HARTLESS v. CLINE
2023 OK CIV APP 30
Case Number: 120300
Decided: 08/29/2023
Mandate Issued: 09/21/2023
DIVISION II
THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA, DIVISION II
Cite as: 2023 OK CIV APP 30, __ P.3d __
VALERIE HARTLESS, an individual, Plaintiff/Appellant,
v.
VIVIAN CLINE, an individual, Defendant/Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF
CLEVELAND COUNTY, OKLAHOMA
HONORABLE MICHAEL TUPPER, TRIAL JUDGE
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
Joshua S. Turner, TTSB LAW, Norman, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff/Appellant
Julia C. Rieman, Samantha M. Jones, GUNGOLL, JACKSON, BOX & DEVOLL, P.C., Enid, Oklahoma, and
Debra D. Loeffelholz, DEBRA D. LOEFFELHOLZ, P.C., Norman, Oklahoma, for Defendant/Appellee
STACIE L. HIXON, JUDGE:
¶1 Plaintiff Valerie Hartless appeals the denial of a Motion for New Trial, following judgment in favor of Defendant Vivian Cline on Hartless' claim for breach of a contract for deed and action to quiet title to real property, and quieting title in favor of Cline. Hartless paid $15,044 of the $18,000 due under the contract for deed. She claimed that Cline had refused to accept the remaining $2,956 owed on the property and sued for breach of contract and to quiet title to the property in her favor. Cline counterclaimed, asserting that Hartless failed to make the remaining payments under the contract and that Cline was entitled to retain all sums paid by Hartless as liquidated damages under the contract. The trial court determined the contract for deed was a constructive mortgage that was unenforceable because only Cline had signed that agreement. The court granted judgment in favor of Cline on Hartless' claim for breach of contract, quieted title in Cline and allowed Cline to retain the $15,044 as liquidated damages.
¶2 Hartless moved for new trial, asserting that the trial court had erred in determining the contract for deed was unenforceable; by allowing Cline to retain her payments on the property as liquidated damages; and by refusing to allow Hartless to redeem the property. We find the trial court erred as a matter of law in its determination that the contract for deed was unenforceable by Hartless, and therefore abused its discretion in denying Hartless' Motion for New Trial. We affirm the trial court's judgment in Cline's favor on Hartless' breach of contract claim. We reverse the judgment entered in favor of Cline on her claims for breach of contract and quiet title and on Hartless' claim for quiet title and remand with instructions to the trial court to allow Hartless an opportunity to redeem.
BACKGROUND
¶3 Cline and her husband, now deceased, owned ten acres of property in Slaughterville. Cline reached an agreement with her daughter, Hartless, to purchase 2.5 acres of that property. Cline typed up a Contract for Deed (Contract) dated October 24, 2011, between her and her husband, and Hartless and her then minor children, Matthew and Michelle Baudenistel, as joint tenants. The Contract provided that the purchase price for the property was $18,000, to be paid at a rate of $200 per month commencing on November 1, 2011, at a rate of 0% interest. It also stated that the property was encumbered by a mortgage in favor of Cline and her husband.
¶4 In February 2012, Cline applied to the City of Slaughterville for a variance from the City's zoning regulations to allow an additional residence per ten-acre lot due to a family member's health, which was granted. Cline and her husband appear to have signed the Contract on June 23, 2012. Hartless did not sign the agreement. However, Hartless commenced making payments upon the property in October 2011, and made sixty-three payments over the next five years, for a total of $15,044.
¶5 Between 2011 and 2017, Hartless and her children did not live full-time on the property. Over time, Hartless purchased a manufactured home and placed it on the property and made improvements, such as electrical work and installing a septic system. She began living on the property full time in 2017. Hartless ceased making payments in September 2017, with a balance of $2,956 remaining to pay the full $18,000 purchase price.
¶6 In May 2019, Hartless filed the Contract in the records of the Cleveland County Clerk. She filed the underlying action for breach of contract and quiet title in October 2020, alleging that Cline had refused to accept her payments on the property beginning in September 2017, and that she stood ready to pay the remaining balance. She asserted that she had performed her duties under the Contract and was entitled to a warranty deed to the property.
