AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed April 24, 2014.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-12-01316-CV
TAMMI HAWTHORNE AS NEXT FRIEND OF E.K., Appellant V. HUFFINES COMMUNITIES, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC. D/B/A PROVIDENCE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION AND BEARFOOT MANAGEMENT, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 366th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 366-01936-2011
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices O'Neill, Myers, and Brown Opinion by Justice Myers This case concerns the liability of the managers and owners of a community swimming
pool for the sexual assault of a thirteen-year-old patron, E.K., by the pool’s lifeguard when the
assault occurred away from the pool in the middle of the night. The trial court granted the
motions for summary judgment of Bearfoot Management, LLC (the pool management and
lifeguarding company); Huffines Communities, Inc. (the developer of the community); Premier
Communities Management Company, Inc. (the company controlling the homeowner’s
association); and Premier Communities Management Company, Inc. d/b/a Providence
Homeowners Association (the homeowner’s association). Tammi Hawthorne, as next friend of E.K., 1 brings two issues on appeal asserting (1) the trial court erred by granting the motions for
summary judgment and (2) that appellant pleaded a valid DTPA 2 claim. We affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
On Sunday, May 3, 2009, 3 E.K., a thirteen-year-old girl who lived in Providence
Community, went to the community’s swimming pool. When E.K. arrived at the pool, she was
required to fill in a sign-in sheet requiring the patron’s name and a telephone number, and she
entered her personal cell phone number. While at the pool that day, she talked to Shane Wilkins,
the twenty-one-year-old lifeguard hired by Bearfoot. Wilkins learned E.K.’s cell phone number
from the sign-in sheet. After the pool closed for the day, Wilkins began exchanging cell phone
text messages with E.K. The next day, Wilkins and E.K. exchanged text messages and phone
calls about meeting. That night, after E.K.’s mother went to bed, E.K. left the house and walked
to the park near the pool to meet some friends; however, her friends did not show up. While
E.K. was waiting, she received a text from Wilkins asking where she was. She told Wilkins she
was at the pool area. Wilkins drove to E.K.’s neighborhood and met her at about 1:00 or 2:00 in
the morning. E.K. got into Wilkins’s car, and Wilkins sexually assaulted her.
Wilkins was not at work when he exchanged text messages and phone calls with E.K.,
agreed to meet E.K., drove to E.K.’s neighborhood, or when he assaulted her. Wilkins
subsequently pleaded guilty to indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault. Wilkins
testified in his deposition that he knew E.K. was a minor and that when he went to meet her he
1 Appellant’s petition and notice of appeal state they were brought by “E.K., a Minor Child, and Tammi Hawthorne, Next Friend.” A minor cannot bring suit except through a next friend, legal guardian, or guardian ad litem. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 44; Maes v. El Paso Orthopaedic Surgery Group, P.A., 385 S.W.3d 694, 698 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012, pet. denied). The petition does not indicate that Hawthorne brought suit in her individual capacity. Accordingly, we have determined there is only one appellant in this case, Tammi Hawthorne as next friend of E.K. 2 Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act, TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.41–.63 (West 2011 & Supp. 2013). 3 E.K. and Wilkins testified they could not remember whether they went to the pool on May 2 or May 3. However, the sign-in sheet with E.K.’s name is dated May 3, 2009.
–2– “figured” they “might have sex.” He also testified that although he was not told by appellees not
to have a sexual relationship with a minor, he already knew that was something he should not do.
Appellant sued appellees and Wilkins. Appellant alleged each of the appellees failed “to
adequately supervise employees and otherwise protect its residents and invited guests from
sexual predators.” Appellant also alleged that Premier Communities and the homeowners
association breached their duty to protect E.K.’s personal contact information from misuse by
allowing Wilkins access to the information and by failing to ensure that E.K.’s contact
information was not utilized by its employees for improper purposes. Appellant also alleged that
appellees violated the DTPA by representing that the recreational facilities were safe and that the
community was “significant, unique, fun and tranquil.” 4 In her responses to appellees’ motions
for summary judgment, appellant asserts that appellees “acted in direct contravention to this
assertion by intentionally designing a sign-in sheet that elicited a minor’s personal contact
information.” She alleged this violation of the DTPA was intentional.
