[420]*420By the Court.
Ripley', Ch. J.
The verdict in this case must be set aside, and a new trial granted, by reason of'the erroneous rulings now to be stated.
The defendants’ case is that the sale of the goods by Mills to the plaintiff, for the taking and conversion of which the action was brought, was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Mills, and that plaintiff knew it. ■ Plaintiff was called as a witness at the trial, and testified in his own behalf. On cross-examination he was asked by defendants’ counsel as to what reasons Mills gave him, when he proposed the sale, for wishing to sell out to him. To which plaintiff replied, “ Mills said he had an opportunity to travel by the month, on a salary, and could do better than in trade, and that he was ready to trade for the land.”
Upon his re-examination, he ivas allowed, against defendants’ objection, to answer the following question : “ When he said he could do better traveling by the month, did Mills state to you how well he could do ?” and stated that “ He said he could get sixteen hundred dollars per year, and wanted to sell out to accept that proposition. It was to collect and take orders for patent medicines, as an agent, as he said.”
Since the defendants chose to put the question to plaintiff as to Mills’ reasons, his answer thereto was evidence, though it would have been incompetent upon the examination in chief, and though,, as plaintiff contends that it was, it were favorable to him. 1 Starkie Ev. Pt. 2, Sec. 27; 3 Burrows, 1214.
But it does not follow that on re-examination, the ■ plaintiff could bring out evidence of other statements, also favorable to him, and inadmissible in cHief, simply because they were a part of the same conversation.
The object of a re-examination is to explain the facts stated by the witness on cross-examination. 3 Starkie Ev. Pt. 4, p. 1751.
[421]*421The questión propounded and-objected to, asked for no explanation ; nor did the statements which the witness had made require one, either to clear up any ambiguity or obscurity as to its meaning, or to prevent it from operating injuriously to plaintiff.
Even if the cross-examination had elicited statements made by Mills, which as admissions, Avould have been evidence against the plaintiff, the witness could not on re-examination' have-been permitted to testify to any other statements not in some way connected'with those drawn out on cross-examination. 1 Greenl. § 467.
The statements draAvn out on cross-examination being per se, inadmissible as evidence for plaintiff, although they were not to be withdrawn from the jury, still, while plaintiff may re-examine as to them, he can only do so, so far as to explain what may require explanation. He cannot make further evidence for himself in the same direction.
1 Greenl. Ev., § 468, relied on by plaintiff, does not support his position. The illustration there given, is of a re-examination directed to show the true character of what had been brought out on cross-examination, and Avhat would give a wrong impression if left unexplained, and one which might be injurious to the plaintiff.
One Pattridge, a witness called by the defendants, testified that he was in partnership with Mills from Nov. 1867, to May 18th,'1868, being about a year and two months-prior to the sale to plaintiff; that Mills was then embarrassed; that just before the dissolution, on application made by him to plaintiff for his assistance -in bringing such dissolution about, he told plaintiff, among other things, that Mills was heavily in debt, and OAved more than witness feared he would be able to pay. Plaintiff .being recalledj was asked “ What did Mills say to you, if anything, as to the .sufficiency-of his accounts to pay his [422]*422debts at the time of the -dissolution of the partnership of Pattridge & Mills'?” and was allowed to answer, against defendant’s objection, ¡as follows: “After the change was made, and Pattridge got out of the store his part, Mills said he had notes and accounts enough to pay his debts, and if Pattridge could swing his part,, he was smarter than he thought he was.” This, the plaintiff says, is a denial of Pattridge’s statement,'and admissible; 1st,-as part of one transaction; 2d, as rebuttal.
. The conversation sworn to by Pattridge was, however, a private one between plaintiff and himself before the dissolution, while Mills’ statement was after the dissolution, after the firm property had been divided, and Pattridge had taken away' his share. There is, therefore, no ground for saying that it was part of the same transaction; -nor is there anything to show that Mills knew what Pattridge had.so told the plaintiff, or that his statement was intended as a denial thereof. If it had been, it'would not have been admissible as rebutting evidence.
