Richardson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The first question to be considered is the insistanee on behalf of the plaintiff in error that the circuit court erred in sustaining the defendant’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s declaration. As was said by Lewis, P., in Darracott v. Chesapeake & Ohio R. [562]*562R. Co., 83 Va. 288, “A sufficient answer, however, to this objection is that by amending the declaration and going to trial on the merits, the right to object to the ruling of the court on the demurrer was waived. This is a well-settled rule, in support of which counsel for the defendant in error refer to the pertinent language of Helson, C. J., in Jones v. Thompson, 6 Hill, 621, who said: ‘ By-amending and pleading the general issue, the defendant admitted the correctness of the judgment on the demurrer. Had he intended to roly upon any error in that judgment he should not have amended, hut left the issue upon the record. * * Who ever heard of an issue at law upon the record in this court after the party demurring has availed himself of the privilege by joining an issue of fact?’ Bpon a similar point, in Clearwater v. Meredith, 1 Wall. 25, the Supreme Court of the United States said: ‘ When the plaintiff replied de nono, after a demurrer was sustained to his original replication, he waived any right he might have had to question the correctness of the decision of the court on the demurrer. In like manner he abandoned his second replication when he availed himself of the leave of the court and filed a third and last one.’ And the same rule prevails in equity. Marshall v. Vicksburg, 15 Wall. 146. Ho other authority, however, need he cited than the decision of this court in Hopkins, Brother & Co. v. Richardson, 9 Gratt. 485, which is directly in point and in accordance with the view we have expressed.”
We come now to consider the case on the merits. The case turns upon the interpretation to he given to two orders sent by the defendant company’s train dispatcher to, and received by Jerome Keith, the conductor, and Ii. W. Harris, Jr., the engine-man, of the material train which they were running, and on which they were at the time of the collision with another train of said company on its.road, when said Harris was killed. The orders in question may be designated as Liberty order, Ho. 105, and Forest order, Ho. 114; and they are in the words and figures following:
[563]*563“Norfolk & Western Railroad Company.
“ Telegraphic Train Order, No. 105.
“ Superintendent’s Office, Roanoke, July 21st, 1888.
“ For Liberty Station. To Conductors and Engine-men of No. 58, Engs. 171 — 7—173 and 169 and Eng. 42.
“Eng. 42 will carry signals and run as first (1st) No. (58) fifty-eight from Liberty to Lynchburg.
“ No. (55) fifty-five, of July (21st) twenty-first, is annulled between Island Yard and Roanoke. Eng. 42 will carry signals and run as first (1st) No. (57) fifty-seven from Forest to Roanoke ; first (1st) and second (2d) No. (57) fifty-seven, Engs. 1 and 172, and first (1st), second (2d) and third (3d) No. (58) fifty-eight, Engs. 42, 171 and 7, will meet at Bellevue; first (1st), second (2d) and third (3d), (No. 58) fifty-eight have right of track to Forest against 3d No. (57) fifty-seven.
“ J. C. G., Supierintendent.”
“Norfolk & Western Railroad Company.
“ Telegraphic Train Order, No. 114.
“ Superintendent’s Office, July 21st, 1888*
“ For Forest Station. To Conductor and Engine-man of 1st and 2d No. 58, Engs. 42 and 7.
“ First (1st) and second (2d) No. (58) fifty-eight, Engs. 42 and 7 have right of track to Island Yard against third (3d) (57) fifty-seven.
“ J. G. G., Superintendent.”
On behalf of the plaintiff it is contended that the Forest order, No. 114, was indefinite and misleading, and lured the deceased to his death. On the other hand it is claimed by the defendant that said order, in itself, and especially when taken in connection with the previous Liberty order, No. 105, wras, in every respect, in strict accordance with the general rules [564]*564and regulations of the company, was not open to misconstruction, nor misleading, but was distinct, definite and clear in its terms, and could not mislead except by gross negligence and oversight; and that the deceased came to his death by plainly disobeying the orders in question.
In order to a clear apprehension of the orders in question it will be necessary to here reproduce certain general rules and regulations • of the defendant company, which appear in the record:
“'West-bound trains will have absolute right of track over trains of the same or inferior class running in the opposite direction, east; and passenger trains must keep entirely out of the way of all west-bound passenger trains. East-bound freight trains must keep entirely out of the ' way of all -passenger trains east bound, and all passenger and freight trains west bound. West-bound freight trains will have absolute right of track over east-bound freight trains, but must keep entirely out of the way of all passenger trains in either direction.
