By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.,
delivering the opinion.
His Honor Judge Habéis was asked by the counsel for the respondent, to charge the jury as follows, to-wit:
. “That when a will is traced into the possession of the testator, and can not be found, upon diligent search after his death, the presumption of law is, that the testator destroyed it animo revocandi. And further,
“That if the jury believed, from all the facts and circumstances of the case in evidence before them, that the testator [319]*319destroyed or otherwise cancelled' the last will with a mind and intention to revive the will admitted to probate, (name-. fy, the will of February, 1858,) and not to die intestate, they must find for the respondent.”
The first of these charges the Court gave as requested; the second was refused. The Judge instructed the jury, that if the testimony established that a will had been duly made and published in July, 1858, the provisions of which were in conflict with the previous will of February of that year, the last will was necessarily and per se a .revocation of the former. And that being so, the former will cannot be set up but by republication. “This, doubtless,” said the Judge, “involves the intention of the testator, but it does more; what amount or quantity of testimony is necessary to evidence such intention? You will inquire, gentlemen of the jury, if there be-three competent witnesses testifying to the revival of the Gorley will of February. The statute of Georgia requires three witnesses now to every will. Can a dead will be revived by a less number ? I think not. This I conceive to be the only safe rule, namely: to require every revival, or republication of a defunct will, in order to be valid, to be reduced to writing and signed by the testator in the presence of three attesting witnesses. And in the absence of express and controlling adjudications, I charge you, that such a rule as I have indicated, is essential to give effect to the spirit of our recent Act, requiring three witnesses; and such a rule will harmonize witli that which it is conceded prevails, as it respects the republication of wills to land in England. Indeed, without adopting such a rule in all eases of revival, or republication of revoked wills, the grossest frauds would be practiced upon testators. Abandoned intentions might be resuscitated, and a force and effect given to vague desultory conversations contrary to their last legally authenticated intentions.” To which charge as given, counsel for the respondent excepted.
Two questions are presented in the record: First, Does the revocation of the will of July, 1858, ipso facto, revive the will of February, 1858 ? And secondly, Is it competent to show by parol proof, that such was the intention of Lewis P. Harwell, the testator ?
When this case was before this Court six months ago, it thus expressed its opinion upon the first point made in the bill of exceptions.
[320]*320It has been a long mooted question whether the single fact ■of the revocation of a subsequent will revives a prior revoked one. The argument in favor of the revival is this: The first will would be good but for the last which revokes it, and this last, being itself afterwards revoked, becomes a nullity — has no effect whatever, and of course leaves the prior will unaffected. And it is analogized to the case of a statute revived by the repeal of another which had repealed the first. Such is the rule of the common law in the case of statutes, but the civil law is different, and so is the good reason of the thing different. When a principle is sound it ought to be carried to all strictly analagous cases, unless stringent authority forbids; but if the principle be unsound, analogy ought not to be allowed to carry it to a single case beyond the imperative demands of authority — the cases in which it has been already planted by decisions. Then is it a sound logical principle that a statute is revived by killing the statute which had previously killed the first? Is a dead man revived by killing his slayer? Is not the result rather this: Whereas, you had at first but one dead man, now you have two ? But this is itself but an analogy, and analogies are often fallacious from want of exact parallelism in the two cases. Take, therefore, the case before us; here are two wills of different dates and inconsistent provisions, and the last one in point of date, is confessedly revoked, which of these papers, or does either, show the final testamentary mind of the testator? I say neither does. The last one does not, as is admitted by everybody; for it is expressly revoked. How is it with the first ? That contains what was once his mind, but we know that he changed that mind when he made the last one. How do we know that he ever reverted to it ? It is said that he changed again when he revoked the last. This is true, but to what did he change ? The case is this: He had a scheme and abandoned it for another, and thus abandoned the second. All, so far, is clear and satisfactory, but can you go further and say, that when he abandons the last he returned to the first? If these two schemes comprehended all the possible dispositions of his property, then the conclusion would be a logical' one, that when he abandoned the one he returned to the other. But when the number of possible schemes in every case is legion, you cannot say that because he has departed from any one, you know his mind has settled [321]*321upon any other particular one out of that infinite number. The whole fallacy lies in assuming that the two papers exhaust the subject. It seems to me that the abandonment of any one scheme does not, oPitself, afford the least indication in favor of any other particular one out of an infinite number. Then it cannot be said, as the third charge declares, that the probate of a will cannot be defeated or revoked by proof of a later inconsistent will, unless the last one, itself, goes to probate. The question on a probate of a will, is, whether the paper propounded contains the final testamentary scheme of the testator? If it does not, it is not his will, and any paper which shows that though the paper propounded was once his will, it had ceased to be so, would defeat the proposed probate without rebutting proof, whether such later paper was itself offered for probate or not.
It must be conceded that there is much law, especially in the text-books, from the decision by Lord Mansfield in Glazier vs. Glazier, 4th Burrows ......... in 1870, down to 1 Victoria, ch. 26, sec. 22, adverse to the doctrine held by this Court in this case last November.
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.,
delivering the opinion.
His Honor Judge Habéis was asked by the counsel for the respondent, to charge the jury as follows, to-wit:
. “That when a will is traced into the possession of the testator, and can not be found, upon diligent search after his death, the presumption of law is, that the testator destroyed it animo revocandi. And further,
“That if the jury believed, from all the facts and circumstances of the case in evidence before them, that the testator [319]*319destroyed or otherwise cancelled' the last will with a mind and intention to revive the will admitted to probate, (name-. fy, the will of February, 1858,) and not to die intestate, they must find for the respondent.”
