1 WO 2 3 4 5
9 Earl M. Hasbrouck, et al., No. CV-20-08112-PCT-DWL
10 Plaintiffs, ORDER
11 v.
12 County of Yavapai, et al.,
13 Defendants. 14 15 Plaintiffs Earl and Donna Hasbrouck (“Plaintiffs”) are a married couple bringing 16 this action pro se. Plaintiffs’ allegations arise from a series of disputes stretching back to 17 the late 1990s concerning a parcel of real property they own in Yavapai County (“the 18 County”). In their original complaint, Plaintiffs asserted an array of federal and state 19 claims against an array of defendants, including the County and various local and state 20 officials. (Doc. 1.) 21 In February 2021, the Court dismissed all of Plaintiffs’ claims except their claim in 22 Count One against the County. (Doc. 43 at 39.) Count One of the original complaint 23 alleged that the County’s passage of a zoning ordinance that changed property storage 24 regulations constituted, inter alia, a bill of attainder and an ex post facto law, in violation 25 of various provisions of the United States and Arizona Constitutions. (Doc. 1 ¶ 56.) 26 As part of the dismissal order, the Court authorized Plaintiffs to amend their 27 complaint “with limitations” and authorized the County to move to dismiss the amended 28 pleading. (Doc. 43 at 39-40.) Plaintiffs then submitted their First Amended Complaint 1 (“FAC”). (Doc 51.) 2 Now pending before the Court is the County’s successive motion to dismiss. (Doc. 3 52.) For the following reasons, the motion is granted and this action is terminated. 5 I. Factual Background 6 The background facts of this case are set out in detail in the February 1, 2021 order. 7 (Doc. 43 at 2-5.) The following facts, which are relevant to the County’s pending motion 8 and are assumed true for purposes of that motion, are derived from the FAC and documents 9 subject to judicial notice. 10 In 1996, Plaintiffs purchased and moved to a 0.65-acre parcel1 in Ash Fork, Yavapai 11 County, Arizona. (Doc. 51 ¶¶ 24, 26.) Following their arrival in Yavapai County, 12 Plaintiffs planned to remodel their home and construct new structures on the parcel in 13 accordance with plans submitted to and orally approved by County officials. (Id. ¶ 24.) 14 However, personal circumstances prevented Plaintiffs from beginning their remodeling 15 project in earnest until 2001. In the meantime, they began using twenty-foot steel shipping 16 containers for storage on their lot. (Id. ¶¶ 31-34.) 17 From roughly 2001 to 2007, Plaintiffs had conflicts with neighbors and County 18 officials. (Id. ¶ 36.) Among other things, Plaintiffs (1) complained to Yavapai County 19 Development Services (“YCDS”) about misconduct occurring at a neighboring property, 20 which led to demolition occurring on that property at County expense; (2) joined “other 21 dissenting community members” in protesting a newly drilled noncompliant well; and (3) 22 were subject to the County’s “anonymous complaint strategy” regarding “debris” stored 23 on their property. (Id.) Plaintiffs contend these spats partly led to their subsequent 24 mistreatment by “trigger[ing] additional bureaucratic revenge.” (Id.) 25
26 1 The County provides public records showing that parcel number 302-14-028A, which is how Plaintiffs identify their parcel in the FAC (Doc. 51 ¶ 24), is approximately 27 .65 acres. (Doc. 52-1 at 16.) Plaintiffs do not dispute the authenticity of (or otherwise object to) this public record, which the Court may judicially notice without converting the 28 motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001). 1 In 2010, a YCDS official asked Plaintiffs to rearrange the steel storage containers 2 on their lot. (Id. ¶ 37.) Plaintiffs complied without understanding what, if any, basis YCDS 3 had for making such a request. (Id.) 4 On November 1, 2017, the Yavapai County Board of Supervisors met to discuss, 5 among other things, amendments to its zoning ordinances that were consolidated as County 6 Zoning Ordinance Amendment HA #H17032 (“H17032”). (Doc. 52-1 at 3-5.) The 7 measure passed by a three to one vote, with one Supervisor opposing and one abstaining. 8 (Id. at 8-9.) 