“In case any of the rules should not bo clearly understood when out on the road, ask for information by wire.
“ An order against a specified train gives no right whatever over any other train.
“ Ho train has a right to run ahead of its schedule time without written orders to do so.
“ When trains having right of track do not arrive at meeting and passing points on time, trains not having the right of track, unless otherwise ordered, will wait indefinitely for them.
“ When two trains of the same class meet, the train not having the right of track must take the siding.
120. “ Conductors and engineers will be held equally responsible for the violation of any of the rules governing the safety of their trains; and they must take every precaution for the protection of their trains, even if not provided for by the rules.
[565]*565121. “ Iii all cases of doubt and uncertainty, take the safe course and run no risks.
507. “ An order to be sent to two or more offices must be transmitted simultaneously to as many as practicable. The several addresses must be in the order of superiority or rights of trains, and each office will take only its proper address. When not sent simultaneously to all, the order must be sent first for the train having the superior right of track.
508. “ Operators receiving orders must write them out in manifold, during transmission, and make the requisite number of copies at one writing, or trace others from one of the copies first made.
509. “When an order has been transmitted, preceded by the signal ‘ 81,’ operators receiving it must (unless otherwise directed) repeat it back at once from the manifold copy, and in the succession in which their several offices have been addressed. Each operator repeating must observe whether the others repeat correctly. After the order has been repeated correctly by the operators required at the time to repeat it, the response, ‘ O. K.,’ authorized by the train dispatcher, will be sent simultaneously to as many as practicable, naming each office. Each operator must write this on the order, vúth the time, and then reply, ‘ i. i., 0. Iv.,’ with his office signal. Those to whom the order is addressed must then sign their names to the copy of the order, to be retained by the operator, and he will send their signatures to the superintendent. The response, ‘ complete,’ with the superintendent’s initials, will then be given when authorized by the train dispatcher. Each operator receiving this response will then write on each copy the word ‘ complete,’ the time, and his last name in full, and will then deliver a copy to each person included in the address, and each must read his copy aloud to the operator.
510. “ For an order preceded by the signal ‘ 81,’ ‘ complete ’ must not be given to the order for delivery to a train of inferior right until ‘ O. K.’ has been given to and acknowledged [566]*566by the operator, who reserves the order for the train of superior right. Whenever practicable, the signatures of the conductor and engine-man of the train of superior right must be taken to the order, and ‘ complete ’ given before the train of inferior right is allowed to act on it.
“ After £ O. II.’ has been given and acknowledged, and before ‘ complete ’ has been given, the order must be treated as a holding order for the train addressed, but must not be otherwise acted on until £ complete ’ has been given.
££ If the line fails before an office has received and acknowledged £ 0. II.’ to an order preceded by the signal £ 31,’ the order at that office is of no effect, and must be there treated as if it had not been sent.”
Read in the light of these rules and regulations, there cannot be any serious difficulty in arriving at the true interpretation of the orders in question, nor in determining whether the plaintiff’s intestate came to his death by reason of the negligence of the defendant company in so framing said orders as to mislead him, or whether his own gross negligence and disobedience of the orders was the sole cause of his death.
At the time of the accident, and for years prior thereto, the defendant company -was running its trains under the system of rules and regulations knowm as the “duplicate system.” This is explained in the testimony of James 0. Cassell, a witness for the defendant, who says:,“I am superintendent of Lynchburg division of Rorfolk and Western railroad, and have been such since 1st July, 1888; before that I was train-master of Western division for four years, and was train-master on Shenandoah Yalley railroad before that for four years; before that had been telegraph operator on Pennsylvania railroad for six years. I am familiar with the running of trains on various railroads. I have read orders Ros. 105 and 114; they are in the usual and proper shape, and according to the rules of the Rorfolk and Western Railroad Company in operation for two years before this accident. The new rules are in effect what [567]*567is called the duplicate or double-order system; the old system was the single-order system; that all orders were sent separately to the trains interested, and under the duplicate system an order is sent to all the trains interested at one and the same time. The duplicate system is the best; under it if the order is carried out there cannot be a collision, for if there is a mistake as to the meeting point, all trains will meet at that point. The order is sent to all the offices interested at one and the same time; each and all receive the same order, and in the same words and figures.”
Again, the same witness says: “ The system of rules and regulations under which the trains were being run at the time of the accident is called the ‘ duplicate system,’ and was adopted by the Time Convention, composed of train dispatchers representing the railroad companies of the United States, as the best they could devise; it is used by most of the railroads and is growing in favor.”
