Hart, Brian

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: November 5, 2015
• Docket: PD-1426-15
• Status: Published

Opinion

PD-1426-15 PD-1426-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS Transmitted 11/5/2015 1:58:04 PM Accepted 11/5/2015 3:27:33 PM NO. PD-_______________ ABEL ACOSTA CLERK TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS

Brian Hart, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee ************* APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW *************** FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH, TEXAS

NO. 02-14-00268-CR

TARRANT COUNTY TRIAL COURT NO. 1365673

R. Scott Walker STATE BAR # 24004972 222 W. Exchange Avenue Fort Worth, TX 76164 (817) 478-9999 November 5, 2015 (817) 977-0163 FACSIMILE scott@lawyerwalker.com Attorney for Appellant

Oral Argument Not Requested 1 IDENTITY OF TRIAL JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL

The following is a complete list of all parties, the trial judge, as well as the names and addresses of all counsel.

Trial Judge: Hon. Mollee Westfall Hon. Roger Towery

Appellant: Brian Hart

Trial Counsel: Kathy Lowthorp Attorney at Law P.O. Box 13575 Arlington, Texas 76094

Appellate R. Scott Walker Attorney for Appellant: Attorney at Law 222 W. Exchange Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76164

Appellee: The State of Texas

Trial Tracey Kapsidelis & Rebecca McIntire Attorney for Appellee: Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney 401 W. Belknap Fort Worth, Texas 76196

Appellate Deborah Windsor Attorney for Appellee: Tarrant County District Attorney 401 W. Belknap Fort Worth, Texas 76196

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE IDENTITY OF TRIAL JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL. . 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT. . . . . . . . 4 STATEMENT OF THE CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE. . . 6 QUESTION PRESENTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ARGUMENT (Evidence of Defendant’s status as a sex offender should have been excluded.). . . 6 PRAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . 15 APPENDIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES

Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). . . . 7, 8

Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) . . . . 8

Robles v. State, 85 S.W.3d 211 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). . . . . . 7

STATUTES

Texas Rules of Evidence, §609. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

Oral argument of this case is hereby not requested on behalf of Appellant.

All references to Texas statutes, rules, etc. are references to the latest edition published by West Publishing Company, unless otherwise indicated.

BRIAN HART, Appellant-Applying for Review

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

************

APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF

TEXAS:

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

This appeal has resulted from a criminal

prosecution for arson. On June 3, 2014, Appellant

pled not guilty to the offense. On June 4, 2014,

after evidence was presented, the jury found

Defendant guilty. The jury set punishment at three

years confinement. (C.R., Vol.1 p.154). 5 STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE

The Court of Appeals rendered its decision and

delivered its written non-published memorandum

opinion on October 8, 2015. The deadline for

filing a Petition for Discretionary Review is

November 9, 2015.

QUESTION PRESENTED

Whether the trial judge erred by admitting

evidence of Defendant’s status as a sex offender

into evidence during the punishment phase of the

trial.

ARGUMENT

APPLICABLE LAW: Rule 401 of the Texas Rules of

Evidence makes it clear that evidence is relevant

if it makes the existence of a fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more

probable than it would be without the evidence.

However, even relevant evidence may not be

admissible for every purpose. Because of the fact

that our system of justice recognizes that a

defendant should be tried only for the charged

6 crime and not for his criminal propensities,

evidence of extraneous offenses is normally

inadmissible. Robles v. State, 85 S.W.3d 211,213

(Tex.Crim.App. 2002). However, Rule 404(b) allows

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts if the

evidence has relevance apart from character

conformity. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or

acts may be admissible to prove identity or intent,

to establish motive, or to show opportunity or

preparation. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372,

387-88 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)(opinion on rehearing).

Rebuttal of a defensive theory is one of the

permissible other purposes for which relevant

evidence may be admitted under Rule 404(b).

However, any evidence permissible under 404(b) may

still be excluded under Rule 403 if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d

372, 387 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)(opinion on

rehearing). If a court determines that evidence of

a prior bad act is evidence that is relevant under

404, then the court is to do a balancing test to 7 determine if the probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 846 (Tex.Crim.App.

