The opinion of the court was delivered by
The Chief Justice.
■ The defence in this case cannot rest on the ground that the mortgage in dispute was marked satisfied upon the county register, and that the defendants took their title in reliance upon that fact. The evidence is clear to the point, that at the time the defendants accepted their conveyance this mortgage stood uncanceled of record, and that, being in the possession of the grantor, Mr. Johnson, it was surrendered by him, as a part of the ceremony of the transfer of title, to the defendants, who subsequently, by their agent, presented it, with the seals torn off, to the clerk of the county, who thereupommade the usual entry of satisfaction in the register. It is obvious, therefore, that the defendants did not, and could not, rely, with regard to encumbrances on the property purchased by them, on the information contained in the records of the county. Their information from that source was that the mortgage was a subsisting encumbrance; [494]*494arid in coming to the opposite conclusion, they reposed confidence, exclusively, in the acts and representations of the vendor of the property at the time of its transmission to them.
In this aspect of the case, it becomes then a matter of prime importance to settle the question of fact as to the. manner in' which the mortgage in controversy came to the possession of Mr. Johnson, the vendor of the defendants. It is insisted, on the part of the defence, that he acquired the 'custody of it by the rashness or the folly of Mr. James Harrison, the executor of the mortgagee, and that by thus having it in his hands he was enabled to commit the fraud of pretending it had been satisfied, and delivering it, in its canceled form, at the time of the reception of the title by the defendants. Let us admit, for the present, that the effect of the custody of this instrument by the mortgagor, was all that was claimed for it: the inquiry arises, did this paper come into the possession of Mr. Johnson with the knowledge or by the consent of the executor of the mortgagee ? It appears, incontestably in the case, that this instrument was lodged by the mortgagee with the clerk of the county, and that it was withdrawn from that custody by the mortgagor; the burthen, therefore, of showing that such withdrawal was authorized; is on the defendants.
The only witness who testifies ih faVOl- of the authority to take this paper froto the office, is Mr. Johnson himself. It is shown that it was deposited with the clerk of the county, on the 6th December, 1853, and was taken’ away by Mr. Johnson on the 2d April, 1856. The mortgagee at this latter date was dead; Mr. Johnson’s account of that affair was this ; that Mir. James Harrison, who was the executor of the mortgagee, requested him to call and get the mortgage from the clerk’s office. The case shows, that at the time wdien Mr. J ohnson took his title to these mortgaged premises, only seven eighths oi said premises were conveyed to him, there beingsub-sequently a written agreement that his vendor would endeavor to procure for him the remaining one eighth part; and Mn Johnson’s statement, as ■ a witness • in this 'cause was, that [495]*495when the executor of his vendor made the above mentioned request that, he would take the mortgage from the county office, he consented that he, Mr. Johnson, might retain it as a pledge, until the title to this one eighth should be procured.
This statement is not sustained in any respect, either directly or indirectly, by any other evidence in the cause. If Mr. James Harrison ever consented to this alleged arrangement, he did an act which was not only indiscreet, but which was a clear violation of his duty as executor. What adequate inducement is shown, leading him to deposit this mortgage, which secured $4500, with large arrears of interest, in the hands of the man who had made it ? The pretext is, that it was to stand as security that he would obtain for the mortgagor a conveyance of the lacking eighth part of the premises. But at the time it is asserted he made this hypo-thecation, he had not even proved the will and thus qualified himself to dispose of any part of the assets of the estate. It is true that his testator had undertaken to complete the title in question, but there is no pretence that he had not honestly made every effort to do so ; and by the express terms of his agreement, on his failure to effect such end, the damages were liquidated at the small sum of $356, with interest. The agreement in question was entered into on the 6th day of December, 1853. The testator was not required to give any security for the fulfillment of his part of this contract. He lived until January, 1855; and in the month of April, 1856, it is now claimed that this mortgage, which had been given to secure two thirds of the consideration money on the sale of the premises, was remitted by the executor of the vendor into the hands of the mortgagor. The will was not admitted to probate until the year 1861.
