COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Humphreys, Friedman and White
HASAN IBN-SAMI ABDUSSALAAM* MEMORANDUM OPINION** v. Record No. 1717-22-3 PER CURIAM NOVEMBER 21, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG F. Patrick Yeatts, Judge
(Charles F. Felmlee; Chuck Felmlee Law, P.C., on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Rebecca M. Garcia, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, the circuit court convicted Hasan Ibn-Sami Abdussalaam for
possessing a firearm after conviction of a violent felony in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2 and
sentenced him to five years of imprisonment. Abdussalaam challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to sustain his conviction. After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel
unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.”
Therefore, we dispense with oral argument in accordance with Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a) and Rule
5A:27(a).
BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth,
* The sentencing order in this case contained clerical errors misspelling the appellant’s name. Accordingly, our case style will reflect the correct spelling of Abdussalaam’s name. ** This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). In
doing so, we discard any of Abdussalaam’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all credible
evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from
that evidence. Gerald, 295 Va. at 473.
At about 11:35 a.m. on January 13, 2022, Officer S. Reid went to 1500 Augusta Street in
Lynchburg to investigate a reported disturbance. Officer Reid found “people all over the street”
when he arrived, but they immediately dispersed as he exited his vehicle. A silver Volkswagen
sedan was parked on the right side of the street; the car was running and the driver’s side window
was down. As Officer Reid approached the driver’s side of the car, he saw the front seat
passenger’s body shift. Officer Reid heard a “clunking noise against the floor board of the vehicle.”
The sound was of “metal” hitting the floorboard of the car.1
Through the open car window, Officer Reid asked Abdussalaam, who was alone in the
vehicle and occupied the front passenger seat, what he had thrown on the floor of the car.
Abdussalaam pointed down the street and said “over there.” The officer repeated the question about
what Abdussalaam had dropped. Abdussalaam said “my phone.” Inside the car, Abdussalaam
moved around and reached toward the passenger door frame. Abdussalaam produced a cell phone.
From the driver’s side of the car, Officer Reid then saw “a plastic corner of a magazine of a firearm”
in the front passenger compartment of the car. The officer drew his gun and ordered Abdussalaam
to exit. After Abdussalaam complied and was handcuffed, Officer Reid saw a firearm on a bag on
the front passenger side floorboard of the car. Only the tip of the barrel of the gun was in the bag.
Officer Reid retrieved the gun, which had a loaded magazine. Abdussalaam admitted to the police
that he knew the gun was in the car and that he was a convicted felon.
1 At trial, the Commonwealth played a video recorded by Officer Reid’s body worn camera of the encounter with Abdussalaam and the sound that the officer heard. However, the recording was not introduced into evidence. -2- Testifying in his own behalf, Abdussalaam stated that he was at Augusta Street with a friend
for only five to ten minutes. Then, Abdussalaam got into the car, driven by a friend, so that he
could leave the scene to go to work. Sitting in the front passenger seat, Abdussalaam claimed that
he saw the bag on the floorboard of the car but did not see the gun. Abdussalaam stated that the
police arrived when the driver left his car to tell another passenger that they were leaving.
Abdussalaam claimed that he dropped two phones on the floor and he bent over to retrieve them.
Abdussalaam said that when the officer asked what he had thrown, he displayed the phones. He
claimed that he did not notice the gun until Officer Reid saw it and ordered him out of the car.
Abdussalaam said he was 6 feet tall, weighed 240 pounds, and wore a size 11 shoe.
Viewing the photograph of the bag and the gun as they were found in the car, the circuit
court concluded that it was impossible for a person of Abdussalaam’s size and occupying the
passenger seat of the car not to see the gun and the bag, which covered “about ninety percent of the
floor space.” Rejecting Abdussalaam’s testimony, the circuit court noted, “There’s no way you can
get into there, into that seat and situate your feet and see the bag and not see the gun. I don’t believe
it for a second.” Considering the visibility of the gun and Abdussalaam’s proximity to it, the circuit
court concluded that he was aware of the gun, that it was subject to his dominion and control, and
that he was guilty of the charged offense. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Under Code § 18.2-308.2, it is unlawful for “any person who has been convicted of a
felony . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a
firearm.” Abdussalaam argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove his guilt of the
charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. “On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘the
judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 76 (2021)
-3- (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal, is
whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there is
evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own
judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at
the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).
