Smith J.—
May filed his bill in Chancery, alleging that he was a judgment creditor of II. R. "Withers and had caused an execution to be levied on the 12th of February, 1879, upon certain lots in the town of Coal Hill, as Ms property: that on the 25th of January, 1879, while said, judgment was in full force and alien upon all of the real estate irt Johnson County, in which the said debtor had any interest, Harman had conveyed the lots to the wife of Withers for a consideration which moved from the husband ; that this conveyance was intended to defraud the ‘creditors of Withers, who was insolvent; and that while the property was so subject to the plaintiffs judgment lien and after it had, in fact, been seized for the satisfaction of the husband’s debts, Mrs. Withers had reconveyed it to Harman and he had afterwards sold and conveyed the same to Rogers.
The prayer was that all of said deeds might be set aside as fraudulent obstructions to the assertion of plaintiff’s legal right and that the lots be subjected to the payment of plaintiff’s judgment. Harman, Rogers, Withers and wife were made defendants and were served with process. The three last named failing to appear and defend, a decree pro confesso was entered against them.
• Harmon answered that he owed Withers a fee of $250 for professional services as a lawyer and not having the present ability to pay, he sought to secure the same by executing to his wife a deed for the lots. He admits that the deed was made to the wife instead of -the husband on account of the husband’s insolvency; but avers that the transaction was in effect a mortgage, there being a parol understanding, which was afterwards carried out, that Mi’s. Withers should reconvey to him when he paid the fee. He, therefore, denies that Withers had any such estate in the lots as was bound by the lien of a judgment or liable to be taken in execution. He also says that the subsequent deed to Rogers was a mere security for a debt.
The cause went to bearing upon tbe *bill with its exhibits and the answer; no depositions being taken on either side. The decree was for the plaintiff.
The estate of a mortgagee before foreclosure is not subject of execution. State vs. Lawson, 6 Ark., 269, Trapnall v. State Bank, 18 Id. 53.
And wherever at the time of sale a vendor is indebted to the purchaser and continues to be indebted after the • i . sale, with a right to call for a reconveyene upon payment of the debt, a deed absolute on its face will be construed by a Court of Equity as a mortgage. Scott v. Henry, 13 Ark., 112; Farris v. King, 27, Id. 404; Rogers v. Vaughn, 31 Id. 62; Hughes v. Edwards, 9 Wheat, 489; Robinson v. Willoughby, 65 N. C., 520; White & Tudor’s Lead, Cas. in Eq; 4th Am. Ed., vol. 2, Pt. 2, 1983. (Note to the case of Howard v. Harris.)
Evidence, written or oral, is admissible to -show the real character of the transaction Porter v. Clements, 3 Ark., 364; Johnson’s Ex’r v. Clark, 5 Ark., 321. Blake-more v. Bymesidc, 7 Id. 505. Russell v. Southard, 12 How. 139. Peugh v. Davis, 96 U.S., 332.
But in the absence of fraud and imposition the proof must be clear and decisive. William v. Cheatham, 19 Ark., 278. Trieber v. Andrews, 31 Id., 163. Jones v. Jones 23 Ark., 212.
Here are no proofs ; only an answer tendering an issue. And without countervailing evidence the answer contains sufficient admissions to support the decree; provided May has not slept too long between the date of his levy and the filing of his bill to uncover the property.
The judgment was recovered before a justice of the-peace. After the issue of an execution and a return of “ nulla bona,” a transcript of the judgment was filed, October 20th, 1877, in the office of the clerk' of the Cir-< cuit Court of the county, where it was duly docketed. The effect of this was to make it a lien upon all .of Withers real estate in Johnson County, the same.as if it had been rendered by the Circuit Court. Gantt’s Digest, Secs. 3788-90.
On the 25th of January, 1879, Harman conveyed to Mrs. Withers, by deed absolute on its face. The execution was levied February 10, 1879, during the life of the judgment lien. On .the 6th of November, 1879, Mrs. Withers reconveyed to Harman and on the 31st of December, 1880, Harman conveyed to Rogers. The present bill was filed April 6, 1881, after the expiration of the judgment lien.- May must, therefore, rely on the lien springing from the levy of his execution, since it is well settled that a levy upon land within three years from the date of a judgment will not prolong the judgment lien for a single day beyond three years. Trapnall v. Richardson, 13 Ark., 543, overruling Trustees v. Watson, 13 Id., 74. Pettit v. Johnson, 15 Ark., 55. Lawson v. Jordan, 19 Id., 297.
