AlleN, J.
The question presented by this appeal has not been heretofore decided by this Court.
If we adopt the rule prevailing in some jurisdictions, that there must be-an exact identity of parties or of their privies and of causes of action before a deposition taken in one action is admissible in another, we must sustain the ruling of his Honor, because we have recently held in Broadnax v. Broadnax that damages for wrongful death are not in the usual acceptation of the term a part of the personal estate, of the deceased, and in Hood v. Telegraph Co., ante, 92, that the administrator or executor does .not sue because of succession to the rights of the deceased, but by virtue of his designation in the statute, and the deductions from these authorities are that the causes of action are not identical, and that the administrator in actions of this character is not in privity with the intestate.
This rule finds support in Miller v. Gillespie, 54 W. Va., 462; R. R. v. Gurnby, 99 F. R., 197; 6 A. and E. Pl. and Pr., 579, and is expressly adopted in Murphy v. R. R., 31 Hun., 358, in which a deposition was excluded under facts in all material respects like those before us.
These authorities, in our opinion, sacrifice substance to form, and exclude material evidence which has been subjected to the tests of truth, and in favor of a party who has had an opportunity to cross-examine.
The witness in this case was sivorn at the time of taking the deposition by a competent officer; she testified as to the one fact upon which both actions depend — the cause of her injury; the plaintiffs in both actions were endeavoring to establish the same fact — the negligence of the defendant; the same party is a defendant, and it had the opportunity to cross-examine; and the plaintiff in the present action is the administrator of the plaintiff in the former.
[238]*238Professor "Wigmore says, in reference to identity of issues,in vol. 2, sec. 1387 (1): “It is sufficient if tbe issue was tbe same, or substantially so with- reference to tbe likelihood of adequate cross-examination, because tbe opponent has thus already bad tbe full benefit of tbe security intended by tbe law”; and as to parties, in section 1388: “It ought, then, to be sufficient to inquire whether tbe former testimony was given upon such an issue that tbe party-opponent in that case bad tbe same interest and motive in bis cross-examination that tbe present opponent has; and tbe determination of this ought to be left entirely to tbe trial judge”; and he adds, while discussing tbe admissibility of a deposition taken in another .action: “It is enough to suggest that tbe situation is one that calls for common sense and liberality in tbe application of tbe rule, and not a narrow and pedantic illiberality.”
Mr. Greenleaf, vol. 1, sec. 163, says: “Tbe chief reasons for tbe exclusion of hearsay evidence are tbe want of tbe sanction of an oath and of any opportunity to cross-examine tbe witness. But where tbe testimony was given under oath, in a judicial proceeding, in which tbe adverse litigant was a party and where be bad tbe power to cross-examine, and was legally called upon to do so, tbe great and ordinary test of truth being no longer wanting, tbe testimony so given is admitted, after tbe decease of tbe witness, in any subsequent suit between the same parties”; and in section 553: “We have seen that in regard to tbe admissibility of a former judgment in evidence it is generally necessary that there be a perfect mutuality between tbe parties; neither being concluded unless both are alike bound. But with respect to depositions, though, this rule is admitted in its general principles, yet it is applied with more latitude of discretion; and complete mutuality or identity of all tbe parties is not required. -It is generally deemed sufficient if tbe matters in issue were the same in both cases, and tbe party against whom tbe deposition is offered bad full power to cross-examine the witness.”
In Tiffany on Death by Wrongful Act, sec. 192, tbe author says: “It has been held that, in an action'under tbe statute, it is admissible to prove tbe testimony of a deceased witness [239]*239in a suit by tbe intestate for the personal injury which abated on his death, upon the ground that the causes of action were the same, and that the admissibility of such evidence turns rather upon the right to cross-examine than upon the precise nominal identity of the parties.”
This rule, approved by the text-writers, from which we have quoted, that the admissibility of the deposition is not dependent upon exact identity of parties and causes of action, but rather upon identity of the question being investigated and upon the opportunity of the p’a'rty against whom the deposition is offered! to cross-examine, has been adopted in Dawson v. Smith’s Will, 3 Houst. (Del.), 340; Wade v. King, 19 Ill., 308; Watson v. St. Paul R. R., 76 Minn., 362; Andricus v. Coal Co., 121 Ky., 731; R. R. v. Hengst, 36 Tex. Civ. App., 219; and it has been held in” three cases (R. R. v. Venable, 67 Ga., 699; R. R. v. Stout, 53 Ind., 158, and Walkerton v. Erdman, 23 Can. Sup. C., 352) that a deposition taken in an action to recover damages for personal injuries is admissible in evidence in a subsequent action against the same defendant- to recover damages for wrongful death, which is the case at bar.