“A conviction for the unlawful possession of a firearm can be supported exclusively by
evidence of constructive possession; evidence of actual possession is not necessary.” Smallwood
v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 630 (2009) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144,
148 (2008)). To prove constructive possession of a firearm, “the Commonwealth must present
evidence of acts, statements, or conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances
proving that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of the firearm and that the
firearm was subject to his dominion and control.” Id. (quoting Bolden, 275 Va. at 148).
“Whether evidence is sufficient to prove constructive possession ‘is largely a factual’ question
and requires circumstantial proof ‘that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of
the [firearm] and that the [firearm] was subject to his dominion and control.’” McArthur v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Humphreys, Friedman and White
HASAN IBN-SAMI ABDUSSALAAM* MEMORANDUM OPINION** v. Record No. 1717-22-3 PER CURIAM NOVEMBER 21, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG F. Patrick Yeatts, Judge
(Charles F. Felmlee; Chuck Felmlee Law, P.C., on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Rebecca M. Garcia, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, the circuit court convicted Hasan Ibn-Sami Abdussalaam for
possessing a firearm after conviction of a violent felony in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2 and
sentenced him to five years of imprisonment. Abdussalaam challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to sustain his conviction. After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel
unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.”
Therefore, we dispense with oral argument in accordance with Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a) and Rule
5A:27(a).
BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth,
* The sentencing order in this case contained clerical errors misspelling the appellant’s name. Accordingly, our case style will reflect the correct spelling of Abdussalaam’s name. ** This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). In
doing so, we discard any of Abdussalaam’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all credible
evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from
that evidence. Gerald, 295 Va. at 473.
At about 11:35 a.m. on January 13, 2022, Officer S. Reid went to 1500 Augusta Street in
Lynchburg to investigate a reported disturbance. Officer Reid found “people all over the street”
when he arrived, but they immediately dispersed as he exited his vehicle. A silver Volkswagen
sedan was parked on the right side of the street; the car was running and the driver’s side window
was down. As Officer Reid approached the driver’s side of the car, he saw the front seat
passenger’s body shift. Officer Reid heard a “clunking noise against the floor board of the vehicle.”
The sound was of “metal” hitting the floorboard of the car.1
Through the open car window, Officer Reid asked Abdussalaam, who was alone in the
vehicle and occupied the front passenger seat, what he had thrown on the floor of the car.
Abdussalaam pointed down the street and said “over there.” The officer repeated the question about
what Abdussalaam had dropped. Abdussalaam said “my phone.” Inside the car, Abdussalaam
moved around and reached toward the passenger door frame. Abdussalaam produced a cell phone.
From the driver’s side of the car, Officer Reid then saw “a plastic corner of a magazine of a firearm”
in the front passenger compartment of the car. The officer drew his gun and ordered Abdussalaam
to exit. After Abdussalaam complied and was handcuffed, Officer Reid saw a firearm on a bag on
the front passenger side floorboard of the car. Only the tip of the barrel of the gun was in the bag.
Officer Reid retrieved the gun, which had a loaded magazine. Abdussalaam admitted to the police
that he knew the gun was in the car and that he was a convicted felon.
1 At trial, the Commonwealth played a video recorded by Officer Reid’s body worn camera of the encounter with Abdussalaam and the sound that the officer heard. However, the recording was not introduced into evidence. -2- Testifying in his own behalf, Abdussalaam stated that he was at Augusta Street with a friend
for only five to ten minutes. Then, Abdussalaam got into the car, driven by a friend, so that he
could leave the scene to go to work. Sitting in the front passenger seat, Abdussalaam claimed that
he saw the bag on the floorboard of the car but did not see the gun. Abdussalaam stated that the
police arrived when the driver left his car to tell another passenger that they were leaving.
Abdussalaam claimed that he dropped two phones on the floor and he bent over to retrieve them.
Abdussalaam said that when the officer asked what he had thrown, he displayed the phones. He
claimed that he did not notice the gun until Officer Reid saw it and ordered him out of the car.
Abdussalaam said he was 6 feet tall, weighed 240 pounds, and wore a size 11 shoe.
Viewing the photograph of the bag and the gun as they were found in the car, the circuit
court concluded that it was impossible for a person of Abdussalaam’s size and occupying the
passenger seat of the car not to see the gun and the bag, which covered “about ninety percent of the
floor space.” Rejecting Abdussalaam’s testimony, the circuit court noted, “There’s no way you can
get into there, into that seat and situate your feet and see the bag and not see the gun. I don’t believe
it for a second.” Considering the visibility of the gun and Abdussalaam’s proximity to it, the circuit
court concluded that he was aware of the gun, that it was subject to his dominion and control, and
that he was guilty of the charged offense. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Under Code § 18.2-308.2, it is unlawful for “any person who has been convicted of a
felony . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm or ammunition for a
firearm.” Abdussalaam argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove his guilt of the
charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. “On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘the
judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly
wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 76 (2021)
-3- (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal, is
whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there is
evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own
judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at
the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).