Under this system a train is made up of several sections, each of which is in reality a fully equipped train, but they are denominated sections, and are designated by numbers, and' together constitute a train. In this way an indefinite number of trains or sections may run as one train or on one schedule. When trains or sections run under this system, an engine, without cars attached, is treated as a section in the train, and is numbered as above stated. All trains going west have odd numbers, and all going east have even numbers; and westbound trains have, as a standing rule, the right of track over east-bound trains. This is so provided by the general rules and regulations°of the company, and may he illustrated by the actual state of things existing just prior to and at the time of the accident in question. The train going west, and composed of several sections, was train IÑTo. 57, an odd number. The train going east, and also composed of several sections, was ÍTo. 58, an even number. The different sections composing each of these trains were numbered, respectively, 27o. 1 of 57, [568]*568Ho. 2 of 57, Ho, 3 of 57, and Ho. 1 of 58, Ho. 2 of 58, Ho. 3 of 58, and so on. For the purposes of this case, these trains, Hos. 57 and 58, will be considered as having — the first, or Ho. 57, three sections; and the second, or Ho. 58, only two sections; that is, until one section was added to each of them, as will presently be explained, and this we do because the orders in question have no bearing upon any greater number of sections.
Again, when a train composed of a number of sections and moving on the same schedule, has another section or engine added to it at any given point, then the numbers of the sections following the added section are changed at ami from the point irherc the addition is made. Thus, in the present case, train Ho. 57, composed of three sections and going west, had engine Ho. 1, which constituted a section, added to it at Forest, and the section thus added was put in the lead, and became the first section of train Ho. 57 from Forest west to Roanoke. This in no manner affected the numbers or the running of the several sections of train Ho. 57 east of Forest, they still retaining east of that point their respective numbers and regulating their movements accordingly. But on reaching Forest, the point of addition, each of them changed its number by one, so that Ho. 1, east of Forest, became Ho. 2, ivest of Forest; Ho. 2, east of Forest, became Ho. 3 west of Forest; and Ho. 3,'east of Forest, became Ho. 4 west of that point. .
Keith, the conductor, and Harris, the engine-man of the material train, which afterwards collided with Ho. 2 of train 57, east of Forest, were at Liberty on the evening of Saturday, the 21st- of July, 1888, and were anxious1" to get home to their families in Lynchburg. In the petition for writ of error, it is said: “ There were Keith and Harris within twelve miles of their homes, anxious to spend Sunday with their families, and under orders from their immediate superior, Captain Stanley, to reach Lynchburg, if possible, Saturday night,” &e. On the same subject, Conductor Keith, the only witness intro[569]*569duced by tlie plaintiff, says: “On -July 21st, 1888, I Avas conductor of material train. Captain Stanley told mo Friday evening to get back to Lynchburg Saturday night, if I could. At Flue Ridge asked for orders to Lynchburg of Mr. .Reilv, train dispatcher, Mr. Given being on duty, I suppose. I had received a letter from Mr. Stanley that the section-master could help me to clear away the foundation for a station at Flue Ridge. I did not receive any orders; don’t remember the hour I started from Blue Ridge; two sections of Ho. 58 had passed me at Flue Ridge. I did not Icuoav Avliere they Avere, and sent Hag on mail train to Buford’s to hold all trains till I got there. I found the two freight trains on side track at fronton, between Blue Ridge and Bufords. At Bufords f tried to get orders again; they said they could not do anything for me. f put off' flagman at Thaxton, and Avorked as special between trains down to Liberty. 1 Avas not alloAved on main track after eight o’clock, and my time having run out at Liberty, f again asked for orders to Lynchburg. After an hour oi: two 1 Avas told he could only run me as first of 58. f put my train on siding, and determined to stay at Liberty. Finally 1 got orders,” referring to the Liberty order, Ho. 105, above set forth. Hoav, all this but too plainly shows that, the one controlling idea with both Conductor Keith and Engine-man Harris Avas to get to Lynchburg, and that they unfortunately permitted this idea to dominate their thoughts and actions, and to lead them to misinterpret and disobey the plain terms of the orders they had received.
Hoav what was order Ho. 105 ? and Avhat information did it impart to Conductor Keith and Engine-man Harris ? Stripped of Avhat, for the purpose of this opinion, is mere repetition and surplusage, the order, which contains three distinct clauses, reads as follows :
Engine 42, will carry signals and run as first 58 from Liberty to Lynchburg.
[570]*570Ho. 55, of July 21st, is annulled between Island Yard and Roanoke.