¶7 Cline counterclaimed, alleging that no contract was ever made because Hartless had not signed the Contract. Cline alternatively asserted a claim for breach of contract and quiet title, asserting Hartless defaulted under the agreement.
¶8 The trial court conducted a non-jury trial on December 22, 2021. Much of the foregoing was undisputed at trial, with two key exceptions. Cline denied she had refused Hartless' payments and testified Hartless simply stopped paying in 2017. Cline also initially testified that the written agreement was merely an offer Hartless never signed. However, she ultimately acknowledged that Hartless had accepted the offer, but had simply refused to continue making payments. She did not deny receiving the $15,044 but argued at trial she was entitled to retain the entirety of that sum as liquidated damages pursuant to terms of the Contract she simultaneously contended was not enforceable or did not exist.
¶9 The trial court determined that the Contract was unenforceable because it was to be treated as a mortgage pursuant to , and the mortgage was not signed by the party granting the mortgage (Hartless) as required by . Further, the trial court agreed with Cline that Hartless had stopped making the required payments under the Contract. Thus, the trial court granted judgment to Cline on Hartless' breach of contract; granted judgment to Cline on her own claim for breach of contract; quieted title in the property in favor of Cline; and allowed Cline to retain the entirety of Hartless' payments as liquidated damages pursuant to the contract the court simultaneously found unenforceable.
¶10 Thereafter, Hartless timely moved for new trial, asserting the trial court had erred by finding the Contract unenforceable, by refusing her right to redeem the property, and by granting liquidated damages to Cline in violation of public policy and pursuant to a contract the court had also deemed unenforceable. She did not seek new trial on the trial court's judgment on her own breach of contract claim in favor of Cline. The trial court denied Hartless' motion.
¶11 Hartless appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶12 "In a non-jury trial the trial judge acts as the trier of fact and those findings are entitled to the same weight and consideration that would be given to a jury's verdict." Hagen v. Independent Sch. Dist. No. I-004, , ¶ 7, . In an action at law, those findings will not be disturbed on appeal when there is any evidence reasonably tending to support them. Id. Credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony are questions of fact resolved by the trial court, as trier of fact. Robert L. Wheeler, Inc. v. Scott, , ¶ 12, . We review issues of law de novo. Hall v. Galmor, , ¶ 12, .
¶13 A quiet title action is one of equitable cognizance. Olsen v. Jones, , ¶ 23, . The appellate court must examine the trial court's decision quieting title in one of the parties to determine if the trial court's judgment is against the clear weight of the evidence. Hinds v. Johnston, , ¶ 5 n.9, .
¶14 The Court reviews an order denying a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion. Grisham v. City of Okla. City, , ¶ 4, . An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court bases its decision on an erroneous conclusion of law or where there is no rational basis in evidence for the ruling. Id. However, "[a]pplication of the appellate abuse-of-discretion standard for reviewing a motion for new trial uses a de novo review when examining the correctness of an alleged erroneous conclusion of law." Independent Sch. Dist. # 52 of Oklahoma Cty. v. Hofmeister, , ¶ 17, .
ANALYSIS
¶15 Hartless contends the trial court erred by applying to determine no enforceable contract exists; that the trial court should have allowed her to redeem under ; that it erred by imposing liquidated damages under the Contract it also found unenforceable; and that the liquidated damages provision is contrary to law under because Cline's remedy was to foreclose on the property.
¶16 We first consider whether the parties entered into an enforceable contract. Neither party appears to contest that the purported contract is a contract for deed. Title provides that:
All contracts for deed for purchase and sale of real property made for the purpose or with the intention of receiving the payment of money and made for the purpose of establishing an immediate and continuing right of possession of the described real property, whether such instruments be from the debtor to the creditor or from the debtor to some third person in trust for the creditor, shall to that extent be deemed and held mortgages, and shall be subject to the same rules of foreclosure and to the same regulations, restraints and forms as are prescribed in relation to mortgages. No foreclosure shall be initiated, nor shall the court allow such proceedings, unless the documents have been filed of record in the county clerk's office, and mortgage tax paid thereon, in the amount required for regular mortgage transactions. Provided, however, mutual help and occupancy agreements executed by an Indian housing authority created pursuant to Section 1057 of Title 63 of the Oklahoma Statutes shall not be considered to be mortgages or contracts for deed under the provisions of this section.