Appellees moved separately for summary judgment, which the trial court granted.
Appellees then moved to sever appellant’s claims against them from the claims against Wilkins,
which the court granted. Appellant now appeals the trial court’s granting of appellees’ motions
for summary judgment.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
In her first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by granting appellees’ motions
for summary judgment. The standard for reviewing a traditional summary judgment is well
established. See Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985); McAfee,
Inc. v. Agilysys, Inc., 316 S.W.3d 820, 825 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). The movant has
4 The alleged representation was part of “Must Read Important Information” about the homeowners association. The full statement was “DEVELOPER—Huffines CommunitiesTM A ‘Huffines’ community is significant, unique, fun and tranquil, but more importantly, it is a way [of] life.”
–3– the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In deciding whether a disputed material
fact issue exists precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be
taken as true. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 549; In re Estate of Berry, 280 S.W.3d 478, 480 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the
nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824
(Tex. 2005). We review a summary judgment de novo to determine whether a party’s right to
prevail is established as a matter of law. Dickey v. Club Corp., 12 S.W.3d 172, 175 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied).
We review a no-evidence summary judgment under the same legal sufficiency standard
used to review a directed verdict. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Flood v. Katz, 294 S.W.3d 756,
762 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). Thus, we must determine whether the nonmovant
produced more than a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a fact issue on the material
questions presented. See id. When analyzing a no-evidence summary judgment, we consider all
the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference
and resolving any doubts against the movant. Sudan v. Sudan, 199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006)
(quoting City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex. 2005)). A no-evidence summary
judgment is improperly granted if the respondent brings forth more than a scintilla of probative
evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d
742, 751 (Tex. 2003). “More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence rises to a
level that would enable reasonable, fair-minded persons to differ in their conclusions.” Id.
(quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). “Less than a
scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is ‘so weak as to do no more than create a mere
–4– surmise or suspicion’ of a fact.” Id. (quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63
(Tex. 1983)).
CAUSATION
On appeal, appellant argues the trial court erred by granting the motions for summary
judgment on the allegation that appellees were negligent for failing to safeguard E.K.’s personal
contact information, her cell phone number, and that they violated the DTPA by designing a
sign-in sheet that elicited personal contact information from minors, which appellant asserts was
inconsistent with appellees’ representation that the community was “significant, unique, fun and
tranquil.” 5
Appellees’ grounds for summary judgment included the assertion that the requirement
that E.K. list a telephone number on the sign-in sheet and their failure to safeguard E.K.’s cell
phone number were not the cause of her injuries. They also asserted there was no evidence that
their alleged conduct caused E.K.’s damages. “The elements of a negligence cause of action are
the existence of a legal duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the
breach.” Rodriguez-Escobar v. Goss, 392 S.W.3d 109, 113 (Tex. 2013) (quoting IHS Cedars
Treatment Ctr. of De Soto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004)). For negligent
conduct to be the proximate cause of an injury, it must be both the cause in fact and the
foreseeable cause of the injury. Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 582
(Tex. 2007). These elements cannot be satisfied by mere conjecture, guess, or speculation. IHS
Cedars Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto, Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798–99 (Tex. 2004).
Under the DTPA, a consumer can recover economic and mental-anguish damages for a
deceptive trade practice that is the “producing cause” of those damages. TEX. BUS. & COM.
5 Appellant does not argue on appeal that the trial court erred by granting the motions for summary judgment on her allegations that appellees were negligent for failing to supervise Wilkins.
–5– CODE ANN. § 17.50(a)(1) (West 2011). “Producing cause” under the DTPA and “cause in fact”
for negligence are defined the same: whether the defendant’s conduct was a substantial factor in
bringing about the injury that would not otherwise have occurred. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v.
Jefferson Assocs., Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 156, 161 (Tex. 1995); S & I Mgmt., Inc. v. Choi, 331 S.W.3d
849, 856 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).