Engine 1, will carry signals and run as first Ho. 57, from Forest to Roanoke; first and second Ho. 57, engines 1 and 172, and first, second and third, Ho. 58, engines 42, 171 and 7, will meet at Bellevue; first, second and third, Ho. 58, have right of track to Forest against third*, Ho. 57.
How, keeping in mind that the material train, of which Keith was conductor and Harris was engine-man (and which for convenience will hereinafter be referred to as Keith’s train) was designated as Ho. “ 42,” that being the number of its engine, the effect of the first paragraph of Order Ho. 105, was to add Keith’s train to Ho. 58, at liberty, and to make it the first or leading section of train Ho. 58, from Liberty to Lynch-burg. This, of course, made it necessary to change the numbers of the following sections of Ho. 58, at and from Liberty east to Lynchburg, but did not affect the numbers of such sections west of Liberty. .
The second clause of the order (Ho. 105) simply informs the conductors and engine-men of all trains affected thereby, that Ho. 55, of the same date (July 21st, 1888) is annulled between Island Yard and Roanoke. It is not explained why this clause was inserted in Order 105, but it was doubtless inserted as a means of securing safety and certainty in the execution of the orders in other respects.
The third clause of Order 105, informs Conductor Keith and Engine-man Harris, and all other conductors and engine-men of Ho. 58, affected thereby, that a corresponding addition had been made to Ho. 57, the west-bound train, at Forest, and gave specific directions as to the running of certain designated sections of Hos. 57 and 58, between Liberty and Forest. Hence, the order briefly stated, says: Engine l.will carry signals and run as section one of train 57, from Forest to Roanoke; that first, and second sections of train Ho. 57, engines 1 and 172, and sections one, two and three of train Ho. 58, engines 42, 171 [571]*571and 7, will meet at Bellevue, and that said sections one, two and three of train No. 58, have right of track, not to Lynch-burg, but to Forest only, against the third section of train No. 57, meaning necessarily the third section of No. 57, west of Forest,, which was then the second section of No. 57, and then east of Forest and retaining its designation of second No. 57, which would not be changed until its arrival at Forest, when it would take its new designation of third section of 57, and run and receive and obey orders as such; and it was against such run, west of Forest, that Order 105 gave the right of track to sections one, two and three of No. 58 to Forest, and to that point only.
Now, the Liberty Order (No. 105) informed Iveith and his Engine-man Harris, that an addition had also been made to train No. 57 at .Forest, and that the addition thus made was engine 1, and that it would run as section 1 of 57, from Forest to Koanoke. The same order gave the same information to all conductors and engine-men interested. The conductors and enginemen of sections one, two and three of No. 58, had been told to meet sections one and two of No. 57 at'Bellevue.
In obedience to orders, Keith’s train as well as the second and third sections of 58, which were embraced in the Liberty order, ran safely to Bellevue, arriving there before sections one and two of 57 arrived, and went on the siding. Why did Keith, as well as the others, go on the siding ? The order gave no special directions to that end. They did it simply -because of their knowledge that, by the general rules of the company, “ west bound trains had the absolute right of track over trains of the same or inferior class running in the opposite direction, east;” and because of this knowledge of the further express provision that “ when two trains of the same class meet, the train not having the right of track must take the siding.” Thus far Keith, in the light of the general rules and regulations of the company, correctly interpreted the special orders under which he was running, and he ran his train successfully.
[572]*572Finally, the meeting provided for in the Liberty order was effected by the arrival of sections one and two of 57 at Bellevue. What were these two sections ? They were engine 1, which had been added to Xo. 57 at Forest, and was running as the leading section of that train from Forest west to Roanoke, and section Xo. 2, west of Forest, which had been Xo. 1 east of Forest. There could be no mistake as to this, for there, at Bellevue, Keith, as well as the conductors and engine-men of the two sections of 58 following, saw and, of course, could count the two trains or sections met at that point. Then the Liberty order concludes by giving the three sections of Xo. 58 the right of track to Forest against the third section of Xo. 57. The right of track thus given applies only to that part of the track from Bellevue to Forest, and the third section of 57 referred to, and against which the right of track was given, cquld only mean the next following section of 57 from Forest to Bellevue, which was necessarily the section of 57 then east of Forest and designated as section two of 57, which designation it was bound to retain until it reached Forest, at which point it would take its new designation of Xo. 3 of 57, and, as such, follow the two preceding sections which had been met and passed at Bellevue. Xow, inasmuch as a section had been added to Xo. 57 at Forest, and ivas running as the leading section of that train from Forest west, and inasmuch as Xo. 1 of 57, east of Forest, had arrived at that point, took its new designation of Xo. 2 of 57, and as such had followed Xo. 1 of 57 to Bellevue, where the two were met and passed by sections one, two and three of 58, it became necessary to guard against the next following section of 57 from Forest west, which was necessarily Xo. 3 west of Forest, though then east of Forest and running to that point, but no further, as Xo. 2 of 57. Hence, as the train .or section was west-bound and had the absolute right of track over all east-bound trains of the same grade, it was necessary, by special order, to give to sections one, two and three of Xo. 58 the right of track to Forest, and the Lib[573]*573erty order so provided, and under the provisions of this order (Xo. 105) Keith ran safely to Forest, and there again went on the siding. Here, again, Keith exemplifies the fact of his familiarity with the rules and regulations of the railroad company, and the further fact, that in recognizing these rules and regulations and obeying the special orders of the company in accord therewith there is the utmost degree of safety that human ingenuity and skill can provide.