9 H17032 made four changes to the County’s zoning regulations. First, Section 301’s 10 definition of “steel storage container” was amended to exclude refurbished sea-going cargo 11 and freight containers. (Id. at 4.) Second, Section 413 was amended to allow—on parcels 12 no smaller than ten acres—the installation of certain storage structures before construction 13 of a primary use (e.g., a house). (Id.) Third, Section 501 was amended to avoid the need 14 for a construction permit, as would typically be required, if the property was zoned under 15 Section 413 and the new exception applied. (Id.) Fourth, Section 564 imported the new 16 definition from Section 301, required construction of primary use before steel storage 17 containers would be allowed—on parcels no smaller than two acres—and altered the 18 overall limitation from a single storage unit to no more than 400 square feet of storage. (Id. 19 at 4-5.) 20 On July 17, 2018, Plaintiffs returned home to discover that a “Notice of Violation” 21 placard had been placed on their property. (Doc. 51 ¶ 40.) Neighbors reported seeing 22 YCDS personnel “conducting a warrantless search” of the premises and taking 23 photographs. (Id.) Plaintiffs later received a follow-up letter from YCDS detailing alleged 24 zoning infractions, including improperly storing vehicles and construction materials on the 25 property. (Id. ¶ 41.) Plaintiffs subsequently demanded an administrative hearing to resolve 26 the alleged infractions. (Id. ¶ 42.) 27 On August 24, 2018, YCDS Land Use Director Rebecca Borowski (“Borowski”) 28 filed a notice of violation against Plaintiffs, which commenced administrative proceedings. 1 (Id. ¶ 43; Doc. 1-1 at 7.) The parties participated in a “trial” or preliminary hearing on 2 October 9, 2018, during which Plaintiffs “objected to but complied faithfully with the 3 biased Hearing Office Rules of Discovery clearly intended to provide prosecutorial 4 advantage, [with] YCDS refusing to participate.” (Doc. 51 ¶ 45) 5 From there, Plaintiffs engaged in settlement talks with Borowski and YCDS 6 Department Head David Williams (“Williams”), who were “acting in their official capacity 7 as joint prosecutors on behalf of Yavapai County” in the administrative action. (Id. ¶ 46.) 8 Borowski and Williams “admitted their procedural error in bringing the action in the 9 fraudulent manner done and agreed to extend [Plaintiffs’] original building permits for two 10 years . . . .” (Id.) Hearing officer Larry C. Jacobs (“Jacobs”) then officially opened 11 proceedings for the record, “made the [C]ounty’s settlement offer a matter of record,” and 12 acknowledged receipt of Plaintiffs’ plan for the administrative hearing. (Id.) “Plaintiffs 13 were subsequently fined $100 . . . .” (Id.) 14 Settlement talks started to break down when County officials learned about 15 Plaintiffs’ plan to identify at trial “the government entities responsible for instigating and 16 maliciously pursuing the clearly fraudulent charges.” (Id. ¶ 47.) According to Plaintiffs, 17 “an immediate coverup commenced.” (Id.) The County ultimately sent Plaintiffs an 18 acknowledgment of violation that Plaintiffs refused to sign because they considered it a 19 “contrivance clearly intended to impute guilt.” (Id.; Doc. 1-1 at 8-9.) At this point, efforts 20 to settle effectively failed. Plaintiffs then filed an application and motion for default, 21 papers that “remain blatantly ignored yet today.” (Doc. 51 ¶ 48.) The original 22 November 6, 2018 trial date “was vacated at Yavapai County[’s] whim.” (Id. ¶ 49.) 23 Plaintiffs did not have an opportunity to object. (Id.) 24 On December 11, 2018, an administrative hearing took place. (Id. ¶ 50.) Plaintiffs 25 allege they were treated unjustly by the presiding hearing officer, Peter Van Haren (“Van 26 Haren”), in “what was clearly a setup.” (Id.) Van Haren ordered Plaintiffs to sit quietly 27 during the hearing, not allowing them to object orally, and two sheriff’s deputies sat behind 28 Plaintiffs during the first half of the proceedings. (Id.) According to Plaintiffs, the 1 evidence used during the hearing was “surprise hearsay.” (Id.) After the hearing, Van 2 Haren fined Plaintiffs $100 and ordered them to (1) remove all disallowed storage items, 3 construction material, commercial vehicles, and “general debris” from the property, or 4 screen those “items from view with an approved permitted screening method”; (2) “obtain 5 an issued permit to remove or retain all unpermitted construction”; and (3) “contact the 6 land use specialist for an on-site compliance inspection” by January 20, 2019. (Id.) If the 7 inspection found that the conditions of compliance were not met, a civil penalty of $7,500 8 would be imposed. (Id.) 9 Plaintiffs tried to comply with Van Haren’s order by selling off the equipment that 10 was stored on their property, leading to a “severe” financial loss. (Id. ¶¶ 51-52.) Plaintiffs 11 also sought to appeal the order, but their appeal was denied when they failed to remit the 12 required $440 fee. (Id. ¶¶ 50-52; Doc. 16 at 35.) 