J have considered this account of the witness with care and deliberation, and the more I have weighed the matter •the more difficult has it become to me to believe in the truth of his narration. When did it ever before occur that a mortgage was placed in the hands of the mortgagor as collateral security ? The executor was under no legal obli[496]*496gation', except to pay, if required, the forfeit of $356, with .'interest. Is it credible that he would commit to the witness this instrument securing this considerable amount, and thus run the risk of having it canceled upon the record? We' are required also to believe that this unwise surrender wás made without a word put on paper showing the rights of the respective parties. I have not forgotten that the witness sets' up that Mr. James Harrison, the executor, was under a personal promise to him to have the title in question pér-fected; but this pretence does not at all relieve the singularity of the alleged arrangement; it merely imputes to the executor a personal motive for his dereliction in official duty. I consider this particular transaction so improbable as to call for very plain proof. But more than this: I wish to be understood as maintaining that in every transaction of a similar character, the evidence adduced must be perfectly clear and entirely authentic. If we look at the end to which this testimony tends, the necessity of this rule becomes manifest. The claim is to establish by the evidence of a single witness, that a party who is dead consented that his mortgage should be withdrawn from the custody of the county clerk and placed in the bands of the mortgagor. I cannot say, as a matter of law, that this cannot be done; but in my opinion, the plainest considerations of public policy require that the evidence, to make such an effort successful, should be of the most conclusive character. The witness who undertakes to prove what it is almost against the interest of the community to allow to be proved under any circumstances, should be above suspicion and reproach. But this is not so in the present case, for it is impossible to overlook ,the fact that the witness in question occupies in this cause a position which must detract much from his weight before the court. He says that he obtained the mortgage by an arrangement with the executor. He admits that he canceled it in fraud of that arrangement. He does not deny that the entire moneys secured by it are unpaid, and that he destroyed it without any authority. He interposes no excuse for his [497]*497conduct.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
The Chief Justice.
■ The defence in this case cannot rest on the ground that the mortgage in dispute was marked satisfied upon the county register, and that the defendants took their title in reliance upon that fact. The evidence is clear to the point, that at the time the defendants accepted their conveyance this mortgage stood uncanceled of record, and that, being in the possession of the grantor, Mr. Johnson, it was surrendered by him, as a part of the ceremony of the transfer of title, to the defendants, who subsequently, by their agent, presented it, with the seals torn off, to the clerk of the county, who thereupommade the usual entry of satisfaction in the register. It is obvious, therefore, that the defendants did not, and could not, rely, with regard to encumbrances on the property purchased by them, on the information contained in the records of the county. Their information from that source was that the mortgage was a subsisting encumbrance; [494]*494arid in coming to the opposite conclusion, they reposed confidence, exclusively, in the acts and representations of the vendor of the property at the time of its transmission to them.
In this aspect of the case, it becomes then a matter of prime importance to settle the question of fact as to the. manner in' which the mortgage in controversy came to the possession of Mr. Johnson, the vendor of the defendants. It is insisted, on the part of the defence, that he acquired the 'custody of it by the rashness or the folly of Mr. James Harrison, the executor of the mortgagee, and that by thus having it in his hands he was enabled to commit the fraud of pretending it had been satisfied, and delivering it, in its canceled form, at the time of the reception of the title by the defendants. Let us admit, for the present, that the effect of the custody of this instrument by the mortgagor, was all that was claimed for it: the inquiry arises, did this paper come into the possession of Mr. Johnson with the knowledge or by the consent of the executor of the mortgagee ? It appears, incontestably in the case, that this instrument was lodged by the mortgagee with the clerk of the county, and that it was withdrawn from that custody by the mortgagor; the burthen, therefore, of showing that such withdrawal was authorized; is on the defendants.
The only witness who testifies ih faVOl- of the authority to take this paper froto the office, is Mr. Johnson himself. It is shown that it was deposited with the clerk of the county, on the 6th December, 1853, and was taken’ away by Mr. Johnson on the 2d April, 1856. The mortgagee at this latter date was dead; Mr. Johnson’s account of that affair was this ; that Mir. James Harrison, who was the executor of the mortgagee, requested him to call and get the mortgage from the clerk’s office. The case shows, that at the time wdien Mr. J ohnson took his title to these mortgaged premises, only seven eighths oi said premises were conveyed to him, there beingsub-sequently a written agreement that his vendor would endeavor to procure for him the remaining one eighth part; and Mn Johnson’s statement, as ■ a witness • in this 'cause was, that [495]*495when the executor of his vendor made the above mentioned request that, he would take the mortgage from the county office, he consented that he, Mr. Johnson, might retain it as a pledge, until the title to this one eighth should be procured.