At Forest Keith, the conductor, and Harris, the engine-man, of said material train, then constituting section 1 of Xo. 58, received order Xo. 114, known as the Forest order. This order has been already set out in full. It was addressed to conductor and engine-man of first and second Xo. 58. Both Keith and Harris received a copy of it. Briefly the order is this : “ First and second Xo. 58, Engs. 42 and 7, have right of track to Island Yard against third fifty-seven.”
On receiving this order Keith’s train pulled out from Forest, ran two miles east and collided with Xo. 2 of 57, east of Forest, a train against which the right of track had not been given, and which was not even mentioned in the Forest order. In order to a proper interpretation of the last-named order it should be looked at in connection with the Liberty order, and both orders should be read and interpreted in the light of the general rules and regulations already set forth. So read and construed, can it be said that either of them — especially the Forest order — was so negligently and carelessly framed as to be misleading, and to have contributed in any — even the least — degree to cause the.death of the plaintiff’s intestate ? 'We think not. Keith, as before stated, was the only witness introduced by the plaintiff. In his testimony, on cross-examination, he makes it clear to the point of actual demonstration that he Avas perfectly familiar Avith the general rules and regulations of the railroad company; that the orders in question Avere in accordance Avith said rules and regulations, and that the accident Avas the result of the hasty, inconsiderate and gross oversight [574]*574of himself and the deceased, and was not due to any negligence or want of care on the part of the defendant company.
In his examination-in-cliief, referring to his action under the Forest order, among other things, he says : “ The operator gave us a clearance card, which is produced. This card gave me right to leave when our orders allowed; not before. We started out from Forest and met the train going west, which I took for third of 57, and would so take it now, under the same circumstances. As result of the collision Mr. Harris was killed. * * * I took the train with which we collided for third of Ho. 57. I had passed two sections of 57, as I counted them, at Bellevue. I believe the next section was third of 57,” &e.
How, Keith had been informed by the Liberty order of the addition of engine 1 to Ho. 57 at Forest, and that it would run as section one of 57 from Forest to Ttoanoke. He knew that each of the sections of 57, east of Forest, would, in consequence of such addition, necessarily change their numbers by one on reaching Forest. He had been.told, in the Liberty order, to meet first and second of 57 at Bellevue, which necessarily meant first and second of 57 west of Forest; and when he met them, as he did, at Bellevue, he was bound to see and know that Ho. 1 was the engine which had been added at Forest, and that Ho, 2 -was what had been Ho. 1 of 57 east of Forest. Knowing this, he was also bound to know, if capable of counting them, that the next-following section was Ho. 2, then east of Forest, because it was the section against which he had been given the right of track to Forest, and that it was then approaching Forest from Lynchburg, and that it would become Ho. 3 of 57 at Forest, and, as such, would- follow the two sections which he had met at Bellevue.
How incredible, then, is Keith’s statement, that he took the train with which he collided for third of 57, and that he had passed two sections of 57, as he counted them, at Bellevue. It is true he had passed two sections of 57 at Bellevue, but he [575]*575know, as already explained, that they Avere only such west of Forest; that the second of them had heen Yo. 1 east of Forest; that Yo. 2 east of Forest had not arrived at that point; that it. was someA\diere on the road between Lynchburg and Forest, and that he did not haAre the right of track against it. Yet AArhen given the right of track to Island Yard against Yo. 3 of 57, he starts out from Forest, and in a little AArhile collides Avith Yo. 2 of 57, Avith the disastrous consequences already stated.
