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5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 CODY HART, et al., CASE NO. C23-832 MJP 11 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO 12 v. DISMISS UNDER RULE 12(B)(1) AND RULE 12(B)(6) AND 13 LISA JANICKI, et al., DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO AMEND 14 Defendants. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 9) and 17 Plaintiffs’ Motion For Leave to Amend (Dkt. No. 16). Having reviewed the Motions, and all 18 supporting materials, and noting the lack of any opposition to the Motion to Dismiss and the lack 19 of opposition to the Motion to Amend, the Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss and DENIES 20 the Motion for Leave to Amend. The Court DISMISSES this action WITH PREJUDICE. 21 BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiffs, who appear pro se, allege that Skagit County legislators improperly authorized 23 the Skagit County Prosecuting Attorney to defend various Skagit County officials against whom 24 1 Plaintiffs filed cases in both Snohomish County Superior Court and this District. (Complaint ¶¶ 2 16-27 (Dkt. No. 1).) Plaintiffs allege that the representation was improper because the lawsuits 3 they filed alleged that each official no longer had a right to be in office or receive County-funded 4 defense because they failed to timely deposit public bonds and oaths of office. (Id.) They allege
5 that they were prevented from campaigning for County government because the officials should 6 have, but did not vacate their offices despite their alleged failure to comply with the bonding and 7 oath requirements. (Id. ¶¶ 31-34.) 8 Plaintiffs assert ten causes of action: (1) violations of 18 U.S.C. § 47; (2) violations of 9 Skagit County Code 2.20 concerning legal representation of County officials; (3) violations of 10 RCW 42.20.060; (4) violations of RCW 42.20.070; (5) violations of RCW 9A.80.010—official 11 misconduct; (6) violations of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution; (7) violations 12 of 18 U.S.C. § 245; (8) 18 U.S.C. § 241; (9) 18 U.S.C. § 242; (10) 18 U.S.C. § 1001. (Compl. ¶¶ 13 35-55.) 14 Defendants move to dismiss all of the claims for lack of standing under Federal Rule of
15 Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 12(b)(6). 17 ANALYSIS 18 A. Legal Standards 19 Defendants move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state 20 a claim. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a defendant may move to dismiss for 21 lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Upon such a motion, the plaintiff party bears the burden of 22 establishing the court’s jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 23 377 (1994). In contrast, a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests the legal sufficiency
24 1 of the claims Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is 2 appropriate only where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to 3 support a cognizable legal theory.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 4 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court must accept all material
5 allegations as true and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-movant. 6 Wyler Summit P’Ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). To survive 7 dismissal, the complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 8 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing 9 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). And “a district court ruling on a 10 motion to dismiss may consider a document the authenticity of which is not contested, and upon 11 which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies.” Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705–06 12 (9th Cir. 1998), superseded by statute on other grounds. 13 B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 14 The Court finds it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action because Plaintiffs do
15 not have Article III standing to pursue the claims alleged in this case. 16 Article III of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to actual “cases” and 17 “controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. “One element of the case-or-controversy requirement is 18 that plaintiffs must establish that they have standing to sue.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 19 U.S. 398, 408 (2013) (internal quotation and citation omitted). To establish standing “a plaintiff 20 must show (1) [they have] suffered an injury in fact that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) 21 actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the 22 challenged action of the defendant and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the 23 injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt’l.
24 1 Serv. Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81 (2000). “The plaintiff, as the party invoking federal jurisdiction, 2 bears the burden of establishing these elements.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 3 (2016). “[A]t the pleading stage, the plaintiff must clearly allege facts demonstrating each 4 element.” Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). And “a plaintiff cannot establish standing
5 by asserting an abstract general interest common to all members of the public, no matter how 6 sincere or deeply committed a plaintiff is to vindicating that general interest on behalf of the 7 public.” Carney v. Adams, ___ U.S. ___, 208 L. Ed. 2d 305, 141 S. Ct. 493, 499 (2020) (citation 8 and quotation omitted). 9 None of the Plaintiffs has identified any concrete or particularized injury sufficient to 10 confer standing under Article III. First, Plaintiffs fail to identify a personal injury arising out of 11 the use of public funds incurred in the defense of the various County officials Plaintiffs have 12 sued in several different lawsuits. At most, Plaintiffs have identified an injury to a public interest 13 that is common to all members of the public.