The first of these charges the Court gave as requested; the second was refused. The Judge instructed the jury, that if the testimony established that a will had been duly made and published in July, 1858, the provisions of which were in conflict with the previous will of February of that year, the last will was necessarily and per se a .revocation of the former. And that being so, the former will cannot be set up but by republication. “This, doubtless,” said the Judge, “involves the intention of the testator, but it does more; what amount or quantity of testimony is necessary to evidence such intention? You will inquire, gentlemen of the jury, if there be-three competent witnesses testifying to the revival of the Gorley will of February. The statute of Georgia requires three witnesses now to every will. Can a dead will be revived by a less number ? I think not. This I conceive to be the only safe rule, namely: to require every revival, or republication of a defunct will, in order to be valid, to be reduced to writing and signed by the testator in the presence of three attesting witnesses. And in the absence of express and controlling adjudications, I charge you, that such a rule as I have indicated, is essential to give effect to the spirit of our recent Act, requiring three witnesses; and such a rule will harmonize witli that which it is conceded prevails, as it respects the republication of wills to land in England. Indeed, without adopting such a rule in all eases of revival, or republication of revoked wills, the grossest frauds would be practiced upon testators. Abandoned intentions might be resuscitated, and a force and effect given to vague desultory conversations contrary to their last legally authenticated intentions.” To which charge as given, counsel for the respondent excepted.
Two questions are presented in the record: First, Does the revocation of the will of July, 1858, ipso facto, revive the will of February, 1858 ? And secondly, Is it competent to show by parol proof, that such was the intention of Lewis P. Harwell, the testator ?
When this case was before this Court six months ago, it thus expressed its opinion upon the first point made in the bill of exceptions.
[320]*320It has been a long mooted question whether the single fact ■of the revocation of a subsequent will revives a prior revoked one. The argument in favor of the revival is this: The first will would be good but for the last which revokes it, and this last, being itself afterwards revoked, becomes a nullity — has no effect whatever, and of course leaves the prior will unaffected. And it is analogized to the case of a statute revived by the repeal of another which had repealed the first. Such is the rule of the common law in the case of statutes, but the civil law is different, and so is the good reason of the thing different. When a principle is sound it ought to be carried to all strictly analagous cases, unless stringent authority forbids; but if the principle be unsound, analogy ought not to be allowed to carry it to a single case beyond the imperative demands of authority — the cases in which it has been already planted by decisions. Then is it a sound logical principle that a statute is revived by killing the statute which had previously killed the first? Is a dead man revived by killing his slayer? Is not the result rather this: Whereas, you had at first but one dead man, now you have two ? But this is itself but an analogy, and analogies are often fallacious from want of exact parallelism in the two cases. Take, therefore, the case before us; here are two wills of different dates and inconsistent provisions, and the last one in point of date, is confessedly revoked, which of these papers, or does either, show the final testamentary mind of the testator? I say neither does. The last one does not, as is admitted by everybody; for it is expressly revoked. How is it with the first ? That contains what was once his mind, but we know that he changed that mind when he made the last one. How do we know that he ever reverted to it ? It is said that he changed again when he revoked the last. This is true, but to what did he change ? The case is this: He had a scheme and abandoned it for another, and thus abandoned the second. All, so far, is clear and satisfactory, but can you go further and say, that when he abandons the last he returned to the first? If these two schemes comprehended all the possible dispositions of his property, then the conclusion would be a logical' one, that when he abandoned the one he returned to the other. But when the number of possible schemes in every case is legion, you cannot say that because he has departed from any one, you know his mind has settled [321]*321upon any other particular one out of that infinite number. The whole fallacy lies in assuming that the two papers exhaust the subject. It seems to me that the abandonment of any one scheme does not, oPitself, afford the least indication in favor of any other particular one out of an infinite number. Then it cannot be said, as the third charge declares, that the probate of a will cannot be defeated or revoked by proof of a later inconsistent will, unless the last one, itself, goes to probate. The question on a probate of a will, is, whether the paper propounded contains the final testamentary scheme of the testator? If it does not, it is not his will, and any paper which shows that though the paper propounded was once his will, it had ceased to be so, would defeat the proposed probate without rebutting proof, whether such later paper was itself offered for probate or not.
It must be conceded that there is much law, especially in the text-books, from the decision by Lord Mansfield in Glazier vs. Glazier, 4th Burrows ......... in 1870, down to 1 Victoria, ch. 26, sec. 22, adverse to the doctrine held by this Court in this case last November. Still the rule as laid down by the King’s Bench was often doubted in England, and expressly denied to be law by many Judges, and to settle this vexed question, the British Parliament, at the period indicated above, passed a statute declaring that “ No will or codicil, or any part thereof, which shall be in any manner revoked, shall be revived, otherwise than by a re-execution thereof, that is, by a writing fully attested, or by a codicil, in manner hereinbefore required, and showing an intention to revive the same.” It being admitted that wills to laud could not be revived by parol in England since the enactment of the Statute of Frauds, and the Act of January, 1832, having put wills of personalty or wills of land and personalty, on the same footing as wills of land by the Statute of Frauds, as to making revocation and republication, we think it best to affirm in toto the judgment of our learned brother, there being no binding authority to the contrary. And calculated as it is to subserve and enforce the tenor and spirit of our own legislation, and to give to our people the full benefit of the two hundred years experience of the mother country, as embodied in the late Act, which we have quoted, is it not the dictate of wisdom to begin in this State where they have ended in England? We think so.