On his cross-examination Keith made this statement: “ I neA’-er blamed myself for this accident; never had any remorse of conscience. If Mr. Givens had putin the Forest order ‘ Engine 3 will run as second Yo. 57 from Lynchburg to Forest, and as third 57 from Forest to Koanoke,’ there Avould have been no trouble ; Mr. Harris and I would both have understood it.”
[Here the Avitness AATas handed a map of the road — thus :
Liberty, Bellevue, Forest, Lynchburg,
and handed also blocks, marked and numbered so as to represent all the engines and trains mentioned in the íavo orders, and Avas asked to place and move said blocks as the trains and engines named Avere by these orders directed to move.]
The Avitness did this by moving Engine Yo. 1, added to Yo. 57 at Forest, and the train AAdiich had been Yo. I of Yo. 57 oast of Forest to Bellevue, and there these Avere passed by the three trains (including his as Yo. 1) of Yo. 58, and moved these three trains, leaving sections two and three of 57 east of Forest.
The AAdtness then said : “ When I received the Forest order, I kneAv that 57 east of Forest had in it three sections at least, because third of 57 Avas mentioned in the order. I kneAv that trains going west had the right of track against east-bound trains, and that when I got to Forest I could not moAré against [576]*576a west-bound train unless I had orders to do so. I had no right of way against second of Ho. 57 east of Forest. The number of the sections of 57 changed at Forest by Engine Ho. 1 being added on there; adding on Engine 1 to 57 at Forest did not change the numbers east of Forest.” ■
.By this exemplification and answer Keith demonstrates two things — -first, his knowledge of and familiarity with the rules of the company; and, second, his correct understanding of the clear import of the terms of both the Liberty and the Forest orders. In other words, he shows conclusively that he was possessed of all the' knowledge and information necessary to enable him to pursue, with absolute safety, the plainly-marked out path of duty ; and yet that he, by some almost-inexplieable oversight, forgot the orders given him at Liberty, and lost sight of the fact that he never had the right of track against Ho. 2 of 57 east of Forest. Yet he goes on, in his further cross-examination, to say : “ I thought I was right at the time, but I would not do it now, after having the matter explained to me.” This is a mere assumption unsustained by any evidence. So far from having the matter explained to him, he explained and fully illustrated it in open court. He was handed a rough sketch of the road between Liberty and Lynchburg, and was also handed some blocks, marked and numbered so as to represent all the sections of trains 57 and 58, and asked to place and move them as required by the Liberty and Forest orders, and he did it with perfect accuracy, leaving Ho. 2 of 57 east of Forest, the train against which he did not have the right of track, and with which he collided, still east of Forest when he started on his fatal run from that point. How weak and impotent, then, is his pretention that “ I took it that I had met first and second of 57 at Bellevue, and when my order at Forest gave me the right of way to Lynchburg against Ho 8 of 57, I thought that, as I had passed first and second of 57 at Bellevue, my way was now clear to go on,” &c. This is an incredible attempt to explain away a flagrant blunder, which, [577]*577upon tlie facts admitted by Keith, was wholly inexcusable, lie admits that he knew that 57 east of Forest had in it three sections at least, because Ho. 3 of 57 was mentioned in the Forest order; yet with the right of way against Ho. 3 only, he starts out from Forest, and runs into Ho. 2 east of that, point, which he knew had not reached Forest, and that it would at that point become Ho. 3 west of Forest, just as the preceding section had been Ho. 1 east of that point, but become Ho. 2 west thereof. He admits his knowledge of the tact that trains going west had the right of track against eastbound trains, and that when ho got to Forest lie could not move against west-bound trains unless he had orders to do so; and yet at'Forest he moved against a west-bound train without orders to do so. He admits that he had no right of way against Ho. 2 of 57 east of Forest, yet he took the track at Forest, and run into that very train. He admits knowledge of the fact that the sections of 57 changed numbers at Forest by reason of the addition of Engine • 1 at that point, and he, therefore, necessarily knew7 that only Ho. 1 of 57 east of Forest had passed that point, and become Ho. 2 of 57 at. and from that point west, and that w7as the Ho. 2 of 57 which, with Engine 1, he had met at Bellevue; and yet he undertakes to say, and in effect does say, that he took the Ho. 2 of 57 which he met at Bellevue to be the same Ho. 2 which he collided with east of Forest. The attempted explanation is absurdly weak and incredible.