This statement is not sustained in any respect, either directly or indirectly, by any other evidence in the cause. If Mr. James Harrison ever consented to this alleged arrangement, he did an act which was not only indiscreet, but which was a clear violation of his duty as executor. What adequate inducement is shown, leading him to deposit this mortgage, which secured $4500, with large arrears of interest, in the hands of the man who had made it ? The pretext is, that it was to stand as security that he would obtain for the mortgagor a conveyance of the lacking eighth part of the premises. But at the time it is asserted he made this hypo-thecation, he had not even proved the will and thus qualified himself to dispose of any part of the assets of the estate. It is true that his testator had undertaken to complete the title in question, but there is no pretence that he had not honestly made every effort to do so ; and by the express terms of his agreement, on his failure to effect such end, the damages were liquidated at the small sum of $356, with interest. The agreement in question was entered into on the 6th day of December, 1853. The testator was not required to give any security for the fulfillment of his part of this contract. He lived until January, 1855; and in the month of April, 1856, it is now claimed that this mortgage, which had been given to secure two thirds of the consideration money on the sale of the premises, was remitted by the executor of the vendor into the hands of the mortgagor. The will was not admitted to probate until the year 1861.
J have considered this account of the witness with care and deliberation, and the more I have weighed the matter •the more difficult has it become to me to believe in the truth of his narration. When did it ever before occur that a mortgage was placed in the hands of the mortgagor as collateral security ? The executor was under no legal obli[496]*496gation', except to pay, if required, the forfeit of $356, with .'interest. Is it credible that he would commit to the witness this instrument securing this considerable amount, and thus run the risk of having it canceled upon the record? We' are required also to believe that this unwise surrender wás made without a word put on paper showing the rights of the respective parties. I have not forgotten that the witness sets' up that Mr. James Harrison, the executor, was under a personal promise to him to have the title in question pér-fected; but this pretence does not at all relieve the singularity of the alleged arrangement; it merely imputes to the executor a personal motive for his dereliction in official duty. I consider this particular transaction so improbable as to call for very plain proof. But more than this: I wish to be understood as maintaining that in every transaction of a similar character, the evidence adduced must be perfectly clear and entirely authentic. If we look at the end to which this testimony tends, the necessity of this rule becomes manifest. The claim is to establish by the evidence of a single witness, that a party who is dead consented that his mortgage should be withdrawn from the custody of the county clerk and placed in the bands of the mortgagor. I cannot say, as a matter of law, that this cannot be done; but in my opinion, the plainest considerations of public policy require that the evidence, to make such an effort successful, should be of the most conclusive character. The witness who undertakes to prove what it is almost against the interest of the community to allow to be proved under any circumstances, should be above suspicion and reproach. But this is not so in the present case, for it is impossible to overlook ,the fact that the witness in question occupies in this cause a position which must detract much from his weight before the court. He says that he obtained the mortgage by an arrangement with the executor. He admits that he canceled it in fraud of that arrangement. He does not deny that the entire moneys secured by it are unpaid, and that he destroyed it without any authority. He interposes no excuse for his [497]*497conduct. Such a piece of gross dishonesty seriously impairs the moral standing of the witness, and loudly admonishes the court that his testimony is not entitled to that degree of estimation which of right belongs to the depositions of men of integrity.
