Anderson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The obligation of the association, the defendant in error, in its policy of insurance, is to pay the money, an amount not exceeding $5,000, for which this suit is brought, to Mary Hayes, or her legal representative, within ninety days from the filing proof of the death of Patrick McNamara, whose life is insured for the benefit of said Mary Hayes, who is his daughter.
By the act of assembly, “securing to married women on conditions all property acquired by them before or after [227]*227marriage, approved April 4,1877” (Session Acts, 1876-7, page 333), this chosa in action was the property of the said Mary Hayes for her sole and separate use, and she may bequeath the same as if she were unmarried, and it is not liable to the debts or liabilities of her husband. He has no interest in it whatever. It is the sole and separate interest of his wife, which is in no way subject to his control. But she is required by the statute to join her husband with her in any action for its recovery; though by section 3 of said act, in the event of her husband refusing, or being incompetent to unite in the conveyance or disposal of her separate estate, she may in her OAvn name, or by her next friend, file a bill in equity. That was the object of this suit. This act was in force when the policy in this case was issued, which is dated the 6th of November, 1877. The amendment to this act, approved March 14, 1878 (Session Acts of 1877-78, p. 247) makes no change in the law in effect as hereinbefore set out.
This suit was brought in the name of James Hayes and Mary Hayes, his wife, the wife having joined his name with hers as plaintiff, as required by the statute. Does that render her incompetent to testify in her own behalf ?
At common law husband and wife are incompetent to testify for or against each other; and this rule is not altered by the statute removing incompetency by reason of interest'. (Code of 1873, chapter 172, sections 21 and 22.) The exception as to the competency of husband and wife is, “as witnesses for or against each other.” Neither by the common law nor by statute is either incompetent to testify in his or her OAvn behalf, but not for or against the other. The husband is no party to the policy, and has no right, title or interest under it. The money, if recovered, is exclusively the wife’s, and must be paid to her or her personal representative. And it is her action to recover it. Her husband is joined with her, not because of any inte[228]*228rest he has in the subject, or from choice, but because the statute required it, to give her a remedy for her rights. The suit is for her exclusive benefit, and her husband is a mere nominal party only for conformity to the statute, without any interest in the subject matter of the suit. If she testifies in the case, it is on her own behalf, and not for or against her husband.
But it is contended though he may not be interested in the subject matter of the suit, he is liable for the costs if it goes against her, and is interested in that respect in the result of the suit, and that there is a judgment against him in the court below for the costs. If he is not liable, that judgment is erroneous, and can now be reviewed and set aside. Is he liable for costs ?
The husband is joined as plaintiff because the statute requires the remedy—the wife’s remedy—to be prosecuted in that way. And as he has no legal interest in the subject, it could hardly have been intended to impose a burden upon him, such as liability for costs in the event of the failure of the suit. It would seem that the judgment for costs should be against the wife only.
If the suit had been brought in the name of Hayes and wife for the benefit of Mary Hayes, she alone would have been liable for costs under our statute (Code of 1873, chap. 181, section 9), which provides that “where a suit is in the name of one person for the benefit of any other, if there shall be a judgment for defendant, costs shall be against such other.” It as evidently appears from the face of the record that this suit was brought for the benefit of Mrs. Hayes as it would if such endorsement had been made upon the writ or the declaration. Though the suit is in the name of husband and wife, it is evidently for the benefit of the wife alone. It was said by Judge Moncure, in Clarksons v. Dodridge, 14 Gratt. 44, “It is usual, when an action is brought in the name of one person for the use of [229]*229another, to state the fact in the body of the declaration, or by an endorsement thereon, or on the writ. And it is useful and convenient to do so. * * * But this [he says] is not necessary.” The endorsement may be made at any time during the progress of the suit. It is sometimes not made until after an execution is issued, which is then endorsed for the benefit of the party for whose .benefit the suit was brought. It could hardly be questioned that if this suit had been endorsed for the benefit of Mary Hayes, for whose use it was evidently brought, she would have been a competent witness to testify in her own behalf. It is a fair presumption under the law a suit for the use of Mary Hayes. It would seem to be sticking in the bark to hold that the person for whose benefit the suit was brought would be liable for the costs, if it were endorsed upon the writ or declaration that it was for his use; but if not so endorsed, he would not be liable, although it plainly appeared upon the face of the record that the suit was brought for his use. Under the married woman’s aet, this suit in the name of husband and wife, is a suit for the benefit of the wife alone, and it would seem to follow that she alone is liable for the costs if there be judgment for the defendant. But if it is not so, and there might be judgment against the husband for costs, we think the testimony of the wife would be in her own behalf nevertheless, and not for or against the husband. The act was passed for the benefit of the wife, and it is not reasonable to suppose that the legislature, by requiring the husband to be joined with her as plaintiff, intended to deprive her of the important privilege of testifying in her own behalf —a restriction which might defeat the settlement to her separate use, which it was the object of the act to secure. From the best consideration we have been able to give the subject, we are of opinion that Mary Hayes was a competent witness to testify in her own behalf, and that the court erred in excluding her testimony.