Pattridge had sworn that Mills was in debt, and that he had told plaintiff so. This might be rebutted, by proving either that Mills was not indebted, or that Pattridge did not so tell plaintiff. That Mills said he was solvent, was not evidence to prove that he was; and of course had no tendency to show that Pattridge had not told plaintiff to the contrary, nor could it be competent in rebuttal of the defendants’ case generally. That, as we have seen, was, that the sale to plaintiff in 1869, was made with a fraudulent intent, and that plaintiff knew it. It would ’ not be contended that Mills’ solvency in 1869, could be proved by showing that he told plaintiff in 1868, that he was then solvent. No more would such a statement tend to prove, that if insolvent at the time of the sale, the plaintiff, nevertheless, was ignorant of that fact.
[423]*423If the plaintiff’s theory be, that whereas Pattridge’s statement might be supposed to have impressed plaintiff’s mind with a belief that Mills was insolvent; that, therefore, evidence of Mills’ statement would be competent to show that such impression had been, or might have been removed; the answer is, that the question here, as we shall have occasion to consider more fully hereafter, is not what might, in point of fact, have been plaintiff’s belief as to Mills’ intent in selling out to him, but whether he had notice of that intent.
Suppose it had been proved that the day before, or the week before this sale, Mills had disclosed the true state of his affairs, and his insolvency to the plaintiff. Who would contend that the plaintiff could rebut such evidence, by proof, that, 'nevertheless, Mills accompanied his offer to sell out to him, by the assertion that he had been mistaken in his former statement, and that he was really solvent.
Yet as 'a matter of fact, plaintiff might have believed that it was so, and so believing, have made the purchase without inquiry as to how the fact. was. In answer to the following questions:
1. “ In making the purchase of these goods, had you any intention to defraud any creditors of Mills ?”
2. “ Did you in making the purchase of Mills of this property, intend to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors 1” The plaintiff was allowed, the defendants objecting, to state as follows : “ I did not intend to defraud anybody.”
The plaintiff relies on the decision in Seymour vs. Wilson, 14 N. Y.
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[420]*420By the Court.
Ripley', Ch. J.
The verdict in this case must be set aside, and a new trial granted, by reason of'the erroneous rulings now to be stated.
The defendants’ case is that the sale of the goods by Mills to the plaintiff, for the taking and conversion of which the action was brought, was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of Mills, and that plaintiff knew it. ■ Plaintiff was called as a witness at the trial, and testified in his own behalf. On cross-examination he was asked by defendants’ counsel as to what reasons Mills gave him, when he proposed the sale, for wishing to sell out to him. To which plaintiff replied, “ Mills said he had an opportunity to travel by the month, on a salary, and could do better than in trade, and that he was ready to trade for the land.”
Upon his re-examination, he ivas allowed, against defendants’ objection, to answer the following question : “ When he said he could do better traveling by the month, did Mills state to you how well he could do ?” and stated that “ He said he could get sixteen hundred dollars per year, and wanted to sell out to accept that proposition. It was to collect and take orders for patent medicines, as an agent, as he said.”
Since the defendants chose to put the question to plaintiff as to Mills’ reasons, his answer thereto was evidence, though it would have been incompetent upon the examination in chief, and though,, as plaintiff contends that it was, it were favorable to him. 1 Starkie Ev. Pt. 2, Sec. 27; 3 Burrows, 1214.
But it does not follow that on re-examination, the ■ plaintiff could bring out evidence of other statements, also favorable to him, and inadmissible in cHief, simply because they were a part of the same conversation.
The object of a re-examination is to explain the facts stated by the witness on cross-examination. 3 Starkie Ev. Pt. 4, p. 1751.
[421]*421The questión propounded and-objected to, asked for no explanation ; nor did the statements which the witness had made require one, either to clear up any ambiguity or obscurity as to its meaning, or to prevent it from operating injuriously to plaintiff.