In the Georgia case the mother had sued for personal injuries to herself by the railroad company, and in that case her interrogatories were taken. Subsequently she died, and her child, by next friend, sued for her homicide, and recovered. Objection was made to the introduction of her testimony on the former trial, but .it was admitted, and the Court said: “The admissibility of the interrogatories turns on the questions whether the action was substantially on the same issue and substantially between the same parties. Substantially, we think that the issue was the same. The injuries for which she had sued caused her death, and for that result of those injuries the child sued. . . . It is true that the child could not have sued had not her mother died; and in the mother’s case the literal cause of action is the injury done her, not resulting in death, and in the child’s the literal cause of action is the homicide; but the substantial cause in both cases.is the one cause of both actions, the wrong done by the railroad company, and that was the issue. The interrogatories were introduced, too, only in respect to the injury and the [240]*240manner in which it was done and how it occurred, and this was the real thing in issue in both cases. Was the company negligent or diligent? Was the mother? These were the main, substantial questions at issue.”
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AlleN, J.
The question presented by this appeal has not been heretofore decided by this Court.
If we adopt the rule prevailing in some jurisdictions, that there must be-an exact identity of parties or of their privies and of causes of action before a deposition taken in one action is admissible in another, we must sustain the ruling of his Honor, because we have recently held in Broadnax v. Broadnax that damages for wrongful death are not in the usual acceptation of the term a part of the personal estate, of the deceased, and in Hood v. Telegraph Co., ante, 92, that the administrator or executor does .not sue because of succession to the rights of the deceased, but by virtue of his designation in the statute, and the deductions from these authorities are that the causes of action are not identical, and that the administrator in actions of this character is not in privity with the intestate.
This rule finds support in Miller v. Gillespie, 54 W. Va., 462; R. R. v. Gurnby, 99 F. R., 197; 6 A. and E. Pl. and Pr., 579, and is expressly adopted in Murphy v. R. R., 31 Hun., 358, in which a deposition was excluded under facts in all material respects like those before us.
These authorities, in our opinion, sacrifice substance to form, and exclude material evidence which has been subjected to the tests of truth, and in favor of a party who has had an opportunity to cross-examine.
The witness in this case was sivorn at the time of taking the deposition by a competent officer; she testified as to the one fact upon which both actions depend — the cause of her injury; the plaintiffs in both actions were endeavoring to establish the same fact — the negligence of the defendant; the same party is a defendant, and it had the opportunity to cross-examine; and the plaintiff in the present action is the administrator of the plaintiff in the former.
[238]*238Professor "Wigmore says, in reference to identity of issues,in vol. 2, sec. 1387 (1): “It is sufficient if tbe issue was tbe same, or substantially so with- reference to tbe likelihood of adequate cross-examination, because tbe opponent has thus already bad tbe full benefit of tbe security intended by tbe law”; and as to parties, in section 1388: “It ought, then, to be sufficient to inquire whether tbe former testimony was given upon such an issue that tbe party-opponent in that case bad tbe same interest and motive in bis cross-examination that tbe present opponent has; and tbe determination of this ought to be left entirely to tbe trial judge”; and he adds, while discussing tbe admissibility of a deposition taken in another .action: “It is enough to suggest that tbe situation is one that calls for common sense and liberality in tbe application of tbe rule, and not a narrow and pedantic illiberality.”
Mr. Greenleaf, vol. 1, sec. 163, says: “Tbe chief reasons for tbe exclusion of hearsay evidence are tbe want of tbe sanction of an oath and of any opportunity to cross-examine tbe witness. But where tbe testimony was given under oath, in a judicial proceeding, in which tbe adverse litigant was a party and where be bad tbe power to cross-examine, and was legally called upon to do so, tbe great and ordinary test of truth being no longer wanting, tbe testimony so given is admitted, after tbe decease of tbe witness, in any subsequent suit between the same parties”; and in section 553: “We have seen that in regard to tbe admissibility of a former judgment in evidence it is generally necessary that there be a perfect mutuality between tbe parties; neither being concluded unless both are alike bound. But with respect to depositions, though, this rule is admitted in its general principles, yet it is applied with more latitude of discretion; and complete mutuality or identity of all tbe parties is not required. -It is generally deemed sufficient if tbe matters in issue were the same in both cases, and tbe party against whom tbe deposition is offered bad full power to cross-examine the witness.”