1999). The balancing test is comprised of four

factors: (1) how compelling the extraneous offense

evidence serves to make a fact of consequence more

or less probable; (2) the potential that the other

offense evidence has to impress the jury in some

irrational but nevertheless indelible way; (3) the

time the proponent will need to develop the

evidence; (4) whether the proponent has other

available evidence to establish the fact of

consequence that the extraneous misconduct is

relevant to show. Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841,

847 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999), Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d 372, 389-390 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). A trial

court’s determination as to the admissibility of

evidence under 403 is within the discretion of the

trial court and will not be overturned absent an

abuse of discretion. Montgomery v. State, 810

S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)(opinion on

rehearing). 8 ANALSIS: The Court of Appeals correctly ruled

that the admission of the complained of evidence in

the guilt/innocence phase of trial was error.

However, the Appeals Court went on to say that the

error was harmless because the same evidence was

correctly admitted in the punishment phase of

trial. (Opinion p. 2). The analsis was that the

probative value of impeachment of Appellant

outweiged the danger of unfair prejudice under 403.

(Opinion p. 4-5). The Appeals Court failed to see

the enormous degree of prejudice created by telling

the jury that Appellant was a convicted sex

offender.

The defense theory in this arson case was the

defense of necessity. (C.R. P. 135). The

Defendant testified at the guilt/innocence phase of

trial. He admitted that he set a small fire in the

bathroom of his motel room. (R.R. Vol. 4 p. 79).

However, his testimony was that he had a seizure

which caused him to have delusions that some people

were trying to get into the room to kill him. He

then set the fire for the purpose of causing a 9 smoke detector to be activated so emergency

personnel would come and save him. (R.R. Vol. 4 p.

58-86).

Prior to any testimony, Defense Counsel

presented a motion in limine to the court. The

motion dealt with testimony from police that the

Defendant told them that he was a registered sex

offender. The argument was that the Defendant’s

status as a registered sex offender was evidence of

a conviction for a sex offense, and would be

extremely prejudicial to the Defendant. The State

argued that the evidence should come in because it

was evidence of the Defendant’s state of mind or

motive. The trial judge denied the motion in

limine. (R.R. Vol. 3, p. 8-16). When the evidence

was offered, Defense Counsel objected, and the

objection was overruled. (R.R. Vol. 3, p. 200).

Again, the Court of Appeals correctly ruled that

this ruling was error.

Again, the Court of Appeals ruled that the

evidence was admissible in punishment because it

was probative for impeaching Appellant. The 10 evidence was extremely prejudicial and the

prejudice substantially outweighed the probative

value. There is no doubt that jurors are extremely

prejudiced toward sex offenders. As soon as a

juror learns that a defendant is a registered sex

offender, he or she is ready to vote guilty

regardless of whether the case has been proven

beyond a reasonable doubt. Allowing sex offender

evidence creates a situation in which a jury is

likely to render a verdict in an irrational but

nevertheless indelible way. Therefore, the second

Montgomery/Mozon factor definitely favors

inadmissability. The enormous degree of prejudice

created by telling the jury that Appellant was a

convicted sex offender far outweighed any probative

value.

Rule 609 of the Texas Rules of Evidence states,

“For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a

witness, evidence that the witness has been

convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited

from the witness or established by public record,

but only if the cime was a felony or involved moral 11 turpitude, regardless of punishment, and the court

determines that the probative value of admitting

this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a

party.” Under 609, the Defendant does not need to

show that unfair prejudice substantially outweighs

the probative value. The evidence would be

inadmissible under 609 if the prejudicial effect is

merely equal to the probative value. There is no

need for reiterating the prior argument as to how

extreme the prejudicial effect is when evidence is

admitted of a sexually-related offense. However,

the probative value here relates to how much the

conviction attacks the credibility of the

Defendant. In this case, the conviction does

little to attack the credibility of the Defendant,

because the State actually adopted, to a large

extent, the Defendant’s testimony. In closing, the

State agreed that the Defendant was delusional and

paranoid. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 220). The prosecution

also stated in closing that the officers and

firefighters at the scene understood that the

Defendant was not really grounded in reality that 12 night. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 221). The State even told

the jury that they all knew that the Defendant was

delusional and paranoid. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 222).