The bill' charges and the answer of Harman admits, that the' conveyance to Rogers was a mere security for a debt. And as Rogers did not defend the suit, we may take the allegation for true and that the debt has been paid, thus laying his deed out of consideration and leaving the contest between Harman and May.
In Trapnall v. Richardson, ubi supra. Chief Justice Watkins said : “It is obviously the policy of our system of laws, to make the title to land depend upon matter of record, and not upon act in pais or resting in parol. The registry system is almost universal. Deeds, mortgages, mechanics liens, settlements of separate estates on the wife, and all incumbrances affecting the title to land, are required to be recorded in the county where the land lies, else they will not avail as against innocent purchasers. So judgments and decrees are required to be condensed into a judgment docket, to facilitate the examination of incumbrances, and open to the inspection of all persons interested in the title to the .land. The only exceptions are, when the execution is levied on land to which the lien of the judgment does not extend, e. q., where the execution is sent to another county, or when the lien has been determined, i. e., expired without revival, and in such case the execution is the lien from the time it comes to the officer’s hands, just as it is on personal property, which is never bound by the lien of the judgment and would probably have to be governed by the same rules as apply to personal property.”
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Smith J.—
May filed his bill in Chancery, alleging that he was a judgment creditor of II. R. "Withers and had caused an execution to be levied on the 12th of February, 1879, upon certain lots in the town of Coal Hill, as Ms property: that on the 25th of January, 1879, while said, judgment was in full force and alien upon all of the real estate irt Johnson County, in which the said debtor had any interest, Harman had conveyed the lots to the wife of Withers for a consideration which moved from the husband ; that this conveyance was intended to defraud the ‘creditors of Withers, who was insolvent; and that while the property was so subject to the plaintiffs judgment lien and after it had, in fact, been seized for the satisfaction of the husband’s debts, Mrs. Withers had reconveyed it to Harman and he had afterwards sold and conveyed the same to Rogers.
The prayer was that all of said deeds might be set aside as fraudulent obstructions to the assertion of plaintiff’s legal right and that the lots be subjected to the payment of plaintiff’s judgment. Harman, Rogers, Withers and wife were made defendants and were served with process. The three last named failing to appear and defend, a decree pro confesso was entered against them.
• Harmon answered that he owed Withers a fee of $250 for professional services as a lawyer and not having the present ability to pay, he sought to secure the same by executing to his wife a deed for the lots. He admits that the deed was made to the wife instead of -the husband on account of the husband’s insolvency; but avers that the transaction was in effect a mortgage, there being a parol understanding, which was afterwards carried out, that Mi’s. Withers should reconvey to him when he paid the fee. He, therefore, denies that Withers had any such estate in the lots as was bound by the lien of a judgment or liable to be taken in execution. He also says that the subsequent deed to Rogers was a mere security for a debt.
The cause went to bearing upon tbe *bill with its exhibits and the answer; no depositions being taken on either side. The decree was for the plaintiff.
The estate of a mortgagee before foreclosure is not subject of execution. State vs. Lawson, 6 Ark., 269, Trapnall v. State Bank, 18 Id. 53.
And wherever at the time of sale a vendor is indebted to the purchaser and continues to be indebted after the • i . sale, with a right to call for a reconveyene upon payment of the debt, a deed absolute on its face will be construed by a Court of Equity as a mortgage. Scott v. Henry, 13 Ark., 112; Farris v. King, 27, Id. 404; Rogers v. Vaughn, 31 Id. 62; Hughes v. Edwards, 9 Wheat, 489; Robinson v. Willoughby, 65 N. C., 520; White & Tudor’s Lead, Cas. in Eq; 4th Am. Ed., vol. 2, Pt. 2, 1983. (Note to the case of Howard v. Harris.)
