OPINION
LAMB, Vice Chancellor.
A holder of mandatorily redeemable preferred stock sues to enjoin certain sales of assets that, allegedly, both violate the terms of an indenture governing senior notes issued by the corporation and constitute transfers in fraud of the corporation’s current and future creditors. The corporation moves to dismiss on the ground that the plaintiff is not a creditor and, thus, lacks standing to bring the claims asserted. While acknowledging that the weight of authority supports dismissal on this ground, the preferred stockholder argues that a recent change in GAAP accounting rules supports a finding that it has standing to proceed as a creditor under the applicable fraudulent conveyance laws. In support of this argument, it points to the fact that the corporation’s own financial statements now treat the preferred stock at issue as debt, in accordance with FAS150. Thus, the question is posed whether the financial accounting treatment of this issue of redeemable preferred stock as debt, rather than equity or something between debt and equity, is a sufficient reason to confer standing on a holder of such stock to sue the corporation in the capacity of a creditor. Because the court’s review of the terms of the redeemable preferred stock at issue reveals that the redemption feature has not and never will
give rise to a right to payment against the corporation, the court concludes that the plaintiff stockholder lacks standing to maintain this suit as a creditor.
I.
A.
Parties
The defendant in this case, Granite Broadcasting Corp., is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in New York. Granite is a broadcasting holding company which owns or operates eleven television stations in the United States, largely centered in the Midwest and in New York state. The plaintiff, Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., is a fund organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Harbinger is the beneficial owner of approximately 38.6% ($77 million of liquidation preference) of Granite’s 12%% Cumulative Exchangeable Preferred Stock. A brief explanation here of the terms of those shares is necessary to understand this case.
The preferred stock has a stated coupon, denominated as a dividend.
Under the certificate of designation, which requires the corporation to “redeem, to the extent of funds legally available therefore” all shares at a fixed price plus accumulated dividends on April 1, 2009,
a dividend is effectively payable on that redemption date if the corporation has sufficient legally available funds to make payment. The certificate of designation further explains the consequences if Granite defaults on either its obligation to pay the cumulative dividend, or to redeem the shares. In sum, such a default would constitute a “Voting Rights Triggering Event,” entitling the holders of the preferred shares to elect the lesser of two directors or that number of directors constituting 25% of the members of the Board of Directors.
That voting remedy is described as “the exclusive remedy at law or in equity of the holders of the Exchangeable Preferred Stock for any Voting Rights Triggering Event.”
Further, the certificate provides for certain additional contractual protections for preferred stockholders. For example, the certificate imposes limitations on the amount of debt undertaken by the corporation, imposes restrictions on distributions by and to subsidiaries or affiliates of the corporation, and restricts certain kinds of mergers, consolidations, and sales of assets.
Moreover, Granite has the exclusive right to redeem the shares prior to 2009 at its option, so long as various conditions are met.
Additionally, Granite has the exclusive right to exchange these shares for the corporation’s exchange debentures, dependent on certain conditions.
Although the indenture governing those currently nonexistent notes appears to have been drafted, the terms of that instrument are not in the record.
B.
Facts
This case arises from the fact that Granite is currently in financial difficulty. Indeed, on June 30, 2006, it will be in default on its 9%% Senior Secured Notes (“Notes”). In view of these financial difficulties, which the complaint acknowledges, on September 8, 2005 Granite entered into an agreement to sell two television stations
in San Francisco and Detroit to AM Media Holdings, LLC for an aggregate consideration of $180 million. This proposal collapsed when the WB Network refused to extend the stations’ respective network affiliation agreements. Consequently, the complaint alleges that Granite immediately began to seek new buyers for the two stations. On May 1, 2006, the same day the agreements with AM Media were terminated, Granite entered into an agreement to sell the assets comprising the San Francisco station to DS Audible San Francisco, LLC, and an agreement to sell the assets comprising the Detroit station to DS Audible Detroit, LLC, for an aggregate consideration of $150 million. Both agreements are contingent on the closing of the other.