The State also agreed with the Defendant’s

testimony that he had intentionally failed to take

his seizure medication. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 220).

The only part of the Defendant’s testimony that the

State questioned is whether the Defendant told

officers and paramedics that he had had a seizure

that morning. (R.R. Vol. 4, p. 222). The primary

focus of the State’s close was that the Defendant

admitted that he intentionally failed to take his

seizure medication and that doing so was not a

reasonable thing to do because doing so could cause

a seizure. Therefore, the probative value of the

prior sexually-related conviction for the purpose

of attacking the credibility of the Defendant was

minimal at best, while the prejudicial effect was

enormous. The probative value certainly did not

outweigh the prejudicial effect. The ruling was in

error and was an abuse of discretion.

13 PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Brian Hart,

Appellant, prays that the case be reversed or for

whatever other relief he has shown himself

entitled.

Respectfully Submitted,

S/Scott Walker

By: R. Scott Walker Attorney for Appellant 222 W. Exchange Avenue Fort Worth, Texas 76164 (817) 478-9999 (817) 977-0163 FAX State Bar No. 24004972

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE A copy of this petition was served by first class mail to the Office of Criminal District Attorney, Tarrant County Courthouse, 401 W. Belknap, Fort Worth, Texas 76196 and to the State Prosecuting Attorney at P.O. Box 12405, Austin, Texas 78711 on the 5th day of November, 2015.

s/Scott Walker R. Scott Walker

14 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE I certify that this document complies with the length requirements as set forth by the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure in that this document contains 2,041 words, and that the document is in 14 point type. s/Scott Walker R. Scott Walker

15 APPENDIX

16 COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH

BRIAN HART APPELLANT

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

----------

FROM THE 371ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY TRIAL COURT NO. 1365673R

MEMORANDUM OPINION1

I. Introduction

A jury convicted appellant Brian Hart of arson and assessed his

punishment at three years’ confinement.2 In a single issue, Hart complains that

1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. 2 Arson is a state jail felony with a punishment range of 180 days’ to two years’ confinement, but its punishment range can be enhanced by prior felony convictions to the two-to-twenty-year punishment range of a second-degree the trial court’s two admissions of evidence of his sex offender status during the

guilt-innocence phase of trial were extremely prejudicial and likely caused him to

be convicted of arson “solely because he is a sex offender.” We conclude that

while the trial court erred by admitting the evidence in one instance, as set out

below, that the instance was harmless in light of the subsequent proper

admission of similar evidence.3 See Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 627

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Further, even if both had been admitted in error, neither

affected Hart’s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Mosley v. State,

983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 526

U.S. 1070 (1999). Therefore, we affirm.

II. Background

Much of the evidence in this case was undisputed. For example, no one

disputed that Hart set a fire in his hotel room or that he suffered from seizures.

felony. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.33 (West 2011) (second-degree felony punishment range), § 12.425 (West Supp. 2014) (penalties for repeat and habitual felony offenders on trial for state jail felony). Hart’s indictment contained an enhancement paragraph regarding his prior felony convictions of failure to comply with sexual offender registration requirements on August 10, 2004, and indecency with a child by fondling on June 17, 1996. Hart pleaded true to the enhancement paragraph, and the jury found that paragraph true, elevating Hart’s punishment range to that of a second-degree felony. 3 Three different judges presided over this matter during the three-day trial. A Tarrant County magistrate judge conducted voir dire on the first day. The sitting district judge presided during the second day of trial, and a retired judge sitting by assignment presided during the final day of trial, which included a portion of the guilt-innocence phase.

2 The issue before the jury was whether the defense of necessity applied based on

Hart’s post-seizure hallucination that people were after him and that he needed

to draw the attention of rescuers by setting the fire.

III. Discussion

Hart complains that the admission of Arlington Police Officer David Todd’s

recitation of Hart’s statement about being a sex offender and the evidence of

Hart’s conviction for failure to register as a sex offender during the guilt-

innocence phase of the trial were substantially more prejudicial than probative

and ultimately harmful in that the jury convicted him of arson.