Nor does the imperfection of the defence, oji this part of the case, end at this point. The bill alleges that this mortgage was surreptitiously obtained from the public office, and this important fact is not denied in the answer, but in avoidance of it, the defendants put their defence on the distinct ground, deriving their information from the witness in question, that the mortgage had been paid off, and that on this account it had been lawfully withdrawn from the hands of the public custodian. This important averment in the answer is in the words following, viz. “ But these defendants are informed by the said Thomas P. Johnson, and believe and charge the truth to be, that the said mortgage was satisfied by the said Thomas P. Johnson, to the said Joseph Harrison (the mortgagee) in his lifetime, .and that he was lawfully entitled to the possession of the said mortgage, and had full right to cancel the same." When this answer was filed, it is to be remembered that James Harrison, the executor of .the mortgagee, was living, and it, therefore, appears that at that time the witness, Mr. Johnson, did .not pretend that he had the authority of such executor to take this paper from the office; on the contrary, his statement to the defendants then was, that he had paid to the mortgagee the money due upon it, and thus had a right to control the instrument; but subsequently, when he was examined as a witness, the executor had died, and in repugnancy to his previous statement, he admitted that the mortgage money remained unpaid, and then set up, what it does not appear he ever before had pretended, that the recently deceased execitor had made the arrangements with him heretofore specified. In order to. persuade the court of the truth of the present testimony of this witness, the defendants, therefore, must insist that his account to them was wholly and wilfully false; they must [498]*498put themselves upon the ground that, although he deceived them,' heds,not now [attempting to deceive the court. Under such-'circumstances,' I do not perceive how a decision in this casé can be rested, with the necessary confidence,, on the mere word of this witness. It is also in proof, that long after the pretended authorization of the witness, the executor, Mr. Harrison, acted in a manner which clearly showed that hé was in entire.[ignorance of the fact that this mortgage was out of. his own hands, and that-, although the counsel of the executor-had repeated conversations with Mr. Johnson about this .encumbrance, the latter set- up no such pretext as he afterwards resorted to, but, in-the expression of the witness, evaded the .subject. Taking this view of the testimony, I have concluded that the defendants have, in this particular, failed in their proof,-and that'it must be taken as a settled fact in the cause, that the mortgage in-question passed from the -possession of the county clerk to that- of Mr. Johnson by wrong, and without the assent or knowledge of the executor of the mortgagee.
-Placing the case on this basis, it follows as-an incontestable conclusion, that the mortgage must be sustained. On the assumption that the executor, the legal owner of the mort.gage, did not consent to its being placed in the power of the mortgagor, there remains no pretense to impute laches or neglect to .him, and consequently there is no principle of equity applicable to the juncture, which can lead to the result that he has lost any of his rights. Acquitting the executor of indiscretion in the affair, all we have left is the single fact of a.fraud committed by the mortgagor upon, the defendants. None of the consequences of that fraud can be visited on the executor,, who is an innocent; party. -The defendants .trusted to the acts, and representations of the mortgagor, and in that way were deceived, and they must bear the loss, the familiar rule of equity being, that as between parties without fault, when a fraud is committed, the burthen must fall upon him who. was instrumental, though innocently-so, in. the realization of such deceit. N.or is it necessary here to consider how [499]*499the defendants would have been affected if this mortgage had been canceled on the record when they made their search for encumbrances, because they are not in a situation'to'claim in their favor that artificial efficacy which 'the statute gives to such cancellation. This case does not present the' question as to the effect which should1 be adjudged to follow ¿ statutory extinguishment of the registry of a mortgage, when such extinguishment has been obtained by covin, and against a party who has not forfeited any of his rights by his negligence or misconduct. That proposition is in no wise involved in the present issue, and no opinion is intended to be intimated with regard to it. The rights of the present parties were fixed before this mortgage was erased from the record, and such rights cannot be affected by the act of the defendants subsequent to the transaction, and in which the other party did not, either expressly or by indirection, participate. The rule — admitting such to be the rale — that the cancellation of record is conclusive in favor of subsequent bona fide purchases and mortgagees, is one of great harshness and can be vindicated only on considerations of public utility and social policy. In cases in which an instrument of this nature is canceled by fraud and without fault in the owner of it, the property of an innocent party is obviously made a sacrifice for the common good ; and I think, therefore, it is clear that the sphere of the operation of the rule should not be extended to any case not strictly within it. In the case now before the court, the defendants did not part with their money on the faith of the representations of this public record, and the consequence is they do not bring themselves within the principle which they invoked.