Even if the cross-examination had elicited statements made by Mills, which as admissions, Avould have been evidence against the plaintiff, the witness could not on re-examination' have-been permitted to testify to any other statements not in some way connected'with those drawn out on cross-examination. 1 Greenl. § 467.
The statements draAvn out on cross-examination being per se, inadmissible as evidence for plaintiff, although they were not to be withdrawn from the jury, still, while plaintiff may re-examine as to them, he can only do so, so far as to explain what may require explanation. He cannot make further evidence for himself in the same direction.
1 Greenl. Ev., § 468, relied on by plaintiff, does not support his position. The illustration there given, is of a re-examination directed to show the true character of what had been brought out on cross-examination, and Avhat would give a wrong impression if left unexplained, and one which might be injurious to the plaintiff.
One Pattridge, a witness called by the defendants, testified that he was in partnership with Mills from Nov. 1867, to May 18th,'1868, being about a year and two months-prior to the sale to plaintiff; that Mills was then embarrassed; that just before the dissolution, on application made by him to plaintiff for his assistance -in bringing such dissolution about, he told plaintiff, among other things, that Mills was heavily in debt, and OAved more than witness feared he would be able to pay. Plaintiff .being recalledj was asked “ What did Mills say to you, if anything, as to the .sufficiency-of his accounts to pay his [422]*422debts at the time of the -dissolution of the partnership of Pattridge & Mills'?” and was allowed to answer, against defendant’s objection, ¡as follows: “After the change was made, and Pattridge got out of the store his part, Mills said he had notes and accounts enough to pay his debts, and if Pattridge could swing his part,, he was smarter than he thought he was.” This, the plaintiff says, is a denial of Pattridge’s statement,'and admissible; 1st,-as part of one transaction; 2d, as rebuttal.
. The conversation sworn to by Pattridge was, however, a private one between plaintiff and himself before the dissolution, while Mills’ statement was after the dissolution, after the firm property had been divided, and Pattridge had taken away' his share. There is, therefore, no ground for saying that it was part of the same transaction; -nor is there anything to show that Mills knew what Pattridge had.so told the plaintiff, or that his statement was intended as a denial thereof. If it had been, it'would not have been admissible as rebutting evidence.
Pattridge had sworn that Mills was in debt, and that he had told plaintiff so. This might be rebutted, by proving either that Mills was not indebted, or that Pattridge did not so tell plaintiff. That Mills said he was solvent, was not evidence to prove that he was; and of course had no tendency to show that Pattridge had not told plaintiff to the contrary, nor could it be competent in rebuttal of the defendants’ case generally. That, as we have seen, was, that the sale to plaintiff in 1869, was made with a fraudulent intent, and that plaintiff knew it. It would ’ not be contended that Mills’ solvency in 1869, could be proved by showing that he told plaintiff in 1868, that he was then solvent. No more would such a statement tend to prove, that if insolvent at the time of the sale, the plaintiff, nevertheless, was ignorant of that fact.
[423]*423If the plaintiff’s theory be, that whereas Pattridge’s statement might be supposed to have impressed plaintiff’s mind with a belief that Mills was insolvent; that, therefore, evidence of Mills’ statement would be competent to show that such impression had been, or might have been removed; the answer is, that the question here, as we shall have occasion to consider more fully hereafter, is not what might, in point of fact, have been plaintiff’s belief as to Mills’ intent in selling out to him, but whether he had notice of that intent.
Suppose it had been proved that the day before, or the week before this sale, Mills had disclosed the true state of his affairs, and his insolvency to the plaintiff. Who would contend that the plaintiff could rebut such evidence, by proof, that, 'nevertheless, Mills accompanied his offer to sell out to him, by the assertion that he had been mistaken in his former statement, and that he was really solvent.
Yet as 'a matter of fact, plaintiff might have believed that it was so, and so believing, have made the purchase without inquiry as to how the fact. was. In answer to the following questions:
1. “ In making the purchase of these goods, had you any intention to defraud any creditors of Mills ?”
2. “ Did you in making the purchase of Mills of this property, intend to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors 1” The plaintiff was allowed, the defendants objecting, to state as follows : “ I did not intend to defraud anybody.”