[230]*230The second error assigned is the instructions given to the jury. Were they erroneous under the pleadings and proofs ?
There were three pleas. The first, the plea of non est factum. The second and third, special pleas.
The second pleads the warranty by McNamara that his age was 59 years at his next birth-day—no more; breach, that he was much more than 59 years old. By the third, the same fact is pleaded as a representative; breach the same.
The first plea may be thrown out of the cáse, as there was no evidence to support it. The plea of non est factum is proper only when the matter relied on has reference to the factum—the execution of the writing—or where the writing is absolutely void in law, not merely voidable (4 Minor, 640). Under such plea, fraud in the execution may be shown, as that the paper was fraudulently substituted for another, or that the paper signed was misread, &c., &c. There was no such evidence in this case.
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Anderson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The obligation of the association, the defendant in error, in its policy of insurance, is to pay the money, an amount not exceeding $5,000, for which this suit is brought, to Mary Hayes, or her legal representative, within ninety days from the filing proof of the death of Patrick McNamara, whose life is insured for the benefit of said Mary Hayes, who is his daughter.
By the act of assembly, “securing to married women on conditions all property acquired by them before or after [227]*227marriage, approved April 4,1877” (Session Acts, 1876-7, page 333), this chosa in action was the property of the said Mary Hayes for her sole and separate use, and she may bequeath the same as if she were unmarried, and it is not liable to the debts or liabilities of her husband. He has no interest in it whatever. It is the sole and separate interest of his wife, which is in no way subject to his control. But she is required by the statute to join her husband with her in any action for its recovery; though by section 3 of said act, in the event of her husband refusing, or being incompetent to unite in the conveyance or disposal of her separate estate, she may in her OAvn name, or by her next friend, file a bill in equity. That was the object of this suit. This act was in force when the policy in this case was issued, which is dated the 6th of November, 1877. The amendment to this act, approved March 14, 1878 (Session Acts of 1877-78, p. 247) makes no change in the law in effect as hereinbefore set out.
This suit was brought in the name of James Hayes and Mary Hayes, his wife, the wife having joined his name with hers as plaintiff, as required by the statute. Does that render her incompetent to testify in her own behalf ?
At common law husband and wife are incompetent to testify for or against each other; and this rule is not altered by the statute removing incompetency by reason of interest'. (Code of 1873, chapter 172, sections 21 and 22.) The exception as to the competency of husband and wife is, “as witnesses for or against each other.” Neither by the common law nor by statute is either incompetent to testify in his or her OAvn behalf, but not for or against the other. The husband is no party to the policy, and has no right, title or interest under it. The money, if recovered, is exclusively the wife’s, and must be paid to her or her personal representative. And it is her action to recover it. Her husband is joined with her, not because of any inte[228]*228rest he has in the subject, or from choice, but because the statute required it, to give her a remedy for her rights. The suit is for her exclusive benefit, and her husband is a mere nominal party only for conformity to the statute, without any interest in the subject matter of the suit. If she testifies in the case, it is on her own behalf, and not for or against her husband.
But it is contended though he may not be interested in the subject matter of the suit, he is liable for the costs if it goes against her, and is interested in that respect in the result of the suit, and that there is a judgment against him in the court below for the costs. If he is not liable, that judgment is erroneous, and can now be reviewed and set aside. Is he liable for costs ?
The husband is joined as plaintiff because the statute requires the remedy—the wife’s remedy—to be prosecuted in that way. And as he has no legal interest in the subject, it could hardly have been intended to impose a burden upon him, such as liability for costs in the event of the failure of the suit. It would seem that the judgment for costs should be against the wife only.