And Keith attempts to bolster up this evident afterthought by saying: “If Mr. Givens (the train dispatcher) had put in Forest order ‘ Engine 3 will run as second Ho. 57 from Lynch-burg to Forest, and as third 57 from Forest to Itoanoke,’ there would have been no trouble; Mr. Harris and I would both have understood it.” That is precisely what the Liberty order did say, though in a different but more concise and comprehensive form. It informed him of the addition of Engine 1 at Forest, which Keith admits informed him that the numbers [578]*578of .57 east of Forest changed at Forest. But he seeks to excuse his blunder upon the ground that the number of the engine drawing the train collided with should have been given in the Forest order.
If this be a valid objection to the Forest order (Ho. 114), it applies equally to the Liberty order (Ho. 105), which Keith correctly interpreted and -ran with safety from Liberty to Forest. The Liberty order notified Keith as to Ho. 3 of 57, west of Forest, in these words and figures: “ First, second and third Ho. 58 have right of track to Forest against third Ho. 57.” There is no other mention of third 57, west of Forest, in either of the orders. The object of the Liberty order was to advance the three sections named of Ho. 58 from Liberty to Forest, and only to that point. But to do this with safety it became necessary to notify the conductors and engine-men of these three sections that they would meet Hos. 1 and 2 of 57 at Bellevue — that is, they would meet Ho. 1, which was added at Forest, and Ho. 2 west of Forest, which had been Ho. 1 east of Forest. And as Ho. 2 of 57 east of Forest, had the right of track, and, in the absence of orders to the contrary, would, on its arrival at Forest, change its number to third 57 west of that, point, and as such follow the two sections which had been met and passed at Bellevue,- it became necessary to give to the three sections of Ho. 58 the right of track against Ho. 3 of 57 west of Forest. In other words, the Liberty order, in this respect, said and clearly said, in effect, that Ho. 2 of 57, east of Forest, will not be permitted to run as Ho. 3 west of Forest until first, second and third of 58, which are given the right of track to Forest, have reached that point. How, the orders received by Keith at Liberty, as affecting his rights and duty, applied only to the track between that point and Forest. "When he reached Forest, as he did in safety, his rights under the Liberty order were exhausted, and he could not rightfully move without further orders, and then only as specifically directed. Hence, the Forest order referred to a [579]*579different part of the company’s track — that from Forest to Lynchburg — and in order to act under it with perfect safety, it was only necessary for Keith to remember what he had been told in the Liberty order. He omitted to do this, and as a consequence misinterpreted his orders, which in themselves were faultless, and the result was the destruction of human life as well as the property of his employers.
But Keith’s failure to wait at Forest until the arrival of Ho. 2 of 57, east of that point, was in no way due to the absence in the order of the number of the engine of that section. Keith himself gave the true explanation immediately after the disaster, and when the appalling truth confronted him. Just after the accident, Captain Douglass, the conductor of one of the three sections of Ho. 58, met Keith and asked him to let him see his orders, and Douglass testifies that after he read them over, Keith said to him: “ Harry, this puts me in for it,” and that “ he had read the order and overlooked Engine Ho. 1 turning back from Forest.”
Captain Watson, the conductor of Ho. 2 of-57, with which Keith’s train collided, testified that he heard a conversation after the accident between his engine-man, Pat. Donovan, and Captain Keith, in which Donovan asked Keith to let him see his orders; and that Keith said: “Ho, it was not necessary; it would just wear them out; that, by Neds! ■we overlooked, the engine that tamed back from Forest.” Keith does not deny this positive testimony of Douglass and Watson. He only says: “ I met Captain Douglass, and don’t remember what passed between me and him; can’t say what was said; don’t remember I told him I was in for it; don’t remember that I told him or anyone that I had made a mistake, as I was very much excited at the time, and don’t remember what passed between me and anyone else. I don’t remember telling Watson that I had forgotten that Engine 1 was turned back at Forest and added to 57.”
In the face of these unbending facts it is worse than vain [580]*580and idle to claim that the omission of the number of the engine betrayed Keith into error.