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5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 CODY HART, et al., CASE NO. C23-832 MJP 11 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO 12 v. DISMISS UNDER RULE 12(B)(1) AND RULE 12(B)(6) AND 13 LISA JANICKI, et al., DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO AMEND 14 Defendants. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 9) and 17 Plaintiffs’ Motion For Leave to Amend (Dkt. No. 16). Having reviewed the Motions, and all 18 supporting materials, and noting the lack of any opposition to the Motion to Dismiss and the lack 19 of opposition to the Motion to Amend, the Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss and DENIES 20 the Motion for Leave to Amend. The Court DISMISSES this action WITH PREJUDICE. 21 BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiffs, who appear pro se, allege that Skagit County legislators improperly authorized 23 the Skagit County Prosecuting Attorney to defend various Skagit County officials against whom 24 1 Plaintiffs filed cases in both Snohomish County Superior Court and this District. (Complaint ¶¶ 2 16-27 (Dkt. No. 1).) Plaintiffs allege that the representation was improper because the lawsuits 3 they filed alleged that each official no longer had a right to be in office or receive County-funded 4 defense because they failed to timely deposit public bonds and oaths of office. (Id.) They allege
5 that they were prevented from campaigning for County government because the officials should 6 have, but did not vacate their offices despite their alleged failure to comply with the bonding and 7 oath requirements. (Id. ¶¶ 31-34.) 8 Plaintiffs assert ten causes of action: (1) violations of 18 U.S.C. § 47; (2) violations of 9 Skagit County Code 2.20 concerning legal representation of County officials; (3) violations of 10 RCW 42.20.060; (4) violations of RCW 42.20.070; (5) violations of RCW 9A.80.010—official 11 misconduct; (6) violations of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution; (7) violations 12 of 18 U.S.C. § 245; (8) 18 U.S.C. § 241; (9) 18 U.S.C. § 242; (10) 18 U.S.C. § 1001. (Compl. ¶¶ 13 35-55.) 14 Defendants move to dismiss all of the claims for lack of standing under Federal Rule of
15 Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 12(b)(6). 17 ANALYSIS 18 A. Legal Standards 19 Defendants move to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state 20 a claim. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a defendant may move to dismiss for 21 lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Upon such a motion, the plaintiff party bears the burden of 22 establishing the court’s jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 23 377 (1994). In contrast, a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests the legal sufficiency
24 1 of the claims Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). “Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is 2 appropriate only where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to 3 support a cognizable legal theory.” Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521 F.3d 1097, 4 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court must accept all material
5 allegations as true and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-movant. 6 Wyler Summit P’Ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). To survive 7 dismissal, the complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 8 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing 9 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). And “a district court ruling on a 10 motion to dismiss may consider a document the authenticity of which is not contested, and upon 11 which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies.” Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705–06 12 (9th Cir. 1998), superseded by statute on other grounds. 13 B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 14 The Court finds it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action because Plaintiffs do
15 not have Article III standing to pursue the claims alleged in this case. 16 Article III of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to actual “cases” and 17 “controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. “One element of the case-or-controversy requirement is 18 that plaintiffs must establish that they have standing to sue.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 19 U.S. 398, 408 (2013) (internal quotation and citation omitted). To establish standing “a plaintiff 20 must show (1) [they have] suffered an injury in fact that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) 21 actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the 22 challenged action of the defendant and (3) it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the 23 injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt’l.
24 1 Serv. Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81 (2000). “The plaintiff, as the party invoking federal jurisdiction, 2 bears the burden of establishing these elements.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 3 (2016). “[A]t the pleading stage, the plaintiff must clearly allege facts demonstrating each 4 element.” Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). And “a plaintiff cannot establish standing
5 by asserting an abstract general interest common to all members of the public, no matter how 6 sincere or deeply committed a plaintiff is to vindicating that general interest on behalf of the 7 public.” Carney v. Adams, ___ U.S. ___, 208 L. Ed. 2d 305, 141 S. Ct. 493, 499 (2020) (citation 8 and quotation omitted). 9 None of the Plaintiffs has identified any concrete or particularized injury sufficient to 10 confer standing under Article III. First, Plaintiffs fail to identify a personal injury arising out of 11 the use of public funds incurred in the defense of the various County officials Plaintiffs have 12 sued in several different lawsuits. At most, Plaintiffs have identified an injury to a public interest 13 that is common to all members of the public. This is not a basis to satisfy the injury-in-fact 14 requirement of standing. See Carney, 141 S. Ct. at 499. Second, Plaintiffs fail to identify
15 sufficient allegations to support their theory that they suffered an injury to their right to 16 campaign or vote. (See Compl. ¶¶ 31-34; Plaintiffs’ Affidavits (Ex. 2 to the Complaint) (Dkt. 17 No. 1-2 at 6-18) (seeking compensation for alleged loss of voting and campaigning rights, but 18 not identifying any inability to have voted or campaigned).) Nowhere have Plaintiffs alleged that 19 they were unable to vote or run for office or that they had any intention to do so. They have 20 therefore failed to identify a concrete or particularized injury necessary to confer standing. And 21 by failing to respond to the Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiffs have failed to provide any explanation 22 or meet their burden to show standing. 23
24 1 Based on the allegations in the Complaint and its exhibits, the Court finds that Plaintiffs 2 lack standing to pursue all of their claims. The Court therefore GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss 3 and DISMISSES this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 4 C. Plaintiffs Fail to State A Claim
5 In addition and as an alternative, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim 6 and that dismissal is also appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6). The Court reviews the pleading 7 defects as to the various federal and state law claims. 8 1. No Private Right of Action under Title 18 9 In addition to lacking standing, Plaintiffs cannot pursue any claims under Title 18 of the 10 United States Code. As private citizens, Plaintiffs cannot enforce the federal criminal code in 11 Title 18. See Allen v. Gold Country Casino, 464 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th Cir. 2006) (no private 12 right of action for violation of criminal statutes). This is an independent basis on which the Court 13 DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ Title 18 claims—the First, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth causes of 14 action. These claims cannot be cured through amendment.