(emphasis added). When a contract for deed is properly executed, equitable title to the real property passes to the buyer, while the seller retains bare legal title and an interest equivalent to a mortgage which guarantees payment of remaining sums under the contract. See e.g. McGinnity v. Kirk, , ¶ 7, ; Resolution Trust Corp. v. Sudderth, , ¶ 8, .
¶17 The crux of this dispute is that Cline contended the Contract was not executed by Hartless and was thus unenforceable. The trial court agreed. Whether the Contract must be executed by Hartless to be enforceable is a question of law which we review de novo.
¶18 Cline relied on , which states in part:
A. No deed, mortgage, or conveyance of real estate or any interest in real estate, other than a lease for a period not to exceed one (1) year, shall be valid unless in writing and subscribed by the grantors. . . .
(emphasis added). Cline reasoned that, if the Contract is a mortgage, it is unenforceable because Hartless, the grantor of the mortgage, had not executed it.
¶19 In contrast, Hartless reasoned that the Contract comprises two agreements--a contract for sale of property and a mortgage agreement. While Hartless concedes the written mortgage on the property would not be valid because she did not sign it, she contends that the contract for sale of property by contract for deed is valid because Cline, as the grantor or seller, signed it. She then contends that a mortgage arises therefrom by operation of law under , which limits Cline's remedy to one of foreclosure.
¶20 Hartless' argument is more persuasive. Though section 11A establishes a constructive mortgage in the case of a contract for deed and requires it to be treated so, it does not require that the contract for deed contain language pertaining to or granting a mortgage, which must in turn be executed to be enforceable. Cline cites no Oklahoma Supreme Court authority holding that section 4 applies to a contract for deed in the manner suggested, i.e., to negate a contract for sale of the property because the purchaser who will be deemed to have granted the constructive mortgage through that agreement has not executed it.
¶21 Meanwhile, a written contract for the sale of real property must be subscribed by the "party to be charged," i.e., the party against whom the contract is sought to be enforced. See e.g. 15 O.S. 2011, § 136; Aikman v. Evans, , ¶ 5, (under the statute of frauds, the party to be charged is the party against whom the agreement is sought to be enforced). Cline signed the Contract for sale of the property, and it is thus enforceable against her. The fact that Hartless did not execute that agreement does render the Contract invalid under section 4.
¶22 Thus, the trial court erred as a matter of law in determining that there was no valid or enforceable contract for lack of Hartless' signature. Given that we have found that, as a matter of law, the Contract was an enforceable contract for purchase of property giving rise to a constructive mortgage, we consider Hartless' arguments that the trial court should have granted judgment in her favor, as well as her arguments that the trial court erred by granting Cline liquidated damages and quieting title to the property in favor of Cline.
¶23 The trial court is the finder of fact. We defer to its determination that Hartless defaulted under the Contract. However, we nevertheless find the trial court erred as a matter of law in granting Cline judgment on the parties' remaining claims, and abused its discretion in denying Hartless a new trial and allowing her the opportunity to redeem the property.
¶24 As stated above, the Contract was enforceable, and gave rise to a constructive mortgage. Title 16 O.S. § 11A provides that a contract for deed is to be treated as a mortgage and is subject to the same rules of foreclosure as a traditional mortgage. The Contract passed equitable title to Hartless, leaving Cline with an interest "equivalent to a mortgage for the purpose of guaranteeing payment due under the contract." McGinnity, , ¶ 7. See also Lucas v. Bishop, , ¶ 4, ("The parties agree that Lucas had no right to declare a forfeiture under the contract for deed because of 16 O.S.1991 ¶11A. . . . Consequently, Lucas was required to foreclose his lien in the Bishop property."). As such, Cline was not entitled to pursue a claim for breach of contract or to quiet title upon the property but was constrained to seek foreclosure of her lien on the property and judgment against Hartless for sums remaining due under the Contract. Accordingly, the trial court decision to quiet title in Cline and award her liquidated damages is inconsistent with Cline's available remedy of foreclosure. The trial court therefore abused its discretion in denying Hartless' Motion for New Trial.