Great stress is put upon the statement of Tames C. Cassell, on his cross-examination, that “ if the order had said that second of 57 east of Forest would run as third of 57 west of Forest, the accident probably would not have occurred.” This, however, is not by any means all that Cassell says. He adds : “ But this was not at all necessary, as it would have been only an explanation of the order which had already informed him (Keith) that Engine 1 was turned back from Forest and became Ho. 1 of 57 from Forest; this making Ho. 1 east of Forest to become Ho. 2 east (evidently meaning Ho. 2 west); Ho. 2 east of Forest, Ho. 3 west of Forest, and so on. Having passed Ho. 2 of 57 west of Forest, he regarded that the track was open to him against Ho. 3 east of Forest. He lost sight of the train or engine that was added at and west of Forest. Mr. Givens was the train disjiatcher on duty at the time of the accident; he is not with the company now; he remained ivith the company several months after; don’t remember how long though. He had tendered his resignation a month before the accident, and remained with us until his place could be supplied ; his resignation was not asked by the company, and it would be glad to get him back. The duplicate system tolls all trains interested what each is to do; informs each of the movements of all; the number of engine was not necessary in these orders to avoid the accident, nor do orders by telegraph to trains repeat the orders growing out of the rules and regulations and the schedules of train; they are sent only where the rules, regulations and schedules do not give the desired information; Hos. 57 and 58 are schedule trains.”
The testimony of Cassell, taken all together, cannot be misunderstood, nor does it need the support of argument to enforce its consistency, reasonableness and truth. But suppose it could be said that it was necessary to give the number of the engine, or to have said “Engine 3 will run as second Ho. 57 from [581]*581Lynchburg to Forest, or as third 57 from Forest to Roanoke,” might it not, with equal propriety, be said that each special order should repeat all the general rules and regulations of thc> company, which are in themselves standing orders, and special orders are used only to supplement them as exigences arise requiring them V But is it not absurd to say that the omission'of the number of the engine ivas misleading, and that the omission lured the plaintiff’s intestate to his death? We think so. Upon what conceivable ground can it be said that an exjjerienced conductor or engine-man would fail to see a whole train, engine and all, and yet would observe and remember the number of the engine attached to the same train ?
It is useless to pursue the subject further. The rules and regulations of the defendant company seem to be the best that human skill has been able to devise; and, in the light of these rules and regulations, the orders in question are faultless. In view of the general rules and regulations the orders in question, and all the evidence adduced by the plaintiff, subject to the most rigid application of the principles applicable to a demurrer to evidence, two things are made too plain to admit of doubt.
First. That the defendant company was guilty of no negligence whatever connected either remotely or directly with the death of plaintiff’s intestate, but that it was due solely to the gross negligence, oversight and disobedience of their orders by Keith, the conductor, and the deceased, who was the engineer on Keith’s train.
Second. That the circuit court of Bedford county did not err in sustaining the defendant’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence and in giving judgment accordingly for the defendant.
Tt follows that no questions as to contributory negligence arise in the case. It is a plain case of death resulting from the negligence of the deceased, who was the co-equal co-employee [582]*582of Keith, the conductor of the train on which he was engine-man, there having been no negligence on the part of the train-dispatcher, the agent and representative of’the company, in transmitting the orders in question. And it necessarily follows that the question of fellow-servants does not arise in the case, as the orders were addressed to both Keith and Harris. Each of them received, and each receipted for, the orders, and had copies in his possession; and the latter went to his death with a copy of the company’s general rules and regulations,, and a copy of those special orders, on his person. They were each equally in fault in causing the collision, which was the result of their joint disobedience of orders.
In conclusion, it may be well to notice briefly another strangely inconsistent contention on the part of counsel for the plaintiff in error. Having introduced no other witness but Conductor Keith for the plaintiff, and having relied upon, his testimony to establish negligence on the part of the company, the plaintiff turns around and insists that the defendant company is responsible for the death of Harris, because Keith, the conductor, was incompetent to discharge his duties, and the company knew the fact. The grounds on which this contention is made are: First. That his incompetency is evident from the fact that he misunderstood the orders given him; Second. That the operator at Forest told Keith to pull out as soon as second of’57 passed — -information which was not given to Hams, and which Keith disregarded; Third. That Keith had theretofore come very near having a collision which was clue to his fault.
Surely it cannot be necessary to adduce arguments to meet and answer a contention so manifestly without merit. In conclusion, it is only necessary to say that the deplorable accident was due, not to Keith’s incompetency, but to gross oversight on tire part of both Keith and Harris, amounting to a palpable disobedience of orders. And it is evident that their gross oversight was the result of their eagerness to get to Lynch-[583]*583burg and be with their families over Sunday — a worthy desire, but one that should have been subordinated to the mighty interests at stake and dependent upon their watchful fidelity in running their train. In addition to what has already been said, this is made more manifest by Keith’s own testimony. He says : “ As soon as we got the clearance card, Harris and I ran down to our train on the siding,” &e. This intemperate haste led to the destruction of both life and property.
Tor the reasons aforesaid we are of opinion that the judgment of the circuit court of Bedford is clearly right and the same must be affirmed.
JUDUMENT AFFIRMED.