The supreme court, quoting the Restatement, discussed the meaning of “substantial”:
The word “substantial” is used to denote the fact that the defendant’s conduct has such an effect in producing the harm as to lead reasonable men to regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular sense, in which there always lurks the idea of responsibility, rather than in the so-called “philosophic sense,” which includes every one of the great number of events without which any happening would not have occurred. Each of these events is a cause in the so-called “philosophic sense,” yet the effect of many of them is so insignificant that no ordinary mind would think of them as causes.
Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tex. 1991) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND)
OF TORTS § 431 comment a (1965)); see id. at 472 n.1 (stating discussion of legal cause and
philosophic cause are the same for “producing cause”). Cause in fact is not shown if the
defendant’s negligence or deceptive trade practice did no more than furnish a condition which
made the injury possible. Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dall., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex.
1995) (negligence); Bryan v. S.A.S., 416 S.W.3d 52, 59–60 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2013, pet. filed) (DTPA). For conduct to be the cause in fact, the evidence must show the
injuries were “the natural and probable result” of the conduct. Doe, 907 S.W.2d at 477;
Connaway v. Vill. Farms, L.P., 200 S.W.3d 353, 356 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). “In
other words, even if the injury would not have happened but for the defendant’s conduct, the
connection between the defendant and the plaintiff’s injuries simply may be too attenuated to
constitute legal cause.” Doe, 907 S.W.2d at 477.
Even if the sexual assault would not have occurred if appellees had not required E.K. to
provide a telephone number or had prevented Wilkins from having access to the sign-in sheet, –6– we conclude E.K.’s injuries suffered in the sexual assault were too attenuated from the sign-in
sheet’s requirements and from Wilkins’s access to the cell phone number to constitute a cause in
fact of her injuries. Appellees’ requiring E.K. to provide a telephone number and its failure to
safeguard her cell phone number were the first of a chain of events leading to the sexual assault.
The sign-in sheet’s requirement of a telephone number and appellees’ failure to safeguard E.K.’s
cell phone number from Wilkins did no more than furnish a condition that made E.K.’s injury
possible. The “natural and probable result” of appellees’ requiring E.K. to provide a telephone
number and their failure to protect it would have been unwanted texts and cell phone calls, not
sexual assault.
In Doe v. Boys Club of Greater Dallas, Inc., Boyd Mullens volunteered at the Boys Club
as part of the community-service requirements of the conditions of his probation for the offense
of driving while intoxicated. Doe, 907 S.W.2d at 475. The Coe family met Mullens at the Boys
Club, and after they got to know him, he became a trusted acquaintance, family friend, and
frequent visitor in the Coe household. Id. With regard to its volunteers, like Mullens, the Boys
Club told the Coes it “checked them out thoroughly.” Id. at 476. This was false; the Boys Club
did no checking of Mullens’s background. Id. at 475. Mullens proposed to Mr. and Mrs. Coe
that he take their two grandsons camping. Mrs. Coe asked the Boys Club about Mullens, and its
personnel told her that Mullens was a volunteer and that “he seemed to be okay.” Id. at 476.
They also told her that the club could not make the decision for her about whether to let Mullens
take her grandsons camping and that she would have to make that decision herself. Mrs. Coe
allowed Mullens to take the children camping, and he sexually abused them. Id. The Coes sued
the Boys Club, and the trial court granted the Boys Club’s motion for summary judgment. Id.
The supreme court affirmed the trial court and stated that Mullens’s presence at the Boys Club,
which is how he met the Coes, “was but a preliminary condition in the course of events which
–7– made possible his assaults.” Id. at 478. Likewise, in this case, appellees’ requirement that E.K.
provide a telephone number and their failure to safeguard E.K.’s cell phone number were only
“preliminary condition[s] in the course of events” that made Wilkins’s assault possible.