13 On April 4, 2019, Borowski sent Plaintiffs a notice of non-compliance based on a 14 purported March 1, 2019 property inspection. (Doc. 51 ¶ 53; Doc. 1-1 at 10-11.) On 15 April 26, 2019, Plaintiffs complained about the notice of non-compliance to the County 16 hearing office, the County Clerk, and the Arizona Commission on Judicial Conduct. (Doc. 17 51 ¶ 54; Doc. 1-1 at 12-14.) 18 On May 14, 2019, “final judgment was rendered” in the County hearing, with 19 Jacobs upholding Van Haren’s determination, “as specifically ordered by” Williams. (Id. 20 ¶ 58.) 21 II. Procedural Background 22 On May 14, 2020, Plaintiffs initiated this action by filing the complaint. (Doc. 1.) 23 On August 13, 2020, Plaintiffs sought leave to amend the complaint. (Docs. 12, 24 13.) 25 On August 17, 2020, the Court ordered Plaintiffs to file their proposed amended 26 complaint in accordance with Local Rule 15.1. (Doc. 15.) Plaintiffs then attempted to 27 amend or supplement the complaint many times, but each attempt violated the local rules 28 or the Court’s orders. (Docs. 17, 22-23, 28, 31-32.) Eventually, the Court ordered that no 1 amended complaint be filed before the Court’s resolution of the pending motions to 2 dismiss. (Doc. 33.) 3 On August 18, 2020, the County Defendants filed a motion to dismiss. (Doc. 16.) 4 The motion later became fully briefed. (Docs. 20, 21.) 5 On August 24, 2020, the State Defendant filed a motion to dismiss. (Doc. 18.) The 6 motion later became fully briefed. (Docs. 24, 25.) 7 On February 1, 2021, the Court dismissed all defendants and counts except Count 8 One against the County. (Doc. 43 at 39-40.) The Court authorized Plaintiffs to amend the 9 complaint “with limitations” and authorized the County to move to dismiss the amended 10 pleading. (Id.) 11 On April 7, 2021, Plaintiffs filed the FAC. (Doc. 51.) 12 On April 27, 2021, the County filed the pending motion to dismiss the FAC. (Doc. 13 52.) The motion later became fully briefed. (Docs. 53, 54.) 14 On July 6, 2021, Plaintiffs attempted to file a Second Amended Complaint without 15 the Court’s permission and in violation of Local Rule 15.1. (Doc. 55.) 16 On July 8, 2021, the Court struck the Second Amended Complaint and stated that 17 the pending motion to dismiss the FAC would be resolved in due course. (Doc. 56.) 19 I. Legal Standard 20 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 21 accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 22 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial 23 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 24 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “[A]ll 25 well-pleaded allegations of material fact in the complaint are accepted as true and are 26 construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” In re Fitness Holdings 27 Int’l, Inc., 714 F.3d 1141, 1144-45 (9th Cir. 2013). 28 Legal conclusions couched as factual allegations are not entitled to the presumption 1 of truth. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of 2 action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). “While legal 3 conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual 4 allegations.” Id. at 679. 5 The Iqbal pleading standard applies to pro se complaints, but they “must be held to 6 less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 7 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007)). 8 Although entitled to “great leeway,” a pro se litigant’s pleadings “nonetheless must meet 9 some minimum threshold in providing a defendant with notice of what it is that it allegedly 10 did wrong.” Brazil v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 66 F.3d 193, 199 (9th Cir. 1995). 11 II. Analysis 12 In the February 1, 2021 order, the Court authorized Plaintiffs to amend the 13 complaint but ordered Plaintiffs not to reassert claims against certain parties or any “state- 14 law claims,” “claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1985, and 1986,” or “conspiracy claims 15 premised on alleged conspiracies solely between the County Defendants.” (Doc. 43 at 39- 16 40.) The Court also ordered Plaintiffs to attach, consistent with Local Rule 15.1(a), a 17 redlined version of the amended pleading as an exhibit. (Id. at 40.) As to this requirement, 18 the Court explained: “Although the Court appreciates that providing a redlined version may 19 prove technically challenging, it is crucial that Plaintiffs comply with this requirement in 20 light of the length of the current complaint and the limited nature of the leave to amend 21 that is being granted.” (Id.) 22 Plaintiffs violated that order. The FAC does not include a redlined version of the 23 pleading. And although the FAC no longer asserts claims against dismissed parties, it 24 continues to assert barred claims. (See, e.g., Doc. 51 ¶ 61 [“Defendant Yavapai County 25 did . . . intentionally violate the civil rights of Plaintiffs Earl & Donna Hasbrouck in 26 violation of . . . 