A. Impeachment

Hart elected to testify, and the State offered evidence of Hart’s criminal

history, including a prior conviction for failure to register as a sex offender, during

Hart’s testimony. Prior to tendering the evidence, in a conference outside the

jury’s presence, the State argued that Hart’s failure-to-register conviction was

admissible impeachment evidence that went not only to Hart’s credibility but also

to his motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake,

or accident and to show his clarity of mind at that time. Hart argued that the

failure-to-register conviction was not a crime of moral turpitude, that it was

irrelevant, and that its highly prejudicial nature outweighed any probative value

under rule 403. The trial court overruled Hart’s objections, and after the evidence

3 was introduced, Hart requested a running objection, which the trial court

granted.4

Rule of evidence 609(a) generally provides that evidence of a criminal

conviction is admissible if the court determines that its probative value outweighs

its prejudicial effect. Tex. R. Evid. 609(a). The State argued at trial, as it does

here, that Hart’s failure-to-register conviction was probative as to Hart’s

credibility.

In reviewing the trial court’s conduct in balancing the probative value of the

evidence against its prejudicial effect, we must accord the trial court “wide

discretion.” Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). A

ruling permitting use of a prior conviction to impeach will be reversed on appeal

only upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion. Id. Only if the trial court’s

decision falls outside the “zone of reasonable disagreement” has it abused its

discretion. Id.; Miller v. State, 196 S.W.3d 256, 267 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2006, pet. ref’d).

A nonexclusive list of factors to consider in weighing the probative value of

a conviction against its prejudicial effect includes (1) the past crime’s

impeachment value, (2) the past crime’s temporal proximity relative to the

charged offense and the witness’s subsequent history, (3) the similarity between

the past crime and the offense being prosecuted, (4) the importance of the

4 The trial court also admitted Hart’s conviction for possession of methamphetamine.

4 defendant’s testimony, and (5) the importance of the credibility issue. Theus,

845 S.W.2d at 880. The impeachment value of crimes that involve deception is

higher than those involving violence, while those involving violence have a higher

prejudicial potential. Id. at 881. Temporal proximity favors admission if the past

crime is recent and the witness has demonstrated a propensity for running afoul

of the law, while if the past crime and charged crime are similar, this weighs

against admission because similarity suggests the possibility that the jury could

convict on the perception of a pattern of past conduct rather than on the facts of

the charged offense. Id. When the case involves the testimony of only the

defendant and the State’s witnesses, the importance of the defendant’s credibility

and testimony escalates and weighs in favor of admission. Id.

Because Hart’s failure to register as a sex offender worked to conceal the

address at which he resided or intended to reside, the offense was a crime

involving deception. See Tristan v. State, 393 S.W.3d 806, 813–14 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (holding that failure to register as a sex

offender is “a crime of deception” and “a significant piece of evidence” bearing on

a defendant’s character for truthfulness under rule 609); see also Robertson v.

State, 685 S.W.2d 488, 492 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1985, no pet.) (holding that a

crime involving dishonesty is relevant to the credibility of a witness). This factor

weighs in favor of admission, as does the fact that the failure-to-register offense

and the charged arson offense were not similar. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881.

5 However, the failure-to-register offense was several years old; this factor weighs

against admission. See id.

The last two factors under Theus are related in that they both depend on

the nature of a defendant’s defense and the means available to him of proving

that defense. See id. Hart’s necessity defense hinged upon whether the jury

believed his contention that he set the fire in an attempt to summon aid while

suffering from a delusion that people were trying to attack him. Hart testified to

this, as did Dr. Roger Blair, an expert who opined that he had no doubt that Hart

had been psychotic and suffering from delusions that were very real to him at the

time he set the fire, none of which would seem out of the ordinary, given Hart’s

mental condition at the time. When the case involves the testimony of only the

defendant and the State’s witnesses, the importance of the defendant’s credibility

and testimony escalates, as will the need to allow the State the opportunity to

impeach his credibility. See id. Although Hart also had an expert witness testify

in support of his defense, because Hart had to confess to the offense in order to

use the necessity defense,5 his credibility and character for veracity were directly

in issue. See Bowley v. State, 310 S.W.3d 431, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

Therefore, these factors weigh in favor of admission. See Theus, 845 S.W.3d at

5 The confession-and-avoidance doctrine applies to the necessity defense, requiring a defendant to admit the conduct—both the act and the culpable mental state—of the charged offense to be entitled to a necessity instruction. Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 399, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(10) (West Supp. 2014) (defining conduct to mean an act or omission and its accompanying mental state).

