(HC) Ali v. Connors

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 HASSAN IAN, ) Case No. 1:21-cv-01325-SAB (PC) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO 13 v. ) RANDOMLY ASSIGN A DISTRICT JUDGE TO THIS ACTION 14 IAN CONNORS, et al., ) ) FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION 15 Defendants. ) RECOMMENDING THE ACTION BE ) DISMISSED FOR FAILURE TO STATE A 16 ) COGNIZABLE CLAIM FOR RELIEF ) 17 ) (ECF No. 1)

18 Plaintiff Hassan Ian is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights action 19 pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 20 (1971). Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s complaint, filed on September 2, 2021. 21 I. 22 SCREENING REQUIREMENT 23 A complaint filed by any person proceeding in forma pauperis is subject to sua sponte 24 dismissal, if it “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; 25 or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 26 1915(e)(2); see Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir. 2000) (section 1915(e) applies to all in 27 forma pauperis complaints, not just those filed by prisoners); Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 28 2001) (dismissal required of in forma pauperis proceedings which seek monetary relief from immune 1 defendants); Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995) (district court has discretion to 2 dismiss in forma pauperis complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)); Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193 3 (9th Cir. 1998) (affirming sua sponte dismissal for failure to state a claim). 4 The Court exercises its discretion to screen the plaintiff’s complaint in this action to determine 5 if it “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) 6 seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 7 In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, the Court uses the same pleading standard 8 used under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a). A complaint must contain “a short and plain 9 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief....” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed 10 factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 11 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 12 (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). 13 In reviewing the pro se complaint, the Court is to liberally construe the pleadings and accept as 14 true all factual allegations contained in the complaint. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). 15 Although a court must accept as true all factual allegations contained in a complaint, a court need not 16 accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “[A] complaint [that] pleads facts 17 that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability...‘stops short of the line between possibility 18 and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’ ” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Therefore, the 19 complaint must contain sufficient factual content for the court to draw the reasonable conclusion that 20 the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 21 II. 22 ALLEGATIONS IN COMPLAINT 23 The Court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations in the complaint as true only for the purpose of the 24 sua sponte screening requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 25 On October 25, 2019, and November 2, 2019, staff at the United States Penitentiary in Atwater 26 wrote a false incident report against Plaintiff for retaliatory reasons. On November 4, 2019, the 27 disciplinary hearing officer, C. Cervantes violated Plaintiff’s due process rights by deceiving him into 28 1 waiving his rights. Without such deception, Plaintiff would have had the opportunity to present 2 exculpatory witnesses and video evidence to provide the incident report was false. 3 The appeal response by Gene Beasley did not coincide with the facts and affirmations by the 4 disciplinary hearing officer. Ian Connor inappropriately denied Plaintiff’s appeal as untimely. As a 5 result, Plaintiff lost twenty-seven days of good time credit, fifteen day security housing placement, 6 ninety day loss of commissary, and thirty days of loss of personal property. 7 III. 8 DISCUSSION 9 A. Bivens Action 10 Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents, created a remedy for violations of constitutional rights 11 committed by federal officers acting in their individual capacities. Consejo de Desarrollo Economico 12 de Mexicall, A.C. v. United States, 482 F.3d 1157, 1173 (9th Cir.2007) (citing Bivens, 403 U.S. 388)). 13 Thus, to state a Bivens claims, a plaintiff must allege that persons acting under the color of federal law 14 violated his constitutional rights. Martin v. Sias, 88 F.3d 774, 775 (9th Cir.1996) (citing Van Strum v. 15 Lawn, 940 F.2d 406, 409 (9th Cir.1991)). 16 An action under Bivens is therefore identical to one brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 except for 17 the replacement of a state actor under § 1983 by a federal actor under Bivens. Id. 18 “In a suit against the United States, there cannot be a right to money damages without waiver 19 of sovereign immunity.