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 . . . 1985 & 1986 . . . .”].) 27 Plaintiffs apparently acknowledge that these claims are inoperative—they describe 28 the County’s “provocative dissent” as “futile” because “Plaintiffs First Amended 1 Complaint was propounded under protest.” (Doc. 53 at 4.) The Court interprets this 2 statement, juxtaposed with Plaintiffs’ earlier statements that “FRCP rule precedent declares 3 that any amended complaint completely replaces the original” and “Plaintiffs wish to move 4 the action forward under protest for finalization of Count One” (Doc. 51 ¶¶ 2(a), 2(g)), to 5 mean that Plaintiffs reasserted all claims in the FAC in an unnecessary effort to preserve 6 them for appeal. At any rate, all reasserted claims barred by the Court’s February 1, 2021 7 order are now summarily dismissed, regardless of Plaintiffs’ motives in reasserting them. 8 This leaves paragraph 62 of the FAC, which appears to reassert Count One of the 9 original complaint with minor changes. In a nutshell, Plaintiffs assert that H17032 violates 10 constitutional prohibitions against ex post facto laws and bills of attainder, as well as the 11 Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. (Id. ¶ 62.) Importantly, Plaintiffs do 12 not object to the County’s zoning regime as a whole. To the contrary, they have been 13 extremely clear that they only object to H17032, which, as discussed above, amended 14 Sections 301, 413, 501, and 564 of the zoning ordinances. 15 Given this backdrop, Plaintiffs’ claims must be dismissed for lack of standing, 16 which “is an essential and unchanging part of the case-or-controversy requirement of 17 Article III. For that reason, both the Supreme Court and this court have held that whether 18 or not the parties raise the issue, federal courts are required sua sponte to examine 19 jurisdictional issues such as standing.” D’Lil v. Best W. Encina Lodge & Suites, 538 F.3d 20 1031, 1035 (9th Cir. 2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). For standing 21 purposes, a plaintiff must establish he or she has “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is 22 fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be 23 redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1549 24 (2016). 25 As discussed, H10732 amends regulations that apply to properties larger than two, 26 or ten, acres. But here, it is uncontested that Plaintiffs’ property is smaller than one acre. 27 If H10732 does not affect Plaintiffs, it cannot injure them. Thus, Plaintiffs cannot establish 28 causation and lack standing to assert their various challenges. 1 Although the absence of standing alone requires dismissal, the Court will proceed 2 to explain why Plaintiffs’ claims also fail on the merits.2 As an initial matter, to the extent 3 Plaintiffs are seeking to sue the County under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based on an alleged 4 violation of the Arizona Constitution,3 such a claim is not cognizable. Campbell v. Burt, 5 141 F.3d 927, 930 (9th Cir. 1998); Ybarra v. Bastian, 647 F.2d 891, 892 (9th Cir. 1981). 6 Turning to Plaintiffs’ federal theories, they assert that “the evidence will show that 7 Yavapai County did . . . enact Yavapai County Ordinance No. HA H-17032 . . . in violation 8 of the U.S. Constitution Article I, §§ 9 . . . .” (Doc. 51 ¶ 62.) They elaborate that the 9 ordinance “mak[es] it a criminal offense . . . to possess [shipping] containers on site and in 10 use since or about 1996 on tracts of land of less than ten acres in size.” (Id.) The Court 11 construes this as a claim that H10732 constitutes an unconstitutional ex post facto law. 12 At common law and around the time of the framing of the United States 13 Constitution, many understood the term ex post facto to “embrace all respective laws, or 14 laws governing or controlling past transactions, whether . . . of a civil or criminal nature.” 15 3 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States 1339 (1833). But in 16 1798, the Supreme Court clarified that the Constitution prohibits “every law that makes an 17 action, done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; 18 and punishes such action.” Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 390 (1798) (emphasis added). That 19 is, “the prohibition extends to criminal, not civil, cases . . . .” Id. at 399 (Iredell, J., 20 concurring). See also Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530, 538 (2013) (embracing Calder