6 881. We conclude that because the majority of the factors under Theus favor

admission, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Hart’s failure-

to-register conviction.6 See id.; see also Tristan, 393 S.W.3d at 814; Theragood

v. State, No. 08-10-00013-CR, 2011 WL 3848840, at *4–7 (Tex. App.—El Paso

Aug. 31, 2011, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

B. Relevance

Hart also complains about the admission of Officer Todd’s testimony

relating Hart’s statement at the scene about being a sex offender. Officer Todd

testified that Hart told him that

he had been in the room with two females that he didn’t know the names of, and he advised that the females had somehow found out that he was a sex offender, and he didn’t know how they found out, but he said that they left and that they returned with two males and that the males began pounding and kicking the door, and that after— or whenever they started pounding and kicking the door, he went to the bathroom, shut the door, and lit toilet paper on fire to get the attention of [the police] and the fire department. [Emphasis added.]

6 Further, the trial court included an instruction in the jury charge with regard to the use of Hart’s prior convictions that either eliminated or reduced the potential that the jury would use this evidence in an impermissible manner because we generally presume that juries follow the trial court’s instructions in the manner presented. Kirk v. State, 199 S.W.3d 467, 479 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d); see Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 882 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (Cochran, J., concurring) (“We must, however, ‘presume[] that jurors, conscious of the gravity of their tasks, attend closely [to] the particular language of the trial court’s instructions in criminal cases and strive to understand, make sense of, and follow the instructions given them.’”) (quoting Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 324 n.9, 105 S. Ct. 1965, 1976 n.9 (1985)), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1093 (2009); Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Courts will abandon this presumption only if there is evidence showing that the jury did not follow the instructions. Williams, 937 S.W.2d at 490. There is no such showing here.

7 That is, Officer Todd testified that Hart’s statement attributed the motivation of his

would-be attackers to their belief that he was a sex offender.7

While Hart’s objection to the evidence was summarily overruled without

argument, earlier that day the trial court had permitted extended argument

regarding the evidence in question when it considered but denied Hart’s motion

in limine. During the limine argument, Hart argued that the evidence was

irrelevant, or alternatively, that any probative value was outweighed by its highly

prejudicial effect. The State argued that the evidence was relevant to prove

Hart’s reason for setting the fire, his motive, his state of mind, and to rebut a

claim of medical necessity. During the limine hearing, the trial court indicated

that it would “allow it” because it went “directly to his state of mind” and to motive,

which, the trial court stated, was “squarely an issue” in the case.8

It is undisputed that Hart’s would-be attackers were not real, that they were

a delusion. To the extent that Hart believed that these imaginary people were

trying to kill him, evidence of this belief was probative of Hart’s mental state and

Hart’s motive in setting fire to the hotel room. However, the evidence that the

7 The testimony is ambiguous on this point. It is not clear from Officer Todd’s testimony whether the imaginary men’s belief that Hart was a sex offender was, in fact, correct or incorrect. 8 While this court is aware that motions in limine do not preserve error, see Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1105 (2009), the hearing on the motion in limine allowed both sides to flesh out their arguments for and against the admission of the evidence.

8 trial court admitted went one step too far. The mental state and motivations of

Hart’s hallucinations—whether greed, hatred, jealousy, animosity toward sex

offenders, or a quest to save the planet—are wholly irrelevant9 to any fact of

consequence in this case. The fact of consequence here was whether Hart

thought he was being attacked, not the motivation he attributed to his imaginary

attackers.