If the suit had been brought in the name of Hayes and wife for the benefit of Mary Hayes, she alone would have been liable for costs under our statute (Code of 1873, chap. 181, section 9), which provides that “where a suit is in the name of one person for the benefit of any other, if there shall be a judgment for defendant, costs shall be against such other.” It as evidently appears from the face of the record that this suit was brought for the benefit of Mrs. Hayes as it would if such endorsement had been made upon the writ or the declaration. Though the suit is in the name of husband and wife, it is evidently for the benefit of the wife alone. It was said by Judge Moncure, in Clarksons v. Dodridge, 14 Gratt. 44, “It is usual, when an action is brought in the name of one person for the use of [229]*229another, to state the fact in the body of the declaration, or by an endorsement thereon, or on the writ. And it is useful and convenient to do so. * * * But this [he says] is not necessary.” The endorsement may be made at any time during the progress of the suit. It is sometimes not made until after an execution is issued, which is then endorsed for the benefit of the party for whose .benefit the suit was brought. It could hardly be questioned that if this suit had been endorsed for the benefit of Mary Hayes, for whose use it was evidently brought, she would have been a competent witness to testify in her own behalf. It is a fair presumption under the law a suit for the use of Mary Hayes. It would seem to be sticking in the bark to hold that the person for whose benefit the suit was brought would be liable for the costs, if it were endorsed upon the writ or declaration that it was for his use; but if not so endorsed, he would not be liable, although it plainly appeared upon the face of the record that the suit was brought for his use. Under the married woman’s aet, this suit in the name of husband and wife, is a suit for the benefit of the wife alone, and it would seem to follow that she alone is liable for the costs if there be judgment for the defendant. But if it is not so, and there might be judgment against the husband for costs, we think the testimony of the wife would be in her own behalf nevertheless, and not for or against the husband. The act was passed for the benefit of the wife, and it is not reasonable to suppose that the legislature, by requiring the husband to be joined with her as plaintiff, intended to deprive her of the important privilege of testifying in her own behalf —a restriction which might defeat the settlement to her separate use, which it was the object of the act to secure. From the best consideration we have been able to give the subject, we are of opinion that Mary Hayes was a competent witness to testify in her own behalf, and that the court erred in excluding her testimony.
[230]*230The second error assigned is the instructions given to the jury. Were they erroneous under the pleadings and proofs ?
There were three pleas. The first, the plea of non est factum. The second and third, special pleas.
The second pleads the warranty by McNamara that his age was 59 years at his next birth-day—no more; breach, that he was much more than 59 years old. By the third, the same fact is pleaded as a representative; breach the same.
The first plea may be thrown out of the cáse, as there was no evidence to support it. The plea of non est factum is proper only when the matter relied on has reference to the factum—the execution of the writing—or where the writing is absolutely void in law, not merely voidable (4 Minor, 640). Under such plea, fraud in the execution may be shown, as that the paper was fraudulently substituted for another, or that the paper signed was misread, &c., &c. There was no such evidence in this case. If it was intended to rely by way of defence on fraudulent conduct or representations of McNamara in procuring the policy, the defence could only be made by special plea under the statute, that the policy was fraudulently procured. No such defence could be made under the general plea of non est factum ; and that issue being out of the case, the instructions were properly narrowed to the issues presented by the two special pleas, which were virtually the same, the representations being substantially a warranty. The plaintiff’s replication to them being general, the issues were narrowed to the enquiry whether McNamara, in his application, which the plaintiff set out in his declaration with the policy, and which is made a part and basis of the contract by the policy itself, represented that he was not over 59 years of age, and whether he was in fact more than 59 years of age at the date of the application; and such [231]*231being the issue made by the pleadings, it seems to the court that the instructions given by the circuit court were properly given. The court, in substance, instructed the jury that if they believed these pleas were proved, they must find for the defendant. No question of fraud is raised by the pleadings. The question was—the single question—Was the insured older than he warranted or represented himself to be in the application? If the plaintiff intended to rely, by way of estoppel, upon the alleged knowledge of the company that McNamara was older than he alleged himself -to be, or that the application was not signed by him, or by his authority, or upon any other matter by way of confession and avoidance, in answer to the pleas, such estoppel or other matter should have been replied specially. Matter of estoppel may be relied on in evidence by the plaintiff when the only defence is the general issue, for the reason that the estoppel in such case cannot be pleaded. But when the matter to which the estoppel applies is specially pleaded, then the estoppel must be specially replied or it cannot' avail. See cases cited 7 Rob. Prac. 923, et seq.; Davis v. Thomas, 5 Leigh; Carroll County v. Collier, 22 Gratt. p. 309.
Motion in arrest of judgment, we think, was properly overruled. A finding on all the issues, we think, was intended.
The court is of opinion to reverse the judgment for the error in refusing to admit Mrs. Hayes as a witness, and that, .when the case goes back, the parties should be allowed, if desired, to amend the pleadings.
Staples, J.
I am not prepared to concur in so much of Judge Anderson’s opinion as declares the husband is not liable for costs. Upon that point I reserve my opinion. But although he may be liable for costs, I still think the wife a competent witness in her own behalf.
[232]*232The judgment of the court was as follows:
The court is of opinion, for reasons stated in writing and filed with the record, that the circuit court erred in excluding the testimony of Mary Hayes on the trial of the cause. It is therefore considered by the court that the judgment Of the court below be reversed and annulled, and that the plaintiffs in error recover their costs expended in the prosecution of the writ of error here. And this court proceeding to render such judgment as ought to have been rendered by the court below, it is considered that the verdict of the jury be set aside and a new trial granted the plaintiffs, and that the parties be allowed to amend the pleadings, if either of them desire it, before the new trial is had; and that if upon such new trial the said Mary Hayes is again offered as a witness in her own behalf, that she be allowed to testify in the cause.
Judgment reversed.