21 2 This analysis is provided both in an abundance of caution and to explain why granting leave to amend would be futile. 22 3 Paragraph 62 of the FAC alleges that the County’s efforts related to H10732 were 23 “all in violation of the U.S. Constitution Article I, §§ 9 & 10; the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Fourth Amendment(s) & the Arizona Constitution, Article II, Section 25.” Elsewhere in 24 the FAC, Plaintiffs explain that they “bring this action . . . pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, 1986 & 1988,” seek “remedy, vindication & redress for equal rights violations and/or 25 deprivations of civil rights secured by the Constitution of the United States,” and also “invoke supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367 seeking remedy & redress 26 from unfair and unjust [violations of] state law.” (Doc. 51 ¶¶ 10, 11, 13.) It is possible to construe these allegations, when read together, as including a § 1983 claim based on 27 alleged violations of the Arizona Constitution. Alternatively, if Plaintiffs were attempting to assert some sort of standalone state-law claim based on an alleged violation of the 28 Arizona Constitution, the Court would decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over that claim following the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ federal claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). 1 over 200 years later). 2 Plaintiffs’ assertion that H17032 makes possessing certain shipping containers on 3 certain properties “a criminal offense” (Doc. 51 ¶ 62) is a legal conclusion couched as a 4 factual allegation and is not entitled to the presumption of truth. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678- 5 79. Plaintiffs have not identified, and the Court cannot find, a specific part of H17032 that 6 creates a criminal offense where there previously was none. Thus, H17032 cannot be an 7 ex post facto law.4 8 Plaintiffs also assert a bill-of-attainder claim—they allege that “the evidence will 9 show that Yavapai County did . . . enact Yavapai County Ordinance No. HA-H17032 . . . 10 knowing said enactment to be a bill of attainder . . . in violation of the U.S. Constitution 11 Article I, []§ 9.” (Doc. 51 ¶ 62.) They elaborate that “in retaliation for losing a lawsuit 12 brought 14 years earlier . . . [the] bill of attainder intended to give subsidiary legislative 13 units undeserved, indiscriminate, quasi-judicial power(s) under color of authority of A.R.S. 14 § 11-815 and A.R.S. § 11-866 maliciously intended to infringe the grandfathered rights of 15 Plaintiffs and select other classes of Yavapai County resident landowners similarly situated 16 to possess and lawfully use steel shipping containers for secure storage and other lawful 17 purposes on property they own.” (Id.) The Court views this as an argument that H17032 18 targets a class of landowners, including Plaintiffs, by preventing them from using shipping 19 containers in a way they had done before. 20 Under federal law, “a bill of attainder is a law that legislatively determines guilt and 21 inflicts punishment upon an identifiable individual without provision of the protections of 22 a judicial trial.” SeaRiver Mar. Fin. Holdings, Inc. v. Mineta, 309 F.3d 662, 668 (9th Cir. 23 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Nixon v. Adm’r of Gen. Servs., 433 U.S. 24 425, 468 (1977)). “Three key features brand a statute a bill of attainder: that the statute (1) 25
