded that petitioner had 27 “made a prima facie showing of racial discrimination in the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory 28 challenges” and thus had “satisfie[d] the requirements of Batson’s first step by producing 1 evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that discrimination has 2 occurred.” (Doc. No. 43 at 33) (quoting Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 170 (2005)). As 3 explained thoroughly in this court’s June 15, 2022 order, petitioner Arciga made a strong “prima 4 facie showing of racial discrimination in the prosecutor’s use of peremptory strikes at his trial 5 because there is a statistical disparity significant enough—10 of 15 strikes (66.6%)—that it alone 6 raises an inference of bias, and that inference is not dispelled by consideration of the totality of 7 the circumstances.” (Id.) 8 Consistent with Ninth Circuit precedent, in its June 15, 2022 order, the court concluded 9 that “an evidentiary hearing will be necessary in order to appropriately resolve petitioner’s Batson 10 claim,” and scheduled a status conference with the parties to discuss the setting of an evidentiary 11 hearing. (Doc. No. 43 at 33–34) (citing Johnson v. Finn, 665 F.3d 1063, 1072 (9th Cir. 2011)). 12 The court held a status conference for this purpose on August 1, 2022. (Doc. No. 54.) At that 13 conference, respondent’s counsel expressed the view that it was petitioner who bore the burden of 14 production at the evidentiary hearing—a view that was not shared by the court or by counsel for 15 petitioner. Nevertheless, the court set a briefing schedule for the parties to address the question of 16 which party bears the burden at an evidentiary hearing for purposes of the Batson step two 17 analysis. After considering the parties’ arguments, on October 24, 2022, the court issued an order 18 confirming that controlling precedent makes clear that it is the respondent who bears the burden 19 of production at Batson step two and denying respondent’s motion for reconsideration of the 20 court’s June 15, 2022. (Doc. No. 64.) 21 In its October 24, 2022 order, the court also directed “respondent to first ascertain whether 22 the prosecutor is able to recall her reasons for striking the prospective jurors at issue in this case, 23 such that an evidentiary hearing would be productive.” (Id. at 6.) On November 14, 2022, 24 respondent filed a response, acknowledging that the prosecutor lacked any recollection of the jury 25 selection at the trial in petitioner’s underlying criminal case. (Doc. No. 65.) Accordingly, on 26 November 16, 2022, the parties filed a joint stipulation in which they agreed that an evidentiary 27 hearing at Batson step two would not be productive in this case because respondent had no 28 ///// 1 evidence to offer at such a hearing and thus the matter should be submitted for decision on the 2 existing record. (Doc. No. 66.) 3 On November 21, 2022, the court issued an order resuming its analysis of petitioner’s 4 Batson claim and readily concluded that petitioner had “satisfied his burden of persuasion to 5 prove purposeful racial discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence.” (Doc. No. 68 at 7.) 6 Accordingly, the court granted petitioner’s petition for federal habeas relief, specifically ordering 7 that: “Respondent shall release petitioner Arciga from custody and all collateral consequences 8 resulting from his 2012 conviction in the Fresno County Superior Court unless the State of 9 California provides him with a new trial within (90) days from the date of entry of judgment in 10 this case.” (Id.) Judgement was entered that same day. (Doc. No. 69.) Accordingly, the court’s 11 conditional release order directed that petitioner be released by February 19, 2023 but only if the 12 state did not provide him with a new trial by that date. 13 On December 21, 2022, respondent filed a notice of appeal of this court’s November 21, 14 2022 order and judgment to the Ninth Circuit. (Doc. No. 70.)1 15 Also on December 21, 2022, respondent filed the pending motion to stay the effect of this 16 court’s order granting habeas relief until the Ninth Circuit has resolved respondent’s appeal of 17 that order, or in the alternative, to grant a temporary stay to enable respondent to seek a stay in the 18 Ninth Circuit. (Doc. No. 72.) On January 3, 2023, petitioner filed an opposition to respondent’s 19 motion to stay, and on January 5, 2023, respondent filed his reply thereto. (Doc. Nos. 74, 75.) 20 LEGAL STANDARD 21 “The typical relief granted in federal habeas corpus is a conditional order of release unless 22 the State elects to retry the successful habeas petitioner” within a certain period of time. Herrera 23 v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 403 (1993). 24 ///// 25