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 400 (1976). The doctrine of sovereign 20 immunity bars Bivens actions against the United States. Arnsberg v. United States, 757 F.2d 971, 980 21 (9th Cir.1984). The Court therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' Bivens claims 22 against the government. Moreover, “[i]t has long been the rule that the bar of sovereign immunity 23 cannot be avoided by naming officers and employees of the United States as defendants.” Gilbert v. 24 DaGrossa, 756 F.2d 1455, 1458 (9th Cir.1985) (citing Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Commerce 25 Corp., 337 U.S. 682, 688 (1949)). Claims against federal officials in their official capacities are 26 essentially claims against the United States. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165–66 (1985) (citing 27 Monell v. N.Y.C. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n. 55 (1978)). Thus, a Bivens action “can be 28 maintained against a defendant in his or her individual action only, and not in his or her official 1 capacity.” Vaccaro v. Dobre, 81 F.3d 854, 857 (9th Cir.1996) (quoting Daly–Murphy, 837 F.2d 348 2 (9th Cir.1987)). 3 The Supreme Court has recently emphasized that “the Court has made clear that expanding the 4 Bivens remedy is now a ‘disfavored’ judicial activity,” which is “in accord with the Court’s observation 5 that it has ‘consistently refused to extend Bivens to any new context or new category of defendants.’ ” 6 Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1857 (2017) (first quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009); 7 then quoting Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 68 (2001)). Abbasi sets forth a two- 8 part test to determine whether a Bivens claim may proceed. 137 S. Ct. at 1859-60. A district court must 9 first consider whether the claim presents a new context from previously established Bivens remedies, 10 and if so, it must then apply a “special factors” analysis to determine whether “special factors counsel 11 hesitation” in expanding Bivens in the absence of affirmative action by Congress. Id. at 1857-60. 12 “If [a] case is different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens cases decided by [the Supreme 13 Court], the context is new.” Id. at 1859. The Abbasi Court provided several non-exhaustive examples 14 of differences meaningful enough to make a given context a new one: “the rank of the officers involved; 15 the constitutional right at issue; the generality or specificity of the official action; the extent of judicial 16 guidance as to how an officer should respond to the problem or emergency to be confronted; the statutory 17 or other legal mandate under which the officer was operating; the risk of disruptive intrusion by the 18 Judiciary into the functioning of other branches; or the presence of potential special factors that previous 19 Bivens cases did not consider.” Id. at 1859-60. 20 To date, the Supreme Court has only recognized a Bivens remedy in the context of the Fourth, 21 Fifth, and Eighth Amendments. See Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1860 (Supreme Court has approved three 22 Bivens claims in the past); Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 23 U.S. 388 (Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures); Davis v. 24 Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979) (Fifth Amendment gender-discrimination); Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 25 14 (1980) (Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause). The Supreme Court has never 26 implied a Bivens action under any clause of the First Amendment. See Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 27 658 n.4 (2012) (“We have never held that Bivens extends to First Amendment claims.”); Bush v. Lucas, 28 462 U.S. 367 (1983) (declining to extend Bivens to a First Amendment claim); but see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 1 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009) (“we have declined to extend Bivens to a claim sounding in the First 2 Amendment . . . Petitioners do not press this argument, however, so we assume, without deciding, that 3 respondent’s First Amendment claim is actionable under Bivens.”). 4 At step one, courts must determine whether a claim presents a “new Bivens context.” Abbasi, 5 137 S. Ct. at 1859. If courts answer that question in the affirmative, the analysis moves to step two, 6 which requires a determination of whether there are “special factors counselling hesitation in the 7 absence of affirmative action by Congress.” Id. at 1857 (citation omitted). If such factors exist, courts 8 should not extend “a Bivens-type remedy” to the claims at issue. Id. at 1859. 9 With regard to the first step of the test, the Court indicated that “even a modest extension is 10 still an extension,” and even if the differences are “perhaps small, at least in practical terms,” the “new 11 context inquiry is easily satisfied.” Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1864, 1865 (emphasis added). Additionally, 12 the context may be different “[e]ven though the right and the mechanism of injury [are] the same....” 13 Thus, a single meaningful difference in “almost parallel circumstances” is sufficient to satisfy the first 14 step of the Abbasi test. Id. at 1860 (finding contexts to be different where two cases both involved a 15 claim for failure to provide adequate medical treatment under the Eighth Amendment, but one case 16 involved federal prison officials and the other involved a private prison operator). 17 With regard to step two of the test—i.e., whether there are special factors counseling hesitation—the 18 Court instructed that: 19 the inquiry must concentrate on whether the Judiciary is well suited, absent congressional action or instruction, to consider and weigh the costs and benefits of allowing a damages 20 action. Thus, to be a “special factor counselling hesitation,” a factor must cause a court to hesitate before answering that question in the affirmative. 21

22 Id. at 1857–1858 (emphasis added). The Court reframed the “special factors” inquiry as a question of “ 23 ‘who should decide’ whether to provide for a damages remedy, Congress or the courts?” Id. at 1857. 24 The Court instructed that the “answer will most often be Congress.” Id. Notably, courts do not need to 25 reach a definitive answer as to whether the Judiciary is well suited to consider whether to allow a 26 damages action—a mere hesitation is sufficient for a court to find that it should not allow such a 27 remedy. 28 /// 1 In applying step two, the Court indicated that, when lower courts conduct the “special factors” 2 analysis, they should consider whether there are “alternative remedies available or other sound reasons 3 to think Congress might doubt the efficacy or necessity of a damages remedy....” Id. at 1865 (emphasis 4 added) (internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, the Court analyzed factors such as whether a 5 claim implicates a governmental policy such that it would entail “inquiry and discovery into the whole 6 course of the discussions and deliberations that led to the policies and governmental acts being 7 challenged,” and whether allowing a claim would “interfere in an intrusive way with sensitive 8 functions of the Executive Branch.” Id. at 1860–61. Thus, step two of the Abbasi test creates a very 9 low bar. When a case presents a “new Bivens context,” there will “most often” be factors that will 10 cause a court to hesitate before allowing a damages action. As a consequence, the Supreme Court's 11 decision in Abbasi is “close to limiting the Bivens cause of action to the circumstances of Bivens, 12 Davis, and Carlson, as it will be very difficult for any case not presenting those facts to survive [the 13 Abbasi] test.” See Boudette v. Sanders, Case No. 18-cv-02420-CMA-MEH, 2019 WL 3935168, at * 7 14 (D. Colo. Aug. 19, 2019) (citing Constitutional Remedies—Bivens Actions—Ziglar v. Abbasi, 131 15 Harv. L. Rev. 313, 318 (2017) (citing Larry Alexander, Constrained by Precedent, 63 S. Cal. L Rev. I, 16 20 (1989)). 17 The Supreme Court has never recognized a Bivens remedy under the First Amendment and the 18 Ninth Circuit has also refused to extend a Bivens remedy to a claim under the First Amendment. 19 Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 663 n. 4 (2012); Vega v. United States, 881 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th 20 Cir. 2018); Lee v. Matevousian, 2018 WL 5603593, at *3-4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2018) (declining to 21 infer Bivens remedy for First Amendment retaliation and denial of access to courts claims); Bush v. 22 Lucas, 462 U.S. 367 (1983) (the Court refused to extend Bivens to allow a federal employee to sue his 23 supervisor for retaliatory demotion under the First Amendment.). 24 In addition, the Ninth Circuit has held that a Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim 25 arising out of a prison disciplinary process is a “new context” under Abbasi. See Vega, 881 F.3d at 26 1153. Because inmates have administrative procedures as well as state-law claims with which to 27 challenge disciplinary sanctions, the Ninth Circuit concluded that Bivens should not be expanded in 28 this context. Id. at 1153-55. Other courts have likewise declined to find an implied Bivens cause of 1 action for Fifth Amendment due process. See, e.g., Hunt v. Matevousian, 336 F.Supp.3d 1159, 1169 2 (E.D. Cal. 2018). Both the existence of alternative remedial processes and other special factors 3 counselling hesitation weigh against extending the Bivens remedy to Plaintiff's First and Fifth 4 Amendments claims proposed in Plaintiff's case. First, federal prisoners have numerous alternative 5 remedies available to them, including the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) and the Bureau of Prison's 6 administrative grievance process. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 2674 (allowing an inmate to seek 7 money damages for personal injuries and property claims arising out of a federal employee's 8 negligence or wrongful conduct); 31 U.S.C. § 3724(a) (allowing the Attorney General to settle claims 9 for personal injuries and damages or lost personal property caused by federal law enforcement); 28 10 C.F.R. § 542.10(a) (establishing administrative-grievance procedure for “an inmate to seek formal 11 review of an issue relating to any aspect of his/her own confinement”). The Ninth Circuit and district 12 courts have recognized the adequacy of these alternative remedial schemes with regard to prisoners’ 13 First Amendment claims. See Buenrostro v. Fajardo, 770 F. App'x 807, 808 (9th Cir. 2019) (declining 14 to extend Bivens remedy for a prisoner allegedly punished for pursuing grievances and 15 litigation);Vega v. United States, 881 F.3d 1146, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2018) (declining to expand Bivens 16 to “Fifth Amendment procedural due process claims arising out of a prison disciplinary process”); 17 Sutter v. United States, No. 17-07245-SVW (DFM), 2019 WL 1841905, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 18 2019) (declining to extend Bivens to a Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim arising out of 19 allegations that inmate was punished for an infraction he did not commit); Thomas v. Matevousian, 20 No. 17-cv-01592-AWI-GSA-PC, 2018 WL 5099763, at *7-8 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2018) (declining to 21 extend Bivens to a Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim arising out of allegations that 22 inmate was “placed in the SHU without a finding of probable cause and detained in the SHU without a 23 hearing”). Therefore, pursuant to Abbasi, the Court should not “extend a Bivens-type remedy” to 24 Plaintiff’s retaliation and due process claims. Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. at 1859. 25 Concerning separation of powers and other “special factors” also counsel hesitation. Tellingly, 26 Congress “addressed the question of prisoners’ remedies in the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995” 27 and omitted a damages remedy, Buenrostro, 770 F. App'x at 808, which suggests that “Congress might 28 doubt the efficacy or necessity of a damages remedy” against federal jailers, Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1 1858. But insofar as Congress, through the FTCA and § 1983, has not provided a remedy to federal 2 prisoners, the separation of powers commands that this court must respect that silence. See Oliva v. 3 Nivar, 973 F.3d 438, 444 (5th Cir. 2020) (the “silence of Congress” is a special factor counseling 4 hesitation) (quoting Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. at 1862). Especially because, as the FTCA and § 1983 5 demonstrate, “Congress ... knows how to create a cause of action to recover damages for constitutional 6 violations when it wishes to do so.” Hernandez v. Mesa, ––– U.S. ––––, 140 S. Ct. 735, 752, 206 7 L.Ed.2d 29 (2020). Plaintiff's claims implicate significant separation of powers concerns vis-à-vis 8 prison administration and implying a new Bivens remedy for such claims would undoubtedly impose a 9 large burden on the judiciary and prison officials. Cox v. United States, 2:17-cv-02349-CJC-KES, 10 2019 WL 5580966, at *8 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 11 5579533 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2019). Recognizing that “the problems that arise in the day-to-day 12 operation of a corrections facility are not susceptible of easy solutions,” Congress and the courts have 13 long accorded “[p]rison administrators ... wide-ranging deference in the adoption and execution of 14 policies and practices that in their judgment are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and to 15 maintain institutional security.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 547 (1979); see also Florence v. Bd. of 16 Chosen Freeholders, 566 U.S. 318, 326 (2012) (“The difficulties of operating a detention center must 17 not be underestimated by the courts.”). Because separation of powers principles warrant judicial 18 deference to the Executive Branch officials in prison management, this special factor also counsels 19 hesitation. 20 Accordingly, the Court should decline to imply a new Bivens remedy for plaintiff's due process 21 and retaliation claims. The Court finds special factors counsel hesitation in this context and 22 recommends declining to find implied Bivens claims. Consequently, Plaintiff has failed to state a 23 cognizable claim. Since this is a deficiency that cannot be cured by amendment, the Court concludes 24 that granting leave to amend would be futile. 25 IV. 26 ORDER AND RECOMMENDATION 27 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court randomly assign 28 a district judge to this action. 1 Further, itis HEREBY RECOMMENDED that Plaintiff's complaint be dismissed without 2 || leave to amend for failure to state a claim. 3 This Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge 4 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within fourteen (14) days 5 || after being served with this Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiff may file written objections with 6 || the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and 7 || Recommendation.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may 8 |} result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate's factual findings” on appeal. □□□□□□□□□ 9 || Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 10 |} 1991)). 11 12 ||IT IS SO ORDERED. A (Fe _ 13 |! Dated: _ September 17, 2021 OF 14 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28