Nor is the view which I take on the other branch of the case more favorable to the contention of the defendants. It does not seem to me that if the. mortgagee did put the mortgage in the hands of the mortgagor, as testified to by the latter, that such act contributed, in a legal sense, to the production of the fraud in question. A person is legally responsible for those consequences only which legitimately [500]*500result from his acts; he cannot be called to account for the indiscreet conduct of others, based upon those acts. This rule has - been conspicuously exemplified in that extended series of cases in which the doctrine has been maintained, that a party cannot claim to be a bona, fide'purchaser who takes a title to land without inquiry when the possession is in a third" party, who, in point of fact, has title, but who has neglected to record his deed. See 2 Lead. Cas. in Equity 1, Basset v. Nosworthy, and notes. In this class of decisions it is obvious that the possessor of the land is chargeable with an indiscretion in not recording his conveyance; but as such neglect, coupled with the fact of his possession, is not sufficient, in the judgment of the law, to mislead a person of ordinary prudence, he loses none of his rights as against those who jump to rash conclusions from such circumstances. And,.similarly, in this case, in.my estimation, the mortgagee under the above supposed condition of things, could not be charged with a legal default, inasmuch as the possession of the mortgage, by the mortgagor, is not calculated to deceive a person exercising that degree of care which the law requires 'in transactions of such a nature. For it'is clear, I think, that the exhibition of the mortgage did not show that the debt secured by it was paid; on the contrary, it evinced that there was a bond outstanding which was .the .legitimate evidence of such indebtedness. The mortgage is the mere adjunct of the bond, which is the-obligation manifesting the debt, and which, wherever it may reside, draws its adjunct to it. It .is common knowledge that when the bond is assigned it carries, in equity, the mortgage security with it, and the consequence is that the mortgage is often in one hand, and the equitable right to it in another. When, therefore,-the bond does not accompany the mortgage the presumption of. payment .does not arise, but the reverse; the separation of the papers denotes something very different from payment. The bond not being accounted for, the legal .intendment, in the absence of explanation, must be that the debt remains, aud, of consequence, if the mortgage be fairly in [501]*501the possession of the mortgagor, it must be so by virtue of some special and unusual arrangement. I think in this case the defendants were clearly chargeable with notice to this effect, viz. that the money secured by this instrument was not paid, and that if the mortgagor had any right to the mortgage it was in consequence of some special agreement. AVhat that agreement was, I think, it was their duty to ascertain. They took it, as they themselves say, to have it canceled at the county office ; and yet they had no right to do this unless the mortgage had been “ redeemed, paid, or discharged,” for such, they were aware, was the requirement of the statute. The clerk is authorized to make the cancellation whenever the instrument is produced “ canceled or a receipt thereonbut this is the artificial standard of evidence by which the officer is to regulate his conduct. As respects other persons, they are bound to be fully satisfied by some reasonable proof, before they can properly cause the registry to be vacated, that the encumbrance has been “ redeemed, paid, or discharged.” What, in the present case, then, was there to induce such well founded belief? There was no pretense of redemption; and I have already said that the non-production of the bond, which was referred to in the mortgage, was presumptive evidence that the debt remained. A perusal of the testimony in this case should, as it seems to me, satisfy all persons that it is highly impolitic to permit, in affairs of this important character, the party to draw hasty conclusions from slight premises. The counsel who acted for the defendants in this transaction was examined as a witness. After stating that the mortgage was produced, he says he asked the attorney of the mortgagor in the presence of the latter, “ whether it was all right, and if we could cancel the mortgage of record;” and he adds, by way of explanation, “ I asked the question in order to be satisfied about the fairness of the transaction, not seeing any receipt on the mortgage; if I had, I should not have asked the question.” The answer to this inquiry was, that it was all right, and it was upon this answer that the defendants acted. It is manifest, therefore, that the evidence produced [502]*502did not satisfy the gentleman who represented the defendants on the occasion in question, either as to the fact that the debt had been paid, or as to the fairness of the affair; with regard to those essential matters, he had the mere word of the mortgagor, or the opinion of his attorney,, unsupported by any proof. I am utterly averse to holding that this was a reasonable ground, from which a conclusion could be drawn that the effect of this security was spent. Such was not the proper or natural effect of the facts as developed, and in a question involving the rights of an absent third party, the mere averments of the mortgagor in his own favor were entitled to no weight. It is important that the courts should exact from, parties transacting this kind of business, a reasonable caution. Under our present laws these securities, if all legal .guards are observed, can be discharged with a facility that is in reality dangerously lax. The least that can, with safety, be required is, that a party who receives a mortgage to have it canceled on the record, shall have some .reasonable proof that it has been legally discharged. In the -present case no such proof existed; the circumstances were such as naturally to put a prudent person on inquiry, and the evidence shows that they produced that effect. Had such inquiry been properly pursued the infirmity in the claim of the mortgagor could readily have been, discovered, and consequently the defendants are chargeable with the knowledge which would have thus resulted.
On both the above grounds, the claim of the defendants, to be regarded as bona fide purchasers as against the complainant, must fail. The mortgage in controversy must in all respects stand, and, accordingly, the decree must be reversed, with costs, in the court helow,
The decree was reversed by the following vote:
For reversal — Beasley, 0. J., Depue, Elmer, Kennedy, Ogden, Olden, Wales. 7.
For affirmance — Bedle, Clement, Vredenburgh, Woodhull. 4.