26 4 There is an exception to this civil/criminal dichotomy—even “[w]hen a statute is expressly civil in intent,” an ex post facto claim may lie upon “the clearest proof” that the 27 statute, “on its face, is punitive in effect.” Does v. Wasden, 982 F.3d 784, 791 (9th Cir. 2020). That exception is nevertheless inapplicable here because Plaintiffs do not attempt 28 to invoke it and, as discussed below regarding the bill-of-attainder claim, H17032 is not punitive. 1 specifies the affected persons, and (2) inflicts punishment (3) without a judicial trial.” Id. 2 The Court will begin with the second element—the infliction of punishment— 3 because the analysis is straightforward. “Three inquiries determine whether a statute 4 inflicts punishment on the specified individual or group: (1) whether the challenged statute 5 falls within the historical meaning of legislative punishment; (2) whether the statute, 6 viewed in terms of the type and severity of burdens imposed, reasonably can be said to 7 further nonpunitive legislative purposes; and (3) whether the legislative record evinces a 8 congressional intent to punish.” Id. at 673. “Where such legitimate legislative purposes 9 do not appear, it is reasonable to conclude that punishment of individuals disadvantaged 10 by the enactment was the purpose of the decisionmakers.” Id. at 674 (citation omitted). 11 But “[f]orbidden legislative punishment is not involved merely because the Act imposes 12 burdensome consequences. Rather, we must inquire whether [the legislature] inflicted 13 punishment within the constitutional proscription against bills of attainder.” Nixon, 433 14 U.S. at 473-74. 15 These standards are not satisfied here. First, H17032 “evinces none of the historical 16 means of punishment that characterize an unconstitutional bill of attainder. Traditionally, 17 bills of attainder sentenced the named individual to death, imprisonment, banishment, the 18 punitive confiscation of property by the sovereign, or erected a bar to designated 19 individuals or groups participating in specified employments or vocations.” SeaRiver, 309 20 F.3d at 673. “[C]onfiscation of property” seems the most relevant here, but it is unavailing. 21 Putting aside the subject-matter jurisdiction concern that H17032 apparently does not 22 regulate Plaintiffs at all, Plaintiffs do not allege that H17032 would lead to the direct 23 confiscation of their property. And even if Plaintiffs are alleging the indirect confiscation 24 of their property in the style of a regulatory taking, they do not allege that the taking was 25 punitive.5 26 Second, H17032 furthers nonpunitive legislative purposes. The County is 27
28 5 Admittedly, it begs the question somewhat to determine whether an ordinance “inflicts punishment” by asking whether a confiscation is “punitive.” 1 statutorily authorized to regulate the use of land, A.R.S. §§ 11-801 to 21, placing H17032 2 squarely within its legislative prerogative. (Doc. 52 at 7.) In their reply, Plaintiffs loosely 3 assert a nefarious legislative purpose: “Yavapai County suddenly discovers a pressing need 4 to enact a law which not only is deliberately intended to discriminate against small tract 5 owners who desire a ready-made, very secure, steel storage shed that is portable and can 6 be easily moved anywhere on the property but also selectively isolates the steel storage 7 shed classification from wood sheds, truck boxes, etc.” (Doc. 53.) But the County may 8 discriminate against certain classes without violating the prohibition on bills of attainder— 9 it may not apply that discrimination in a way that punishes a person or class. Plaintiffs 10 have not asserted such a punishment. Any loss of property is no doubt burdensome, but 11 the loss of a storage unit is not a “severe” burden as compared to death, imprisonment, 12 banishment, or loss of employment, i.e., the “historical means of punishment.” 13 Third, the legislative record does not evince an intent to punish. The minutes from 14 the Board of Supervisors meeting on November 1, 2017 suggest no punitive motive behind 15 H10732. The Board expressed its desire to “allow the landowner a right to place a 16 container on the property, rather than getting input from a neighbor,” and “reduce the 17 number of use permits.” Indeed, opposing and abstaining Supervisors only questioned the 18 amendment’s scope and whether administrative notice obligations had been satisfied. 19 (Doc. 51-1 at 8.) 20 Under these circumstances, it is not reasonable to conclude that “punishment of 21 individuals disadvantaged by the enactment was the purpose of the decisionmakers.” 22 Nixon, 433 U.S. at 476. Plaintiffs have thus not carried their burden, as the “one who 23 complains of being attainted,” of establishing “that the legislature’s action constituted 24 punishment and not merely the legitimate regulation of conduct.” SeaRiver, 309 F.3d 25 at 674. 