The plaintiff relies on the decision in Seymour vs. Wilson, 14 N. Y. 567, viz.: that on an issue of fact as to whether an assignment or transfer of property was made to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, it is competent, where the assignor is a witness, to inquire of him, whether in making the assignment or transfer, he intended to delay or defraud his creditors.
This case has been followed in New York. In Thurston vs. [424]*424Cornell, 38 N. Y. 281, the court of appeals say, that it is now well settled, under the rules admitting parties to testify in their own behalf, that where the character of the transaction depends upon the intent of the party, it is competent whón that party is a witness, to inquire of him what his intention was.
A very recent case, however, in that court denies the correctness in principle of such a doctrine. “ Were we,” it is said, “ without any direct authority in this court adjudging the admissibility of such an inquiry, I should be very unwilling now to concede it.” Cortland Co. vs. Herkimer Co., 44 N. Y. 22. The majority of this court would-be unwilling to concede it, were the question before us. Filley et al. vs. Register et al., 4 Minn. 405.
But the evidence now under consideration does not fall within the rule.
Here, as in all other cases of such alleged fraudulent transfers, there are two questions for the jury: 1st, whether the transfer was made with the fraudulent intent, and 2d, whether the purchaser participated in it, or. had knowledge of it. Bridge vs. Eggleston, 14 Mass. 244, p. 249.
The creditor must prove actual fraud in the assignor, and if that is proved upon him, then the knowledge of it on the part of the assignee is to be proved; for all transfers of real or personal property made with such fraudulent intent, are by the statute (13 Eliz.) which is declaratory of the common law, utterly void as against such creditors, except in the hands of a bona fide purchaser for value, without notice of such fraud.' If fraud existed on Mills’ part of which plaintiff had notice, that would be sufficient for defendants. Twyne’s case, 1 Smith Lea. Ca., p. 39; Bridge vs. Eggleston, 14 Mass. 244, 249; Durfee vs. Pavitt et al., 14 Minn, 424, 433, 434.
[425]*425This case is to be governed by the common law rule. Blackman vs. Wheaton, 13 Minn. 326.
And further, as to such transfers of personal property, the provision of Gen. Stat. ch. 41, sec. 20, that the question of fraudulent intent shall be deemed' a question of fact, would not apply. That,matter is left as at common law.
We perceive no objection, in point of law, to the instruction • given at defendants’ request; viz.: “ When any person is indebted, and makes a sale or transfer of his property, or any of it, to another person with intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors, such sale is void as against the creditors of the person making the transfer, if it .appears that the person to whom the transfer is made knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, that the transfer is made for the purpose of hindering, delaying or defrauding the creditors of the person making the transfer.”
The sale is void, without reference to the actual intent of the purchaser. It is the law which, in such case, charges him with that guilty knowledge which makes him a participator in the fraud; and his evidence that he did not intend to defraud any one, is entirely beside the case.
This being so, it is easy to see that the testimony in question might have influenced the jury, especially, where, as here, the evidence was conflicting, and the jury were instructed that the plaintiff’s “ acts and motives, so far as they are disclosed by the evidence, are all to be considered by the jury.” So too with respect to Mills’ statements above considered.
There must, therefore, be a new trial. Other questions arising in the case, may also in that view, be properly determined at this time.
Passing over the technical objections to the admission of the transcripts from the records of the United States district [426]*426and circuit courts, we are of the opinion that they were properly excluded.
The petition and adjudication, were not competent-evidence that Mills was insolvent at the time of this sale.
The proceedings were in September. An adjudication of nsolvency in September, if such were made, (which does not appear) by the district court of the United States, if otherwise competent, would have no tendency to show that Mills was insolvent in July, when this sale took place.
Nor were they, nor was the injunction issued out of said court, on the filing of such petition, and directed to Mills, and the defendant Brown, the sheriff, forbidding them from making any sale, transfer or disposition of the property in question, and then held by the sheriff under the several attachments and executions set out in this case, evidence of the exclusive urisdiction of the district court over the subject matter of this action.