1 A review of the Ninth Circuit’s docket in respondent’s appeal reflects that, as of the date of this 26 order, the Clerk of the Ninth Circuit received respondent’s notice of appeal and set a briefing 27 schedule, with respondent’s opening brief due on February 21, 2023 and petitioner’s answering brief due on March 21, 2023. See Arciga v. Fraunheim, No. 22-16974, appeal docketed (9th Cir. 28 Dec. 22, 2022). No other filings have been docketed in respondent’s appeal. 1 Pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, “[w]hile a decision 2 ordering the release of a prisoner is under review, the prisoner must—unless the court or judge 3 rendering the decision, or the court of appeals, or the Supreme Court, or a judge or justice of 4 either court orders otherwise—be released on personal recognizance, with or without surety.” 5 Fed. R. App. P. 23(c). “[I]n deciding whether to stay pending appeal a district court order 6 granting relief to a habeas petitioner,” federal courts apply Rule 23(c), which “undoubtedly 7 creates a presumption of release from custody in such cases, but that presumption may be 8 overcome if the judge rendering the decision, or an appellate court or judge, ‘otherwise orders.’” 9 Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 774 (1987).2 “[A] court making an initial custody 10 determination under Rule 23(c) should be guided not only by the language of the Rule itself but 11 also by the factors traditionally considered in deciding whether to stay a judgment in a civil case.” 12 Id. at 777 (noting that the presumption of release “may be overcome if the traditional stay factors 13 tip the balance against it”). 14 In civil cases, “[a] stay is not a matter of right, even if irreparable injury might otherwise 15 result.” Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 433 (2009). A stay “is instead an exercise of judicial 16 discretion, and the propriety of its issue is dependent upon the circumstances of the particular 17 case.” Id. (internal quotation and brackets omitted). “The party requesting a stay bears the 18 burden of showing that the circumstances justify an exercise of that discretion.” Id. at 433–34. 19 In exercising discretion to grant or deny a stay in civil cases, courts consider the following 20 factors: “(1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that he is likely to succeed on 21 the merits; (2) whether the applicant will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether 22 issuance of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested in the proceeding; and (4) 23

24 2 As the Ninth Circuit has explained: 25 The plain language of Rule 23 gives the district court jurisdiction concurrent with the appeals court over the custody of a habeas 26 petitioner. As the Supreme Court has made clear, a district court has broad discretion in conditioning a judgment granting habeas relief, 27 including whether or not to release a prisoner pending appeal.

28 Stein v. Wood, 127 F.3d 1187, 1190 (9th Cir. 1997) (citing Hilton, 481 U.S. at 775). 1 where the public interest lies.” Id. at 434 (quoting Hilton, 481 U.S. at 776). The Ninth Circuit 2 has held that courts should apply these factors flexibly when analyzing stay requests. See Leiva- 3 Perez v. Holder, 640 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 2011) (reasoning, in part, that “stays are typically 4 less coercive and less disruptive than are injunctions”). To apply the factors flexibly, courts 5 employ a “sliding scale,” meaning that the factors are balanced so that “a stronger showing of one 6 element may offset a weaker showing of another.” Id. at 964–66 (quoting in part Alliance for the 7 Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011)); Kum Tat Ltd. v. Linden Ox 8 Pasture, LLC, No. 3:14-cv-02857-WHO, 2015 WL 674962, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2015). 9 Under this sliding scale approach, 10 a moving party who cannot show a strong likelihood of success on the merits may nonetheless be entitled to a stay where he shows that 11 his appeal “raises serious legal questions, or has a reasonable probability or fair prospect of success.” Leiva-Perez, 640 F.3d at 12 971. A party satisfying this lower threshold under the first Nken factor is not required to show that it is more likely than not to win on 13 the merits, but it must demonstrate that the balance of hardships under the second and third factors tilts sharply in its favor. 14 15 Kum Tat, 2015 WL 674962, at *2 (cleaned up). 16 In federal habeas corpus cases, “[t]he most important factor is the first, that is, whether the 17 state has made a strong showing of likely success on the merits of its appeal of the district court’s 18 decision.” Haggard v. Curry, 631 F.3d 931, 935 (9th Cir. 2010). “Where the State establishes 19 that it has a strong likelihood of success on appeal, or where, failing that, it can nonetheless 20 demonstrate a substantial case on the merits, continued custody is permissible if the second and 21 fourth factors in the traditional stay analysis militate against release.” Hilton, 481 U.S. at 778. 