In brief, the plaintiffs believe that these transactions are troubling for several reasons. First, the sales include two separate 5-year non-competition agreements, one with respect to each station, that restrict Granite’s ability to re-enter either the San Francisco or Detroit markets. Harbinger believes that the fact that Granite is paid exactly the same amount for each agreement, despite the disparity in the sale price of the two stations, suggests that the non-competes are a “transparent ... attempt to avoid Granite’s restrictions under the Senior Note Indenture in a manner harmful to creditors.”
Second, Harbinger points out that the circumstances of the sale suggest a sort of duress, insofar as the new DS Audible buyers are backed by D.B. Zwirn, an important financing source for Granite. Together, these facts are alleged to show that the sales violate the Indenture agreement governing the Notes, only temporarily delaying Granite’s inevitable bankruptcy at the expense of the company’s present and future creditors.
In addition to violating the Notes indenture, under which Harbinger advances no claim, Harbinger believes that the proposed sales violate the fraudulent conveyance acts as they exist in New York, Michigan, and California, and therefore should be enjoined. The plaintiff also requests other forms of equitable and legal relief.
II.
Granite has moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds of standing, arguing that whatever the possible claims a creditor might have under the fraudulent conveyance statutes, Harbinger lacks the ability to bring those claims because, as a holder of preferred stock, exchangeable solely at the discretion of the company, it cannot possibly be considered a creditor under the relevant law. Rather, Harbinger is nothing but an equity holder with an interest in Granite, an interest which is cognizable in bankruptcy, and for which Harbinger might have valid fiduciary duty claims.
The plaintiff responds to this motion to dismiss by arguing that the kind of redeemable stock it holds is actually a claim on the corporation, and therefore Harbinger is effectively a Granite creditor. This contention is based mostly on the fact that, since 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has required that mandatorily redeemable stock be treated as long-term debt for financial statement purposes. Therefore, Harbinger argues, even if FASB regulations are not determinative factors for this court, FASB’s well thought out and deliberate decision to change the accounting treatment of such shares should at least raise an issue of fact for the court as to whether the preferred shares should be treated as debt or equity.
Therefore, in Harbinger’s view, its complaint cannot be dismissed at this stage.
III.
In order to dismiss a claim under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), a court “must determine with reasonable certainty that, under any set of facts that could be proven to support the claims asserted, the plaintiffs would not be entitled to relief.”
A court must accept as true all well pleaded factual allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those facts. But a court need not “blindly accept as true all allegations, nor must it draw all inferences from them in plaintiffs’ favor unless they are reasonable inferences.”
It is relevant to note that this case has come before the court on a highly expedited basis. Oral argument was held on June 26, 2006. Granite has represented to the court that, in order to meet its obligations under its debentures, it has a “drop dead” date of June 30, 2006, at which time the Notes trustee may accelerate repayment. In view of that exigency, the court necessarily issues its opinion in abbreviated format.
IV.
The complaint alleges that the proposed transactions at issue violate the fraudulent conveyance law under any of three possible applicable statutes: namely, the fraudulent conveyance laws of New York, California, and Michigan. The defendants make no argument as to which of these relatively similar uniform acts control, and nothing in the court’s review of the precedent suggests that the result of this case would be any different under any of these statutes. Nonetheless, the court agrees with the plaintiff that the most reasonable law to apply under Delaware choice of law principles is that of New York, where the challenged closings are to occur, all parties have their principal places of business, and which is designated as the governing law by the purchase and sale agreements for the conveyances at issue.
Thus, under the New York fraudulent conveyance statute, which is modeled on the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act (“UFCA”), a creditor has the right to prevent or, if necessary, avoid a transfer made with the intent “to hinder, delay, or defraud either present or future creditors.”
Because the defendants have not challenged on this motion to dismiss the sufficiency of the complaint, the only question at this stage is whether the plaintiff is a “creditor” under the UFCA and thus whether it has standing to bring this case.
The New York statute, accordingly, defines a “creditor” as any “person having any claim, whether matured or un-matured, liquidated or unliquidated, absolute, fixed, or contingent.”
If the plaintiff has such a claim against Granite, it is a creditor, and has standing to pursue its fraudulent conveyance allegations.