In Tiffany on Death by Wrongful Act, sec. 192, tbe author says: “It has been held that, in an action'under tbe statute, it is admissible to prove tbe testimony of a deceased witness [239]*239in a suit by tbe intestate for the personal injury which abated on his death, upon the ground that the causes of action were the same, and that the admissibility of such evidence turns rather upon the right to cross-examine than upon the precise nominal identity of the parties.”
This rule, approved by the text-writers, from which we have quoted, that the admissibility of the deposition is not dependent upon exact identity of parties and causes of action, but rather upon identity of the question being investigated and upon the opportunity of the p’a'rty against whom the deposition is offered! to cross-examine, has been adopted in Dawson v. Smith’s Will, 3 Houst. (Del.), 340; Wade v. King, 19 Ill., 308; Watson v. St. Paul R. R., 76 Minn., 362; Andricus v. Coal Co., 121 Ky., 731; R. R. v. Hengst, 36 Tex. Civ. App., 219; and it has been held in” three cases (R. R. v. Venable, 67 Ga., 699; R. R. v. Stout, 53 Ind., 158, and Walkerton v. Erdman, 23 Can. Sup. C., 352) that a deposition taken in an action to recover damages for personal injuries is admissible in evidence in a subsequent action against the same defendant- to recover damages for wrongful death, which is the case at bar.
In the Georgia case the mother had sued for personal injuries to herself by the railroad company, and in that case her interrogatories were taken. Subsequently she died, and her child, by next friend, sued for her homicide, and recovered. Objection was made to the introduction of her testimony on the former trial, but .it was admitted, and the Court said: “The admissibility of the interrogatories turns on the questions whether the action was substantially on the same issue and substantially between the same parties. Substantially, we think that the issue was the same. The injuries for which she had sued caused her death, and for that result of those injuries the child sued. . . . It is true that the child could not have sued had not her mother died; and in the mother’s case the literal cause of action is the injury done her, not resulting in death, and in the child’s the literal cause of action is the homicide; but the substantial cause in both cases.is the one cause of both actions, the wrong done by the railroad company, and that was the issue. The interrogatories were introduced, too, only in respect to the injury and the [240]*240manner in which it was done and how it occurred, and this was the real thing in issue in both cases. Was the company negligent or diligent? Was the mother? These were the main, substantial questions at issue.”
In the Indiana case it was said that, “On the trial of an action brought by an administrator to recover damages for the death of his intestate, caused by the wrongful act of the defendant, evidence is admissible to prove what was the testimony of witnesses, since deceased, on the trial of an action brought by said intestate, and abated by his death, for damages for injuries caused by said wrongful act”; and in the case from Canada: “Though the cause of action given by Lord Campbell’s Act for the benefit of the widow and children of a person whose death results from injuries received through negligence is different from that which the deceased had in his lifetime, yet the material issues are substantially the same in both actions, and the widow and children are in effect claiming through the deceased. Therefore,- where an action is commenced by a person so injured in which his evidence is taken de bene esse and the defendant- has a right to cross-examine, such evidence is admissible in a subsequent action taken ■ after his death under the act.”
This rule, confined to facts like those before us, commends itself to our judgment as based upon reason and authority, and it is just, as it deprives the defendant of no right and permits a trial of the issue between the plaintiff and the defendant upon its merits.
The cross-examination in the two cases would be practically the same, as the two facts to be investigated in each would be negligence, and the extent of the injuries, unless it would be broader and more extended in the first, due to the fact that in an action for personal injury recovery may be had "for expenses, pain, loss of time, impaired capacity to make a living, etc., while in an action for wrongful death the injury as to damages is confined to the single question of the present value of net earnings, based on life expectancy.
[241]*241Tbe sum demanded in tbe first, $10,000, tbe same being demanded in tbe second; was sufficient to put' tbe defendant upon notice of tbe importance of tbe action.
We are of opinion tbe deposition was competent, and a new trial is ordered.
New trial.