“A conviction for the unlawful possession of a firearm can be supported exclusively by
evidence of constructive possession; evidence of actual possession is not necessary.” Smallwood
v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 630 (2009) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144,
148 (2008)). To prove constructive possession of a firearm, “the Commonwealth must present
evidence of acts, statements, or conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances
proving that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of the firearm and that the
firearm was subject to his dominion and control.” Id. (quoting Bolden, 275 Va. at 148).
“Whether evidence is sufficient to prove constructive possession ‘is largely a factual’ question
and requires circumstantial proof ‘that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of
the [firearm] and that the [firearm] was subject to his dominion and control.’” McArthur v.
Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 352, 368 (2020) (alterations in original) (quoting Smallwood, 278
Va. at 630). “Possession need not be actual, exclusive, or lengthy in order to support a
conviction; instead, the statute criminalizes constructive or joint possession of illegal [items] of
any duration[,]” regardless of who actually owns them. Wells v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App.
775, 781 (2000).
Abdussalaam maintains that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he constructively
possessed the gun. “Although mere proximity to the contraband is insufficient to establish
-4- possession, it is a factor that may be considered in determining whether a defendant possessed
the contraband.” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 12 (1997). Moreover, “ownership or
occupancy of the premises where the [contraband] is found” is a factor that “may be considered
in deciding whether an accused possessed the [contraband].” Wilson v. Commonwealth, 272 Va.
19, 27 (2006) (quoting Walton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 422, 426 (1998)).
Abdussalaam argues that the Commonwealth did not exclude the hypothesis of innocence
that he did not constructively possess the gun because he testified that he was only in the car
briefly and did not see the weapon. However, “[w]hether an alternate hypothesis of innocence is
reasonable is a question of fact and, therefore, is binding on appeal unless plainly wrong.”
Emerson v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 263, 277 (2004) (quoting Archer, 26 Va. App. at
12-13). “Merely because defendant’s theory of the case differs from that taken by the
Commonwealth does not mean that every reasonable hypothesis consistent with his innocence
has not been excluded. What weight should be given evidence is a matter for the [factfinder] to
decide.” Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 9 (2004) (alteration in original) (quoting
Miles v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 462, 467 (1964)).
In finding Abdussalaam guilty, the circuit court credited the Commonwealth’s evidence,
and rejected Abdussalaam’s claim that he was unaware of the gun in the car. “The fact finder,
who has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, has the sole responsibility to determine
their credibility, the weight to be given their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from
proven facts.” Rams v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 12, 26-27 (2019) (quoting Hamilton v.
Commonwealth, 279 Va. 94, 105 (2010)). “Where credibility issues are resolved by the [fact
finder] in favor of the Commonwealth, those findings will not be disturbed on appeal unless
plainly wrong.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 718 (2010). “In its role of judging
witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the
-5- accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.” Flanagan v.
Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 702 (2011) (quoting Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App.
505, 509-10 (1998)). Moreover, the circuit court was permitted to consider Abdussalaam’s prior
felony conviction in assessing his credibility. See Code § 19.2-269.
After hearing the sound of a heavy metal object hitting the floorboard of the car where
Abdussalaam sat, Officer Reid became suspicious that he had dropped a gun. The officer
questioned Abdussalaam about the sound and approached the car. Officer Reid saw a portion of
a firearm magazine near where Abdussalaam sat, and ordered him out of the vehicle. Officer
Reid then saw the gun on the floor of the car, unobstructed by the bag. As the circuit court
noted, it was impossible for someone in the passenger seat of the car to see the bag but not the
gun on top of it. In any event, Abdussalaam admitted to the police that he knew the gun was in
the car and that he was a convicted felon. Upon these facts and circumstances, a reasonable
finder of fact could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Abdussalaam knew of the gun in
the car, that it was subject to his dominion and control, and that he was guilty of violating Code
§ 18.2-308.2.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. We remand the
case to the circuit court for the sole purpose of correcting the spelling of Abdussalaam’s name in
the conviction and sentencing orders.
Affirmed and remanded.
-6-