¶25 Further, because the Contract is considered a mortgage, Hartless had a right to redeem the property pursuant to 42 O.S.2021, § 18. Section 18 states, "[e]very person having an interest in property, subject to a lien, has a right to redeem it from the lien, at any time after the claim is due, and before his right of redemption is foreclosed." Notably, "[o]ur statute recognizes and confers a right to redeem as inherent in every mortgage." Coursey v. Fairchild, , ¶ 9, . "Redemption from a lien is made by performing, or offering to perform, the act for the performance of which it is a security, and paying, or offering to pay, the damages, if any, to which the holder of the lien is entitled for delay." 42 O.S.2021, § 20. Further, this right of redemption persists through litigation, and will not be extinguished until after the property is foreclosed upon, sold, and sale is confirmed. See Benefiel v. Boulton, , ¶ 17, .
¶26 Hartless offered to pay the remaining balance upon the property at trial. Cline declined to accept it, explaining that if she accepted the money, she would have to give Hartless a deed and abstract, which she claimed she could not do. She did not address whether the amount offered was sufficient to redeem the property. The trial court did not require Cline to allow Hartless to redeem, made no determination of the amount necessary to redeem the property, and made no reference in the judgment to Hartless' attempt to do so. Hartless raised her right to redeem as a basis to grant her Motion for New Trial. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in denying Hartless' Motion for New Trial, and we remand for further proceedings to allow Hartless the opportunity to redeem the property.
CONCLUSION
¶27 The Contract is enforceable. It granted equitable title in the real property to Hartless and gave rise to a constructive mortgage in favor of Cline. Hartless defaulted upon her obligation under the Contract. We affirm the trial court's judgment in favor of Cline on Hartless' claim for breach of contract. However, we find the trial court abused its discretion in denying Hartless' Motion for New Trial. We reverse the remainder of the trial court's judgment on Hartless' claim for quiet title and Cline's counterclaims and remand with instructions to the trial court to allow Hartless the opportunity to redeem the property.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
BARNES, V.C.J., and WISEMAN, P.J., concur.
FOOTNOTES
The property at issue is described as:
PART of the East Half of Section 7, Township 7 North, Range 1 East the I.M. more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the Southeast corner of the SE/4 of the SE/4 of said section, thence West 165 feet, thence North 660 feet, thence East 165 feet, thence South 660 feet to the beginning point.
Except all of the oil, gas and mineral rights, none of which is conveyed.
Hartless' children are not parties to the underlying action. Neither party has raised their absence as an issue on appeal.
Hartless suffers from an injury or debilitating disease, for which she testified she had been told at one point she would be confined to a wheelchair. The variance itself is not of record, though the parties do not dispute it was granted. The record contains notice for public hearing regarding the variance application set in May 2012.
The typed agreement is dated October 24, 2011, but the notary's verification reflects that the Clines signed the Contract on June 23, without specifying the year. Hartless testified she received the document in 2012.
Cline also asserted a claim for "zoning violations" which is not specifically mentioned in the trial court's judgment. However, Cline's argument was essentially that zoning regulations did not allow her to deed the property to Hartless and the remedy requested was a deed reflecting she owned the full ten acres, which the trial court directed be provided. Thus, to the extent Cline could assert such a claim, it is resolved by the trial court's judgment, and this appeal may proceed.
The trial court specifically stated "even if the document were to be construed as an enforceable contract, under its plain terms, Plaintiff's failure to make timely payments terminated the contract and all past payments are properly deemed liquidated damages."
Section 136 was amended in 2013, after the parties entered into the Contract. However, the relevant language remains the same.
Notably, the concept that a contract must be subscribed by the person against whom it is to be enforced is also reflected in section 4. The grantor of the interest in the property, i.e., the party whose property will be subject to foreclosure upon a condition of default must have subscribed the mortgage for it to be valid. Such a provision is plainly intended to ensure agreement by the party to be charged--the grantor--and to prevent fraud. In contrast, here, Cline has employed this provision to deny any agreement, but retain nearly the entire purchase price, without opportunity to redeem or without affording Hartless any equity she may have in the property following satisfaction of the remaining debt. In other words, Cline has been entitled to selectively charge provisions of the Contract against the party who did not sign it, while simultaneously avoiding the remainder of the Contract, despite having subscribed it. It seems unlikely section 4 intended such a result.