Evidence, written or oral, is admissible to -show the real character of the transaction Porter v. Clements, 3 Ark., 364; Johnson’s Ex’r v. Clark, 5 Ark., 321. Blake-more v. Bymesidc, 7 Id. 505. Russell v. Southard, 12 How. 139. Peugh v. Davis, 96 U.S., 332.
But in the absence of fraud and imposition the proof must be clear and decisive. William v. Cheatham, 19 Ark., 278. Trieber v. Andrews, 31 Id., 163. Jones v. Jones 23 Ark., 212.
Here are no proofs ; only an answer tendering an issue. And without countervailing evidence the answer contains sufficient admissions to support the decree; provided May has not slept too long between the date of his levy and the filing of his bill to uncover the property.
The judgment was recovered before a justice of the-peace. After the issue of an execution and a return of “ nulla bona,” a transcript of the judgment was filed, October 20th, 1877, in the office of the clerk' of the Cir-< cuit Court of the county, where it was duly docketed. The effect of this was to make it a lien upon all .of Withers real estate in Johnson County, the same.as if it had been rendered by the Circuit Court. Gantt’s Digest, Secs. 3788-90.
On the 25th of January, 1879, Harman conveyed to Mrs. Withers, by deed absolute on its face. The execution was levied February 10, 1879, during the life of the judgment lien. On .the 6th of November, 1879, Mrs. Withers reconveyed to Harman and on the 31st of December, 1880, Harman conveyed to Rogers. The present bill was filed April 6, 1881, after the expiration of the judgment lien.- May must, therefore, rely on the lien springing from the levy of his execution, since it is well settled that a levy upon land within three years from the date of a judgment will not prolong the judgment lien for a single day beyond three years. Trapnall v. Richardson, 13 Ark., 543, overruling Trustees v. Watson, 13 Id., 74. Pettit v. Johnson, 15 Ark., 55. Lawson v. Jordan, 19 Id., 297.
The bill' charges and the answer of Harman admits, that the' conveyance to Rogers was a mere security for a debt. And as Rogers did not defend the suit, we may take the allegation for true and that the debt has been paid, thus laying his deed out of consideration and leaving the contest between Harman and May.
In Trapnall v. Richardson, ubi supra. Chief Justice Watkins said : “It is obviously the policy of our system of laws, to make the title to land depend upon matter of record, and not upon act in pais or resting in parol. The registry system is almost universal. Deeds, mortgages, mechanics liens, settlements of separate estates on the wife, and all incumbrances affecting the title to land, are required to be recorded in the county where the land lies, else they will not avail as against innocent purchasers. So judgments and decrees are required to be condensed into a judgment docket, to facilitate the examination of incumbrances, and open to the inspection of all persons interested in the title to the .land. The only exceptions are, when the execution is levied on land to which the lien of the judgment does not extend, e. q., where the execution is sent to another county, or when the lien has been determined, i. e., expired without revival, and in such case the execution is the lien from the time it comes to the officer’s hands, just as it is on personal property, which is never bound by the lien of the judgment and would probably have to be governed by the same rules as apply to personal property.”
In State Bank v. Etter, 15 Ark., 268, the Bank had recovered a judgment in Pulaski Circuit Court, and had sued out execution, directed to the Sheriff of Hempstead County, which was levied upon Cocke’s lands, there situate, but returned without sale by direction of the plaintiff. A few days after the levy, Cocke died and his administrator afterwards sold the lands, under-authority from the Probate Court, to a purchaser who knew they had been levied upon by the Sheriff. Two and a half years after the levy, the Bank sued out a writ of venditioni exponas to sell the lands. And upon a bill by the purchaser at administrator’s sale, to enjoin the sale under the execution, it was held that the judgment creditor could not pursue his lien without a revival of the judgment. This was placed upon the double ground'of the necessity of a revivor against the legal representative of the deceased before process could issue for satisfaction of the judgment and of unwarranted interference with the due course of administration. Upon the precise question before us, Mr. Justice Walker said: “As regards these, (judgments) the statute has limited the coutinuance of the lien; but with regard to execution liens, the statute is silent, aud the Court must necessarily determine, from delay and other circumstances whether the lien has been revived or abandoned.”