Appellant also cites Berry Property Management, Inc. v. Bliskey, 850 S.W.2d 644 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1993, writ granted, writ dism’d by agr.). In that case, Bliskey was a tenant
in a group of apartments managed by Berry Property. Id. at 651. One night, an intruder broke
into Berry Property’s office, went through the resident files to find the apartment of a single
woman living alone, and found that Bliskey fit that description. The keys for all the apartments
were hanging on a pegboard in the office and identified by apartment number. The intruder took
the key for Bliskey’s unit, entered her apartment, and sexually assaulted her. Bliskey sued Berry
Property, alleging it was negligent in how it handled the door keys. Id. During the jury trial, a
former police chief testified that having the lease information in an unlocked file cabinet next to
a pegboard with the keys identified by unit number was “unconscionable.” Id. at 654. The
owner of Berry Property testified she was aware of sexual assaults similar to Bliskey’s occurring,
and she testified in her deposition that it was “foreseeable that somebody is going to have this
happen to them.” Id. at 657. In light of this evidence, the Austin Court of Appeals concluded
there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that the negligent mishandling of the
keys was a proximate cause of Bliskey’s sexual assault. Id.
The burglary of an apartment with the assault of a resident in the apartment is a natural
and probable result of management’s negligent failure to safeguard the apartment keys. The key
gave the intruder the ability to be physically present with Bliskey. A cell phone number,
however, is not a key to an apartment. A cell phone number provides only remote access to the
person (if the person chooses to answer the phone or respond to the text message). It does not
provide the means for physical presence that an apartment key provides, and a sexual assault
–8– cannot occur without the criminal being physically present with the victim. Berry is
distinguishable.
Appellant also argues that a tortfeasor’s negligence will not be excused if the actions of
the third party are the foreseeable result of the original tortfeasor’s negligence because prior
incidents of the same general character have occurred. Appellant cites Nixon v. Mr. Property
Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546 (Tex. 1985), in support of her argument. In Nixon, a
ten-year-old girl was abducted on the sidewalk. The assailant dragged her across the street
taking her “directly to a vacant apartment,” and sexually assaulted her. Id. at 547. The
apartment’s doors and windows were not secured, which was a violation of a Dallas city
ordinance. The supreme court stated there was evidence that the crime would not have occurred
but for the failure to comply with the ordinance by the owner and manager of the apartments:
[A] reasonable inference exists that, but for Mr. Property’s failure to comply with the ordinance regarding maintenance of its apartment complex, this crime would never have taken place. There is evidence that the assailant took R.M.V. “directly to a vacant apartment,” the inference being that the assailant was acutely aware of the vacant unit’s existence and embarked upon his course of criminal conduct at this particular time and place knowing that this unit was an easily accessible place in which to perpetrate this assault in isolation.
Id. at 549. The supreme court stated that the criminal conduct of a third party does not excuse
the tortfeasor’s negligence when the criminal conduct is a foreseeable result of the negligence.
Id. at 550. The court stated that although there had not been previous incidents of sexual assault
at the apartments, the “litany of prior crimes, including other violent and assaultive crime,” at the
apartment complex, together with testimony that vagrants frequented the area, raised a genuine
issue of material fact as to the foreseeability of the sexual assault. Id. at 550–51. In the case
before us, there is no evidence of any other crime at the pool or in the community. The record
also shows that Wilkins had never been arrested before for any offense. The record does not
raise a fact issue on incidents of the same general character having occurred.
–9– Appellant also argues that appellees had or should have had “specialized knowledge of
the potential dangers of running a pool, including the mingling of young people of the opposite
sex dressed in bikinis and swim suits.” Appellant cites Baylor Medical Plaza Services Corp. v.
Kidd, 834 S.W.2d 69 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, writ denied). In that case, Baylor received
in the mail bottles of benzaldehyde (concentrated bitter almond oil). When Baylor determined it
had too many bottles, it returned two of the bottles by mail. The bottles broke in transit, and
Claude Kidd, a postal worker, was assigned the task of mopping up the benzaldehyde. Kidd
collapsed after inhaling the fumes and was taken to the hospital. Kidd sued Baylor alleging it
was negligent. Id. at 72. In discussing whether Baylor’s negligent packaging of the
benzaldehyde bottles caused Kidd’s injuries, the court of appeals stated,
A person or company is not responsible for a consequence which is merely possible, according to occasional experience, but a person or company is responsible for a consequence which is probable, according to ordinary and usual experience. To impose responsibility for negligence, it must have been foreseeable that this event or some similar event would result as a natural and probable consequence.