Hartless also argued at trial that, even if the written agreement was merely an offer, she had an oral agreement outside of the statute of frauds, which was enforceable based on her partial performance, good faith possession, and improvements upon the property. See Cauthron v. Goodwin, , ¶ 11, ; see also Adams v. White, , ¶ 1, ("It has been held that payment of the purchase money alone is not such part performance of an oral agreement to sell real estate as will authorize a court to enforce specific performance. But part payment and taking possession in good faith or taking possession with the knowledge of the vendor and making valuable improvements, constitute such part performance as will ordinarily warrant a court in decreeing specific performance of the contract."); see also McMaster v. Goss, , . The trial court found Hartless made installment payments to Cline, took possession of the property and made a number of improvements thereto, yet did not otherwise address whether the agreement was enforceable despite the supposed lack of a written contract. We need not further address it, because we find the Contract was enforceable as a matter of law.
Even if this were not the case, the provision for liquidated damages is invalid as a matter of Oklahoma law unless Cline established that the provision for damages is reasonable. See 15 O.S.2021, § 214 (liquidated damage provision in a contract is void, except to the extent provided by 15 O.S. 2021, § 215); 15 O.S.2021, § 215(B)("A provision in a real estate sales contract, providing for the payment of an amount which shall be presumed to be the amount of damages sustained by a breach of such contract, shall be held valid and not a penalty, when such amount does not exceed five percent (5%) of the purchase price. In the event such amount exceeds five percent (5%) of the purchase price, such provision shall be held invalid and a penalty unless the party seeking to uphold the provision establishes that such amount is reasonable. If such provision is valid under this subsection, the limitations of Section 28 of Title 23 of the Oklahoma Statutes do not apply.")
Cline made no showing that the sum was reasonable, and the trial court made no such finding. Cline did argue alternatively she was entitled to retain the $15,044 in damages as a matter of "equity," generally because she provided Hartless land to live upon and looked after Hartless' children (Cline's grandchildren). Cline offered no evidence of the value of these services, even if they had been relevant to quantifying damages Cline incurred from Hartless' delay in making payments on the property. Further, the trial court did not award damages on this basis.
See also 42 O.S.2021, § 11 ("All contracts for the forfeiture of property subject to a lien, in satisfaction of the obligation secured thereby, and all contracts in restraint of the right of redemption from a lien, are void, except in the case specified in Section 1122."). "Simply stated, the doctrine [codified by section 11] voids any provision in an original mortgage agreement limiting or modifying the right of redemption by payment of the full mortgage debt after default for any reason. . . ." Lincoln Mortg. Invs. v. Cook, , ¶ 7, .
Cline contended she would be unable to give Hartless a deed and abstract because the City of Slaughterville's zoning requirements would not allow Hartless to build a permanent home on the property. Specifically, both parties agreed that Cline's property was subject to zoning requirements that permitted only one residence per ten acres. Cline already had two residences (one apparently abandoned), meaning that, per the City's zoning requirements, Hartless could not build another residence on the property she agreed to purchase under the Contract. As noted above, Cline and Hartless obtained a variance for Hartless' manufactured home after Cline prepared the agreement and Hartless began making payments. Years later, in the underlying litigation, Cline asserted a counterclaim for "zoning violations" which was essentially an argument she could not sell the property to Hartless due to restrictions on its use per the zoning regulations. She introduced testimony from a city employee that suggested that, while Hartless could apply for a change to current zoning of the property, it was unlikely to be granted (but not impossible). Thus, Cline argued at trial, without citation to authority, that the Contract was thus an "illegal" contract. The trial court made no finding that the contract was illegal on this basis. Cline has not argued on appeal that the contract was illegal or unenforceable due to any zoning regulation, and we presume this argument has been abandoned.
To the extent Hartless does not redeem the property, Cline's proper remedy is to seek foreclosure.