Turning to that key question, the cases presented to the court appear almost unanimous in support of the conclusion that the preferred shares in this case are not debt, but equity, and therefore that Harbinger lacks standing to bring any claims as a creditor.
First, as the court observed during argument, a holder of preferred shares of a Delaware corporation has two foundational remedies on which to rely. Most obviously, our courts look to the certificate of designation to determine a preferred stockholder’s rights. As Chancellor Allen held in
HB Korenvaes Investments, L.P. v. Marriott Corporation:
Rights of preferred stock are primarily but
not
exclusively contractual in nature. The special rights, limitations, etc., of preferred stock are created by the corporate charter or a certificate of designations which acts as an amendment to a certificate of incorporation. Thus, to a very large extent, to ask what are the rights of the preferred stock is to ask what are the rights and obligations created contractually by the certificate of incorporation.
Additionally, although “in most instances ... this contractual level of analysis will exhaust the judicial review of corporate action challenged as a wrong to preferred stock,”
there are some circumstances where an aggrieved preferred stockholder also has a right to pursue its claims on fiduciary duty grounds. Our courts have given examples of such prospective claims,
but one might generally say, as this court held in
Jedwab v. MGM Grand Hotels,
Inc.,
that preferred stockholders have access to fiduciary duty claims where the rights of common stock and preferred stock intersect.
Wbat does seem clear, however, is that “the holder of preferred stock is not a creditor of the corporation,”
and therefore does not have access to the remedies available to a creditor in addition to those generally available to a stockholder.
Even where preferred shares in some way straddle the line between debt and equity, the cases which have grappled with that question in the context of bankruptcy law have held, almost universally, that those shares are forms of equity. In
Joshua Slocum Limited v.
Boyle,
for example, a bankruptcy court was faced with the claim that two classes of mandatorily redeemable preferred shares should be counted as debt on the debtor’s balance sheet because, in the Trustee’s view, they had many of the characteristics of a debt.
The court rejected that argument, noting that “the rights of shareholders to recover dividends or to redeem their stock is dependent on the financial solvency of the corporation,” and is therefore not a fixed liability the way a “claim” necessarily must be.
Indeed, the court noted, it is the creditors who have the right to challenge as a fraudulent transfer the wrongful redemption of preferred shares when the corporation is insolvent.
Other courts, relying on
Slocum,
have come to the same conclusion.
Thus, the touchstone of “equity” under these cases is whether the security holder has a legally enforceable right to payment.
The plaintiffs argument, importantly, is based on its belief that these cases no longer control. Indeed, the plaintiff believes that a change in GAAP accounting rules in 2003 undermines the cases that have found mandatorily redeemable preferred shares to be equity, and essentially
decides this case in its favor.
• This change, promulgated by FASB under the name FAS150, requires companies issuing mandatorily redeemable financial instruments to report those shares as a liability rather than as equity. In FASB’s opinion, this change was required to respond to “concerns expressed by preparers, auditors, regulators, and other users of financial statements about [the] issuers’ classification in the statement of financial position of certain financial instruments that have characteristics of both liabilities and equity, but that have been presented either entirely as equity or between the liabilities section and the equity section of the statement of financial position.”
Thus, Harbinger argues, the line of cases emanating from
Slocum,
to the extent that they ever controlled the question in this case, are no longer good law. Rather, because the court in
Slocum
placed “weight” on the corporation’s treatment of the securities as equity, a treatment that has necessarily changed since FAS150,
Slocum
actually supports its own position that the preferred stock in question is a debt instrument, and thus gives rise to remedies under New York’s fraudulent conveyance statute. This is confirmed, in Harbinger’s view, by the fact that Granite has now changed its accounting practice in accordance with FAS150, and accounts for the preferred shares as debt. Thus, it argues, as a Maryland court held in
Costa Brava Partnership II v. Telos Corporation,
where the question at issue was whether a preferred stockholder had standing to bring a fraudulent transfer claim under the relevant Maryland statute, the issuer’s “own conduct seems to indicate that [the preferred stock] are debt.”