So far as the sheriff is concerned, this is an action in the nature of an. action of trespass de bonis. The plaintiff does not seek to recover the goods, but damages for the taking on the 23d of July, 1869.
' Unless -the sale was void at common law as against Mills’ creditors, the sheriff was a trespasser in taking the property upon these writs.
The right of action which would in such case have accrued to the plaintiff on the 23d of July, to recover damages in' respect of such trespass, was none the less valid, because such sale, though good at common law as against Mills’ creditors, might be, as it well might be, a fraud on the bankrupt act. [See sec. 35 of the bankrupt acti\
The sheriff could not defend himself by showing that such injunction had been' issued ; nor that the assignee in bankruptcy had commenced an action against the plaintiff to re[427]*427cover the valué of said goods. If the sale -were good at common law, the plaintiff could recover against the sheriff in this action. If it were a fraud on the bankrupt act,, the assignee could recover, to a like extent, against the plaintiff. He could not, however, recover the value of the goods from the plaintiff, and also take the goods from the sheriff. The irrelevancy of such evidence is therefore quite apparent.
So, as to the instructions asked and refused, we perceive no error in the refusal of the court to give them.
As to the first and second instructions it is the bankrupt act, [sec. 35,) and not the principles of the common law, whereby a sale, not in the usual course of business, is under the circumstances in that section stated, and the actions therein contemplated, made prima facie evidence of fraud.
This case was to be tried in accordance with the rules of evidence at common law applicable thereto, not the rules prescribed by the bankrupt act, for suits brought under its provisions.
As to the third instruction asked and refused, it has been heretofore decided, that the burden of proof in a case of this kind, where the sale is attacked on thQ ground of fraudulent intent, is, in the first instance, on the defendant, if the proof shows a sale and delivery of the property as between the parties, and possession in the plaintiff at the time of the taking. Derby & Day vs. Gallup, 5 Minn. 136. This we think a correct rule. Bridge vs. Eggleston, 14 Mass. 250.
Evidence of Mills’ statement subsequent to the sale, as to his motives in making it, was properly excluded. 4 Minn. 203; 7 Minn. 494; Shaw vs. Robertson,12 Minn. 445 ; Blackman vs. Wheaton, 13 Minn. 326.
The statements offered, were in no way connected with the sale, aud while it is true, that if the plaintiff and Mills were engaged in a conspiracy to defraud Mills’ creditors, the decía[428]*428rations of either, while carrying the common- intent into execution, and in furtherance thereof, are competent evidence to affect both, (Cuyler vs. McCartney, 40 N. Y. 227) proof must nevertheless be given of the existence of such conspiracy, before such declarations can be given in evidence; Ib.
The defendants s?y that other evidence clearly establishes the fact of a combination between Mills, and the plaintiff to delay or defraud Mills’ creditors. However that may be, there was no such evidence in the case, when Mills’ said statements were offered to be proved; none that would suffice to take the case -out of the ordinary rule excluding such statements.
Billings, a witness for defendant, was asked on cross-examination this question: “ Did you tell O. H. Page in the cars on the way to St. Paul last October, that you did not hear Mills say that trade was dull, and times were hard, and if his creditors would carry him over another year he could go through, or words to that effect 1” to which he replied, “ I did not.” ■ - .
Inasmuch,as the .witness had not stated that he did hear Mills say anything of the kind, this question was wholly' collateral to the issue, .and the plaintiff Avas bound by his answer. Nevertheless, he was allowed to prove by Page, that Billings on the occasion referred to, told him, in substance, that he did not hear Mills so state.
This was of course improper. The objection that the defendants make to Page’s being alloAved to testify that Billings so stated, in substance, seems untenable. In the way the examination was conducted, it amounted to allowing Page to 'state Avhat Billings said, in substance,- which would not be objectionable. Gould vs. Norfolk Lead Co., 9 Cush. 338.
Order denying neAV trial reversed.