In Slocomb v. Blackburn, 18 Ark., 309, the levy was upon slaves. The defendant gave a delivery bond, which was returned forfeited, but no judgment was taken on the bond. The plaintiff lay by for more than five years, wheu he sued out a fieri facias, taking no notice of the previous levy. After the lapse of more than seven years from the return of the delivery bond, and after the death of the defendant, the plaintiff filed a bill in equity, against a party in possession of the slaves under claim of title, to enforce the specific lien of the levy, without showing any diligence or sufficient excuse for the delay. And it was held the lien was displaced. English C. J. said : “Our law does not favor the continuation of such liens for an unreasonable time. . . Perhaps, upon principle, when goods are levied on, a delivery bond taken and returned forfeited at the return term, and the plaintiff permits the next ensuing term of the Court to pass without taking out process to enforce the lien of the levy, he might, by such neglect, lose his lien as against intervening rights of other creditors or purchasers.”
In Patterson v. Fowler, 23 Ark., 459, the judgment lien had expired, and there had been a delay of nearly four years, between the return of the execution, under which the lands were levied on and the suing out of the Vend. Fxp., during all which time no step was taken to enforce the levy and no excuse given for delay. And this Court decided that it was too late to cut off the' intervening rights of a more diligent creditor.
In Barber v. Peay, 31 Ark., 392, an execution had been levied in the latter part of the year, 1870, on land, but returned without sale by direction of the plaintiffs attorney. The judgment lien was kept alive during the debtors life and after his death was revived against his administrators In July 1875, a venditioni exponas issued and upon a motion to recall and quash it, this Court held that the specific lien fixed on the land by the levy, had not been lost by laches.
In Owens v. Patterson, 6 B., Mon., 488, a fi. fa. was levied upon land, but the sheriff made no return for nearly three year*. Seventeen months after the levy, the defendents in execution sold and conveyed the land to a bona fide purchaser who had no knowledge of the levy. At the end of three years,, the execution was returned, a ven. ex. issued and the land sold and conveyed to the plaintiff' in execution. And it was ruled by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, that the purchase from the defendant in execution was not overreached by the subsequent sale and conveyance under the ven. ex. But this was placed upon the ground that the execution had not been promptly returned, so as to give publicity to the fact of seizure and affect intermeddlers with notice. The creditor, had in effect concealed his lien,
In Deposit Bank v. Berry, 2 Bush, 236, inaction for three years without attempting to perfect a levy by sale of the property, was held calculated to conceal from the community the fact that there was a levy and an implied waiver or abandonment of the lien.
In Ruker v. Womack, 55 Ga., 399, it was held .that neglect for four years to enforce the levy, when there • was no obstruction in the way of its enforcement, the land being meantime in possession of a bona fide purchaser for value, was sufficient to discharge the lien.
In Porter v. Mariner, 50 Mo., 364, a sale made in 1865, based upon a levy made in 1861, was upheld.
The common law is that after a levy, the writ may be returned on the return day and the levy enforced by a venditioni exponas. Webster v. Wolbridge, 3 Dillon, 74.
And a levy preserves a lien upon the land, though no seire facias be had to revive the judgment; Brown v. Campbell. 1 Watts, 41.
Under, see 2630 Gantt's Digest, which subjects to seizure and sale on execution, all real estate whereof the defendant, or any person for his use, was seized at the rendition of the judgment or afterwards, perhaps the trust, which resulted to Withers from the payment of the purchase-money, might have been reached by his creditors through an execution sale; although many authorities hold that when a debtor has fraudulently bought property and had the title taken in the name of another, the aid of equity must be sought. Freeman on Executions, ss. 136. Rankin v. Harper, 23 Mo., 579. Dunnica v. Coy, 24 Id., 167.
But undoubtedly where a levy is made upon land, the title of which is in a fraudulent grantee, resort may be had to a bill in equity to perfect and clear the title. McLean v. Johnson, 43, vt. 48.
And this Court, in Sale v. McLane, 29 Ark, 612, indicated that it was the better practice .to settle the question of title before sale.
Under the circumstances of the present case, we do not consider the plaintiff’s delay for a period of about twenty-six months to file his bill so unreasonable as to . defeat the lien he had acquired by his levy.
Affirmed.