22 However, “[w]here the State’s showing on the merits falls below this level, the preference for 23 release should control.” Id. 24 In addition, courts may also consider “the possibility of flight,” the “risk that the prisoner 25 will pose a danger to the public if released,” and “[t]he State’s interest in continuing custody and 26 rehabilitation pending a final determination of the case on appeal.” Id. at 777. 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 ANALYSIS 2 In the pending motion, respondent asks this court to grant a stay of its November 21, 2022 3 order pending resolution of respondent’s appeal to the Ninth Circuit, or in the alternative, to grant 4 a temporary stay to enable respondent to seek a stay from the Ninth Circuit. (Doc. No. 72.) In 5 support of his motion, respondent argues that: he has a “fair prospect” of prevailing on the merits 6 of his appeal; he would suffer irreparable injury if a stay is not granted; and the public interest lies 7 in granting a stay because there is a “possibility of flight” if petitioner is released and a fair risk 8 that petitioner will pose a danger to the public. (Id. at 2–4.) 9 As to the first Hilton factor, importantly, respondent does not contend that he has a strong 10 likelihood of success on the merits of his appeal. Rather, respondent merely contends that he has 11 a “substantial case on the merits” for three reasons. First, respondent argues that this court 12 improperly considered sua sponte the question of whether the state appellate court applied the 13 wrong legal standard because the legal theory raised in petitioner’s pro se petition was that the 14 trial court applied the wrong legal standard to his Batson motion, not the state appellate court. 15 (Id. at 2.) Thus, respondent argues that “a fair prospect thus exists that a reviewing court would 16 find this Court improperly questions the California Court of Appeal’s standard of review.” (Id.) 17 Second, respondent argues that there is a fair prospect that a reviewing court would hold that, at 18 the time of petitioner’s direct appeal, the Supreme Court had not clearly established the standard 19 of review to be applied by state appellate courts when reviewing a trial court’s denial of a Batson 20 motion. (Id.) Third, according to respondent, 21 [a] fair prospect is that a reviewing court would hold the standard applied by the California Court of Appeal here—does ‘the record 22 suggests [sic] grounds upon which the prosecutor might reasonably have challenged the jurors in question—is sufficiently equivalent to 23 a pre-AEDPA rule of writ denial when the record shows facts that ‘would’ have sufficed, and thus compels denial in this post-AEDPA 24 case. 25 (Id. at 4.) 26 In opposition, petitioner emphasizes that respondent bases his motion on his belief that 27 there is a fair prospect that the Ninth Circuit “will find fault with this court’s procedural approach 28 or its legal conclusions,” and for this reason, respondent’s arguments in this regard “simply 1 rehash issues that have already been analyzed and resolved by this court.” (Doc. No. 74 at 6.) 2 The court agrees and will incorporate by reference herein and need not repeat its thorough 3 analysis from its June 15, 2022 order (see Doc. No. 43 at 3–12) and its analysis from its October 4 24, 2022 order (see Doc. No. 64 at 2–3), in which the court rejected the same arguments as those 5 respondent has raised again in the pending motion.3 Respondent may continue to disagree with 6 this court’s rulings, as reflected in respondent’s reply brief (see Doc. No. 75 at 4–7), but that 7 disagreement is insufficient to demonstrate that there exists a substantial case on the merits of his 8 appeal. Again, given the clear and controlling precedent that governed this court’s analysis as set 9 forth in its order granting petitioner federal habeas relief, respondent has not demonstrated that 10 reasonable jurists may differ with this court’s assessment of petitioner’s Batson claim, such that 11 respondent’s appeal represents a substantial case on the merits. 12 Accordingly, consideration of the first Hilton factor—the most important factor—does not 13 weigh in favor of granting respondent’s motion to stay. See Crittenden v. Chappell, No. 2:95-cv- 14 01957-KJM, 2013 WL 6840451, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 24, 2013) (“declin[ing] to issue a full stay 15 pending appeal because respondent has shown neither a strong likelihood of success on appeal to 16 the Ninth Circuit nor a substantial case on the merits” even though respondent had shown a 17 possibility of success on one claim). Respondent’s deficient showing as to this factor alone is a 18 sufficient basis upon which to deny respondent’s motion. See Taylor v. Davis, No. 92-cv-01627- 19 EMC, 2016 WL 7102825, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2016) (“Respondent has, thus, failed to show 20 even a substantial case on the merits of his claim . . . , let alone a likelihood of success on the 21 merits on appeal. This factor, therefore, weighs strongly in favor of Petitioner. This alone is a 22 ground for denying the stay.”). Nevertheless, the court will briefly address the other Hilton 23 3 In addition, the court is not persuaded by respondent’s new argument that because petitioner’s 24 pro se petition stated “Batson/Wheeler error” as a ground for relief (Doc. No. 1 at 2, 3) but argued only that the trial court had applied an incorrect legal standard (id. at 30), this court should have 25 limited its review to the trial court’s ruling on petitioner’s Batson motion and ignored the state appellate court’s decision on petitioner’s direct appeal. It is well-established that “[t]he relevant 26 state court determination for purposes of AEDPA review is the last reasoned state court decision.” 