C. Harmless Error

Although the court erred by admitting Officer Todd’s testimony, this error

ultimately proved harmless. It is well-established that the improper admission of

evidence becomes harmless error if the same facts are proved by other properly

admitted evidence. Land v. State, 291 S.W.3d 23, 28 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2009, pet. ref’d); see also Anderson, 717 S.W.2d at 627. As discussed above,

Hart’s conviction for failure to register as a sex offender was subsequently

admitted into evidence, and we have held that the trial court committed no error

by doing so; therefore, admitting Officer Todd’s testimony on this point was

subsequently rendered harmless.

Further, if, as here, the trial court’s ruling merely offends the rules of

evidence, such erroneous admission of evidence is nonconstitutional error

9 Relevant evidence is that which has any tendency to make the existence of any fact of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable. See Tex. R. Evid. 401; Hawkins v. State, 871 S.W.2d 539, 541 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, no pet.) (citing Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 387 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g)).

9 governed by rule 44.2(b). See Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2001); see also Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 222 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). Under rule 44.2(b), any error, defect, irregularity, or variance that

does not affect the appellant’s substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R.

App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial

and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State,

953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States,

328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946)). Conversely, an error does not

affect a substantial right if we have “fair assurance that the error did not influence

the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Solomon, 49 S.W.3d at 365; Johnson v.

State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged

error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the

case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We may also

consider the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any defensive theories,

whether the State emphasized the error, closing arguments, and even voir dire, if

applicable. Id. at 355–56.

The evidence showed that Hart, who had been homeless prior to moving

into the Caravan Motel, set a fire in his room in the early morning hours of August

24, 2013. The Caravan Motel is an older wood-framed, two-story hotel which

10 had been grandfathered-in under an older fire code. Fifteen to twenty occupants

were in the structure at the time of the fire.

While Arlington Fire Department’s deputy fire marshal classified the fire as

small, he testified that it had the potential to be dangerous because it occurred at

approximately 5:00 a.m., a time when the old hotel’s occupants would likely be

asleep, and the condition of the structure would cause the fire to burn quickly.

One of the firefighters described the incident as a “heavy box response,”

meaning that more firefighting units would respond because it was a high

occupancy building with a greater potential for victims.

Hart admitted that he intentionally set the fire but testified that he did so in

an attempt to set off the smoke alarm and thereby summon help because he

thought people were attempting to do him harm.10 See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 28.02(a-2)(1), (f) (West 2011) (stating that a person commits an offense if he

intentionally starts a fire and recklessly damages or destroys a building belonging

to another). The resulting fire caused damage to the bathroom door and the

subfloor.

10 Hart testified that he panicked and knew he needed help, but he had no ability to summon aid. According to Hart, because he did not have a cell phone and there was no phone in the hotel room, he thought, “[T]here’s a smoke alarm in this room. If I make enough smoke, I’m going to get my help. People will come. I will -- I’ll get my treatment. I’ll be saved.” So he lit some toilet paper on fire with a cigarette lighter and waited for help to arrive. Two firefighters and two police officers confirmed that Hart told them at the scene that he had lit toilet paper on fire so that help would come because he thought people were after him.

11 Both sides agreed that Hart’s would-be attackers that evening were not

real but were part of a delusion caused by Hart’s failure to take his medication.

Hart testified that while he had been prescribed anti-seizure, anticonvulsant

medication, he had not taken his pills.11 Hart explained that he had just started a

new job and, because obtaining a prescription refill at Mission Arlington’s free

medical clinic would require him to wait in line for a full day, that he had been

trying to make his medication last for as long as possible. Consequently, he was

not taking his medication as often as prescribed.

The jury received limiting instructions during Officer Todd’s testimony and

in the court’s charge with regard to the evidence in question, and we generally

presume that the jury followed the trial court’s instructions in the manner

presented. See Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);

see also Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (stating that

the presumption that the jury followed the trial court’s instructions is rebuttable

but that the appellant must rebut the presumption by pointing to evidence that the

jury failed to follow the trial court’s instructions). The State embraced the

limitations on the jurors’ consideration of this evidence as early as voir dire when,

in response to the question, “Can prior convictions be brought up as evidence?”

posed by one of the veniremembers, the State explained,

11 Hart was found with an unmarked bottle of white pills. Dr. Blair, the board-certified neurologist who reviewed Hart’s medical records, confirmed that the medicine in Hart’s medicine bottle was seizure medication that he had been prescribed.