26 Finally, Plaintiffs assert that the enactment of H17032 was “in violation of the 27 Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment(s).” (Doc. 51 ¶ 62.) Although pro se 28 plaintiffs are entitled to “great leeway,” pleadings “nonetheless must meet some minimum 1 threshold in providing a defendant with notice of what it is that it allegedly did wrong.” 2 Brazil, 66 F.3d at 199. It is not enough for a plaintiff simply to allege that a wrong has 3 been committed and demand relief. 4 Plaintiffs’ Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment claims are presented 5 in paragraph 62 without elaboration and do not provide the County with notice of what it 6 has allegedly done wrong. This lack of notice is obvious in the County’s motion to dismiss, 7 which responds to the ex post facto and bill-of-attainder claims with clarity but is forced to 8 “spray and pray” in response to every imaginable argument Plaintiffs might be asserting 9 under a cornucopia of constitutional provisions. (Doc. 52 at 8-10.) Although mindful of 10 the great leeway it must extend to pro se litigants, without true adversarial briefing, the 11 Court cannot analyze the sufficiency of Plaintiffs’ assertions. See generally United States 12 v. Sineneng-Smith, 140 S. Ct. 1575, 1579 (2020) (“In our adversarial system of 13 adjudication, we follow the principle of party presentation . . . . [W]e rely on the parties to 14 frame the issues for decision and assign to courts the role of neutral arbiter of matters the 15 parties present.”). 16 Even if the Court were prepared to grant Plaintiffs an extraordinary degree of leeway 17 by acting as inquisitor, it cannot formulate a theory of harm under the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, 18 or Fourteenth Amendments.6 After reviewing the original and amended complaint, the 19 Court imagines that Plaintiffs could be asserting Fourth Amendment search and seizure 20 claims, Fifth Amendment takings claims, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process 21 claims, and Eighth Amendment excessive fines claims. But Plaintiffs do not assert that 22 H17032 was enforced against them, nor do they assert that the text of H10732 authorizes 23 search or seizure, administrative proceedings, or new fees. 24 The County suggests that Plaintiffs may have meant to raise a regulatory takings 25 claim. But the Court agrees that Plaintiffs’ regulatory takings theory is “not clear from the 26 complaint or FAC” (Doc. 52 at 8) for at least two reasons. First, Plaintiffs “invoke 27 6 This may be a moot point—in their reply, Plaintiffs discuss ex post facto and bill- 28 of-attainder claims but note that “all other constitutional arguments [are] inapplicable based on Defendant’s ‘barred claim’ opening.” (Doc. 53 at 5.) 1 || supplemental jurisdiction” to assert “unjust diminution of value & uncompensated 2|| regulatory takings under color of state law.” (Doc. 51 4 13.) A Fifth Amendment claim 3 || would be well within this Court’s federal-question jurisdiction, so Plaintiffs’ invocation on 28U.S.C. § 1367 seems to suggest that any regulatory-takings claim would rely on theories 5 || that were dismissed in this Court’s February 1, 2021 order. Second, although Plaintiffs 6 || meticulously detail economic loss resulting from the administrative hearing (see, e.g., Doc. 7\| 51 at 29), Plaintiffs do not assert any economic loss directly resulting from H10732 or 8 || expand on their regulatory takings claim in any meaningful way. As a result, the Court cannot identify the relevant branch of regulatory taking that Plaintiffs assert between the || “three types of [unconstitutional] regulatory action the [Supreme Court] has recognized.” || Bridge Aina Le‘a, LLC v. Land Use Comm’n, 950 F.3d 610, 625 (9th Cir. 2020). 12 At any rate, the Court has dismissed all of Plaintiffs’ surviving federal claims due 13} to a lack of standing. And although pro se litigants are ordinarily entitled to notice of deficiencies in their complaint and given the opportunity to amend, Lucas, 66 F.3d at 248, 15 || granting leave to amend in this case would be futile. Clark v. Duncan, 131 F.3d 145 (9th Cir. 1997) (“Where amendment of a pro se litigant’s complaint would be futile, denial of 17 || leave to amend is appropriate.”). 18 Accordingly, 19 IT IS ORDERED that the County’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 52) is granted. The 20 || Clerk of Court shall enter judgment accordingly. 21 Dated this 28th day of September, 2021. 22 23 Lm ee” 24 f t _o——— Dominic W. Lanza 25 United States District Judge 26 27 28
-14-