27 Delgadillo v. Woodford, 527 F.3d 919, 925 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 804–05 (1991)). It was not improper for this court to consider the state appellate court’s 28 decision on petitioner’s direct appeal; indeed, such review was required. 1 factors, none of which tilt sharply in respondent’s favor. 2 As to the second Hilton factor, respondent summarily argues that he will be irreparably 3 injured absent the granting of a stay because he has a strong “interest in continuing custody and 4 rehabilitation” of petitioner, who was convicted in 2012 and thus has a long remaining portion of 5 his “25 years-to-life plus 19 years” sentence to serve. (Doc. No. 72 at 2.) While it is true that 6 “[t]he State’s interest in continuing custody and rehabilitation pending a final determination of the 7 case on appeal . . . will be strongest where the remaining portion of the sentence to be served is 8 long, and weakest where there is little of the sentence remaining to be served,” Hilton, 481 U.S. at 9 777, that interest alone does not establish irreparable injury to respondent absent a stay. 10 Respondent does not elaborate or specify as to how he would be irreparably harmed,4 choosing 11 instead to focus on the public interest, which is a separate factor addressed by the court below. 12 Accordingly, consideration of this factor is at most neutral; it does not weigh in favor of granting 13 respondent’s motion to stay. 14 As to the third Hilton factor, respondent acknowledges that petitioner has a substantial 15 interest in his release but argues that petitioner’s “significant criminal history, risk of flight and 16 long prison sentence diminish the weight of his interest in release.” (Doc. No. 72 at 5.) Petitioner 17 counters that his interest in release is significant and outweighs respondent’s interests because 18 “[h]e has spent more than 12 years in prison under a constitutionally defective conviction and 19 sentence,” and respondent has failed to show that he is a flight risk or poses a danger to the 20 4 For example, respondents in similar cases have argued that they faced irreparable injury absent 21 a stay pending appeal because they would not have enough time to locate witnesses and prepare for a retrial, and they would be forced to expend limited public resources on a retrial, which may 22 ultimately be found unnecessary depending on the resolution of the appeals. See, e.g., Taylor v. 23 Davis, No. 92-cv-01627-EMC, 2016 WL 7102825, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 2016); Sifuentes v. Brazelton, No. 09-cv-2902-PJH, 2014 WL 186867, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 16, 2014). In contrast, 24 here, respondent does not make any such arguments regarding wasted resources or insufficient time to prepare for a retrial. Notably, as highlighted by petitioner, the docket in petitioner’s 25 underlying case reflects that the Fresno County Superior Court has promptly taken steps towards a new trial, having already appointed a public defender to represent petitioner in his new trial, 26 ordered that petitioner be transferred and remain in the custody of the Fresno County Jail until 27 further court order, and set a case status conference for January 12, 2023. (See Doc. No. 74-2) (citing State of California v. Mario Alejandro Arciga, No. F10904281, Fresno County Superior 28 Court). 1 community. (Doc. No. 74 at 8.) To the contrary, petitioner notes that his criminal history is 2 based on events that occurred twenty years ago, when he was a juvenile. (Id. at 3.) Further, 3 petitioner emphasizes that he has the support of his mother, a long-time Fresno resident, who has 4 submitted a declaration attesting to her ability and willingness to care for petitioner and “provide 5 for his basic needs and healthcare, including providing him with suitable living arrangements” at 6 her home in Fresno, California. (Doc. Nos. 74 at 3; 74-1 at ¶ 5.) Accordingly, consideration of 7 the third factor also does not weigh in favor of granting respondent’s motion to stay. 8 Finally, as to the fourth Hilton factor of where the public interest lies, respondent contends 9 that he has established that there is “a fair risk that petitioner will pose a danger to the public if 10 released” because petitioner has a record of juvenile crimes (including assault and weapon 11 possession in school) and has been diagnosed with sexual sadism and antisocial personality 12 disorder, in which his “sexual aggression appears to be a method he finds acceptable for 13 discharging anger at women.” (Doc. No. 72 at 4.) As noted, petitioner counters that “the 14 criminal adjudications on which respondent relies to imply that petitioner might pose a danger to 15 the public if released happened almost 20 twenty years ago and therefore have little relevance to 16 whether he would currently pose a danger.” (Doc. No. 74 at 3) (citing Franklin v. Duncan, 891 F. 17 Supp. 516, 522 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (concluding that testimony of family abuse “related to events 18 happening over 20 years ago” is “less relevant to an evaluation of Franklin’s current danger”). In 19 addition, petitioner notes that CDCR’s decision to incarcerate him in a low-medium security 20 prison with open dormitories suggests that the state does not believe petitioner represents a 21 present danger to the community. (Id. at 4.) Petitioner also argues that “the public has a vital 22 interest in ensuring that the jury’s composition is not tainted by racial discrimination and, when it 23 is, the remedy will not be unduly delayed. (Id. at 8.) According to petitioner, “[g]iven the 24 dubious grounds for appeal in this case, and the countervailing interest in ending [his] unjust 25 incarceration, the public interest favors the prompt execution of this court’s grant of habeas 26 relief.” (Id. at 9.) 27 In reply, respondent argues that the fact of petitioner’s placement in a prison that does not 28 require a higher level of security is unresponsive to his arguments because women are not 1 incarcerated in that prison. (Doc. No. 75 at 7–8.) Respondent also adds to his argument that 2 petitioner poses a flight risk, noting that such a risk exists regardless of whether petitioner has any 3 financial resources to facilitate travel, because he might conceal himself locally with sympathetic 4 family and friends. (Id. at 7.) 5 The court concludes that respondent has not made a “particularized showing that 6 petitioner poses a flight risk or danger to the public.” See Walker v. Martel, No. 94-cv-1997- 7 SBA, 2011 WL 2837406, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 13, 2011). Accordingly, consideration of this 8 factor is at best neutral; it does not weigh in favor of granting respondent’s motion to stay. 9 In sum, on balance, consideration of the traditional Hilton factors does not weigh in favor 10 of the granting of respondent’s motion to stay. Importantly, because respondent seeks a stay 11 based on his demonstration of a “substantial case on the merits” (as opposed to a strong 12 likelihood of success on the merits), to obtain the stay, respondent must demonstrate that the 13 second and fourth factors militate against release. Hilton, 481 U.S. at 778. Respondent has not 14 done so. Consideration of those two factors is neutral and certainly does not tilt sharply in favor 15 of the granting respondent’s motion to stay. See Kum Tat, 2015 WL 674962, at *2 16 Accordingly, the court will deny respondent’s motion to stay the effect of this court’s 17 order granting habeas relief until the Ninth Circuit has resolved respondent’s appeal of that order. 18 The alternative relief that respondent requests is not entirely clear. Respondent requests in 19 the alternative “a temporary stay as necessary to enable respondent to seek a stay from the Ninth 20 Circuit.” (Doc. No. 75 at 10.) However, respondent does not specify a requested length of time 21 of the temporary stay sought or explain why the time provided by this court’s November 21, 2022 22 order was insufficient for his anticipated efforts to seek a stay in the Ninth Circuit. Moreover, in 23 support of the requested temporary stay, respondent cites only to the district court’s decision in 24 Haggard v. Curry, No. 06-cv-07658 SI, 2010 WL 3366197, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2010), in 25 which that district court granted a temporary stay, specifically extending the initial 30-day 26 deadline to release the petitioner by an additional 20 days. In contrast, this court provided a 90- 27 day deadline in its original order, and despite filing his notice of appeal on December 21, 2022, 28 which the Ninth Circuit docketed on December 22, 2022, respondent has not yet filed any 1 | requests or motions in the Ninth Circuit as of the date of this order. Thus, in light of the 2 | ambiguity in the alternative relief requested and the lack of an articulated basis for the granting of 3 | such relief, coupled with the fact that the current deadline for the state to retry or release 4 | petitioner is February 19, 2023 (more than thirty days from the date of this order), the court will 5 | deny respondent’s requested alternative relief. 6 CONCLUSION 7 For the reasons explained above: 8 1. Respondent’s motion to stay (Doc. No. 75) is denied; and 9 2. Respondent’s motion in the alternative for a temporary stay is denied. 10 | IT IS SO ORDERED. a Dated: _ January 10, 2023 Ll A 5 12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11