12 Prosecutor: Not normally in the guilt-innocence phase, because we want the jury to focus on the actual action, not the – what somebody may have done in their prior –

Venireperson: Yeah, but wouldn’t that be important to know?

Prosecutor: It would be important, but your job, if you are a juror, is to decide the facts of the case based upon the evidence, not based upon what somebody did in the past. And you would be instructed on that. If a prior conviction came out during guilt- innocence, the judge would give you very specific instructions on what you could consider that for. Does that answer your question?

Venireperson: Uh-huh.

During closing arguments, the State argued that Hart had been delusional

and paranoid because he had deliberately chosen not to take his anti-seizure

medicine, that he was a liar, that he could not have reasonably believed that

setting the fire was immediately necessary to avoid harm, and that Hart was

reckless.

Hart’s counsel argued that Hart’s prior convictions were offered to confuse

the jurors and to prejudice them against Hart. She asked the jury to set aside

those old convictions unless they thought Hart’s integrity and credibility were

affected by them. She reminded the jury that Hart had made the decisions he did

because he had been homeless, and she argued that Hart had reasonably

believed that his conduct was immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm

because it would summon help to him.

In rebuttal, the State responded that an ordinary and reasonable person

would take his anti-seizure medicine and that Hart was, therefore, reckless when

13 he opted not to. The State also argued that Hart had adapted toilet paper into a

deadly weapon by igniting it with a cigarette lighter.12 The trial court included an

instruction on necessity in the jury charge, along with two limiting instructions,

and the jury found Hart guilty and found that he had used a deadly weapon.

Despite Hart’s explanation for setting the fire—which was repeated by

several witnesses in addition to Hart himself—the jury was entitled to find that

Hart had been reckless in setting the fire and that his belief that setting fire was

immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm was not reasonable in light of his

deliberate decision not to take his anti-seizure medication.13

In light of all of the evidence and the arguments presented at trial, and in

the context of the entire case against Hart, we conclude that the admission of

evidence that Hart was a sex offender did not have a substantial or injurious

12 We express no opinion about the State’s theory in this regard because it was not raised as a point of error on appeal. 13 During the punishment phase, Hart pleaded true to the enhancement allegation regarding his prior felony convictions. In closing, Hart’s counsel reminded the jury that because the punishment range had been enhanced by Hart’s admitting to his prior convictions, the jury had to decide from a range of two to twenty years’ confinement but that Hart was already a prisoner of his mind. She pointed out that Hart did not mean to burn down a building and that, “[f]or whatever reason, he got the attention he needed.” And she pointed out that Hart’s previous offenses had been several years prior and that Hart was seventeen years old when he pleaded guilty to the 1996 indecency offense. She also stated that Hart was still paying for that indecency conviction and would be doing so for the rest of his life. She asked that the jury assess only two years’ confinement “because this crime is only worth that.” The prosecutor agreed that Hart’s crime was not worthy of a twenty-year sentence but reminded the jury that Hart had made choices that night and asked the jury to assess five years’ confinement. The jury assessed three years’ confinement.

14 effect on the jury’s verdict and did not affect his substantial rights. See King, 953

S.W.2d at 271. Therefore, we overrule Hart’s sole issue.

IV. Conclusion

Having overruled Hart’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Bonnie Sudderth BONNIE SUDDERTH JUSTICE

PANEL: WALKER, MEIER, and SUDDERTH, JJ.

WALKER, J., concurs without opinion.

DO NOT PUBLISH Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: October 8, 2015

15 COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH

Brian Hart § From the 371st District Court

§ of Tarrant County (1365673R)

v. § October 8, 2015

§ Opinion by Justice Sudderth

The State of Texas § (nfp)

JUDGMENT

This court has considered the record on appeal in this case and holds that

there was no error in the trial court’s judgment. It is ordered that the judgment of

the trial court is affirmed.

SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

By __/s/ Bonnie Sudderth_________ Justice Bonnie Sudderth