15 The Court DISMISSES these claims under Rule 12(b)(6). 16 2. Fourteenth Amendment 17 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants violated the Fourteenth Amendment by “using the power 18 of Public Office to obstruct the Plaintiffs’ complaints in U.S. District Court and Snohomish 19 County cases, and to prevent criminal filing against Public Officials[.]” (Compl. ¶ 46.) Plaintiffs 20 have not articulated a viable theory under the Fourteenth Amendment, particularly since they did 21 not file an opposition to the Motion to Dismiss that might have added some detail to this 22 threadbare allegation. The Court finds no allegations in the complaint that Plaintiffs were 23 obstructed from filing any of the many lawsuits they have commenced. Indeed, just the opposite
24 1 appears to be true, given the volume of materials Plaintiffs have filed in this matter and in the 2 other matters pending in this District that Plaintiffs have filed. Nor are there any cogent 3 allegations that were prevented in making criminal filings. That is unsurprising, since Plaintiffs 4 have not identified any federal or state criminal law that would enable to them to make a
5 criminal complaint as private citizens. The Court finds that this claim is inadequately pleaded 6 and that no facts have been alleged that might support it. The Court also finds that no set of facts 7 could save this claim given that Plaintiffs have not been prevented from filing civil actions and 8 have no right to file criminal complaints. Amendment would be futile. 9 The Court DISMISSES this claim under Rule 12(b)(6). 10 3. State Law Claims 11 Plaintiffs have also failed to allege viable state-law claims even if they had standing to 12 bring them. 13 Plaintiffs have not identified any private right of action to pursue their claims under 14 Skagit County Code 2.20, RCW Title 42, or RCW 9A.08.010. None of the statutes cited include
15 a private right of action to enforce them. This is fatal to Plaintiffs’ Second, Third, Fourth, and 16 Fifth causes of action. And this defect also cannot be cured by amendment. 17 The Court DISMISSES all of the state law claims under Rule 12(b)(6). 18 D. No Leave to Amend 19 Although Plaintiffs have filed a Motion for Leave to Amend their complaint, the Court 20 finds no basis to allow the motion or amendment. First, the Motion fails to comply with the 21 Local Civil Rules, which requires the moving party to “attach a copy of the proposed amended 22 pleading as an exhibit to the motion[.]” Local Civil Rule 15. Second, the Motion nowhere 23 indicates what amendments Plaintiffs seek to make or why amendment would be proper. Third,
24 1 the Court finds that no additional factual allegations could cure the underlying standing defects 2 in the complaint to satisfy the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction. All of the rights at issue are too 3 abstract or unenforceable by Plaintiffs. Additionally, no set of facts could cure the pleading 4 defects the Court has identified as to the substance of each federal and state law claim.
5 Amendment would be futile. Because there appear no set of facts that could cure the defects the 6 Court has identified, the Court DISMISSES the claims without leave to amend and DENIES the 7 Motion to Amend. 8 CONCLUSION 9 The Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action given Plaintiffs’ lack 10 standing. The Court DISMISSES the claims for lack of jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). 11 Additionally, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under state or federal law 12 sufficient to satisfy Rule 12(b)(6). This is an alternative basis on which it DISMISSES the 13 claims. The Court also finds that the defects in the complaint cannot be cured by amendment and 14 therefore DISMISSES this action WITH PREJUDICE and DENIES the Motion to Amend.
15 The clerk is ordered to provide copies of this order to Plaintiffs and all counsel. 16 Dated August 31, 2023.
A 17 18 Marsha J. Pechman 19 United States Senior District Judge 20 21 22 23 24