Id. at 75. In this case, as discussed above, the only “natural and probable consequence” of an
injurious nature flowing from an unauthorized person’s seeing a pool patron’s cell phone number
would be unwanted text messages and cell phone calls. Sexual assault, however, is not the
natural and probable result of requiring a pool patron to list a telephone number on a sign-in
sheet or of failing to prevent access to the telephone numbers on the sheet, even when the pool
patrons are “young people of the opposite sex dressed in bikinis and swim suits.”
Appellant also cites to Amaya v. Potter, 94 S.W.3d 856 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2002, pet.
denied). In that case, a used-car dealer in a high crime area was following his practice of starting
all of the vehicles in the morning. With the vehicles running, the dealer went into the office to
answer a telephone call. A thief then stole one of the running vehicles. The dealer told an
independent contractor, who was repairing the door on a van belonging to the dealer, to follow –10– the thief, which the repairman did. After following the thief at a high rate of speed, the
repairman flagged down a policeman, who went in search of the thief. Id. at 859. The thief
crossed the road’s median into oncoming traffic, where he collided with the plaintiffs. Id. at 860.
The plaintiffs sued the dealer and the repairman under a variety of negligence theories, including
that the dealer had negligently entrusted the van to the repairman by requesting the repairman
undertake a reckless use of the van by pursuing the thief. Id. at 860, 866. The trial court granted
summary judgment for the dealer. Id. at 860. The court of appeals reversed the grant of
summary judgment on negligent entrustment concluding:
It is reasonably foreseeable that a driver of a stolen vehicle will operate the vehicle in a negligent or reckless manner as he makes his flight from the scene of the theft if being chased. The entrustment of a vehicle to another individual for the purpose of pursuing the stolen vehicle should heighten the vehicle’s owner [sic] apprehension that the thief will operate the vehicle in a reckless manner.
Id. at 866. In that case, the evidence raised a fact issue that an injury would be the natural
probable result of the dealer’s entrusting the repair man with the van to chase after the thief. Id.
In this case, however, sexual assault is not a natural and probable result of requiring E.K. to
provide a telephone number on the sign-in sheet or of the failure to safeguard E.K.’s cell phone
number.
Appellees established as a matter of law that their requirement that pool patrons provide a
telephone number on a sign-in sheet and their failure to safeguard E.K.’s cell phone number,
which were the alleged acts of negligence and the DTPA violation, were not a cause in fact of
the injuries E.K. suffered from Wilkins’s sexual assault. Appellant has presented no evidence
that appellees’ requirement that pool patrons list a telephone number on a sign-in sheet and
appellees’ failure to safeguard E.K.’s cell phone number was a cause in fact of the sexual assault.
Because appellees conclusively disproved the element of causation in appellant’s negligence and
DTPA causes of action and because appellant presented no evidence of causation, we conclude
–11– the trial court did not err by granting appellees’ motions for summary judgment. We overrule
appellant’s first issue.
In her second issue, appellant contends she pleaded a DTPA cause of action. Because we
have concluded the trial court did not err by granting appellees’ motions for summary judgment
on the DTPA cause of action on the element of causation, we need not address this issue.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Lana Myers/ LANA MYERS 121316F.P05 JUSTICE
–12– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
TAMMI HAWTHORNE AS NEXT On Appeal from the 366th Judicial District FRIEND OF E.K., Appellant Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 366-01936-2011. No. 05-12-01316-CV V. Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Justices O'Neill and Brown participating. HUFFINES COMMUNITIES, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC. D/B/A PROVIDENCE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION AND BEARFOOT MANAGEMENT, LLC, Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED. It is ORDERED that appellees HUFFINES COMMUNITIES, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC., PREMIER COMMUNITIES MANAGEMENT COMPANY, INC. D/B/A PROVIDENCE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION AND BEARFOOT MANAGEMENT, LLC recover their costs of this appeal from appellant TAMMI HAWTHORNE AS NEXT FRIEND OF E.K.
Judgment entered this 24th day of April, 2014.
/Lana Myers/ LANA MYERS JUSTICE
–13–