But FAS150 is not so determinative as the plaintiff asserts. To believe that it decides the case would grant FASB, which is neither lawmaker nor judge, the power to fundamentally alter the law’s understanding of the role of preferred shares. Thus, if the plaintiff is correct, the remedies of a preferred stockholder of a Delaware corporation are no longer contract and (sometimes) fiduciary duty. Because the court would be required by FAS150 to treat preferred stock as debt, preferred stockholders would have lost the latter right entirely, and gained creditors’ remedies instead. It is not credible to say, as the plaintiffs counsel urged at oral argument, that a preferred stockholder in that context would still hold rights to sue for breach of fiduciary duty in an appropriate case. That result would allow the same entity to sue in two different capacities on the basis of precisely the same instrument and the same operative facts, and thus would conflate the clear lines Delaware courts have always drawn between equity and debt holders.
Nor would FASB’s power over Delaware law be constrained to the treatment of preferred shares. The court can imagine any number of other financial instruments whose accounting treatment might, in the future, be changed by FASB, and would
thus require some concomitant, and major, innovation in Delaware precedent. Further, if FASB ever shifted its view again, under this theory both Delaware and New York law would have to shift with it.
It is not the role of FASB to enact such significant changes in Delaware law, or in the fraudulent conveyance law of other states. Nor does FAS150 necessarily undermine
Slocum
and its progeny. The
Slocum
court did note the corporation’s accounting treatment of the shares. But, reading the opinion as a whole, it is clear to this court that the decision in
Slocum
turned on the question of whether the stockholders had any guaranteed right to payment. As the
Reveo
court held, citing
Slocum,
mandatory redemption provisions of convertible preferred stock is an interest and not a claim precisely because “the rights of shareholders to redeem shares are not guaranteed.”
Moreover, the significance of Granite’s change in accounting is itself exaggerated by the plaintiff’s argument. Prior to 2003, and FAS150, Granite treated these preferred shares as between a liability and equity for financial reporting purposes.
This has been changed, as a result of FAS150, to its current classification as purely debt. This change in Granite’s balance sheet and income statement made no change in the terms of the certificate of designation, nor did it change, in any respect, the nature of Granite’s payment obligation to Harbinger.
Simply put, the foundational issue of standing pursuant to a statute limiting suits to a certain kind of plaintiff is too weighty to rest on the slender reed of a corporation’s decision to marginally revise its financial reporting in order to comply with FAS150.
The plaintiffs alternative argument is procedural in nature. If FAS150 does not control the result in this case, and the court must undertake some examination of the instrument at issue to determine whether it is debt or equity, Harbinger urges that such a determination is a factual matter and cannot be made on a motion to dismiss. According to the plaintiff, this court should follow the court in
Costa Bra-va,
which found the preferred shares at issue to have all the characteristics of equity, but nonetheless allowed the plaintiffs claim to survive a motion to dismiss for the purpose of permitting discovery on the issue of standing, based in part on the fact that the company treated the shares as debt on its balance sheet.
Costa Brava,
of course, is not controlling in this case, as the court there was interpreting Maryland law. To the extent the case represents persuasive authority,
the court is equally persuaded by the fact that this court has on numerous occasions been able to make determinations as to the nature of a security from the face of the certificate of designation.
More pertinently, Harbinger’s reliance on
Costa Brava
ignores the apparent factual complexity of that complaint. The defendant there had actually attempted to reclassify its preferred shares as debt because the redemption date had already passed, the company was insolvent, and the first tranche of its repayment obligations were due. The company’s efforts were in vain, however, because the covenants in its credit facility forbade the acquisition of additional debt.
In the context of the impending repayment obligation, which triggered some unspecified remedy for the preferred shares, the
Costa Brava
complaint appears to have essentially alleged not only that the defendant was formally treating the preferred shares as debt, but that its very conduct was an attempt to consummate in fact the exchange transaction it could not complete under its credit facility. To the extent the Maryland court analyzed the issue of whether discovery was necessary, those facts appear to have created some disputed issues which could overwhelm the equity-like attributes of the preferred security.
Estate of Mixon v. United
States,
on which the plaintiffs also rely, clearly demonstrates the point
made
by the
Costa Brava
court. There, a federal court described 11 factors, in the context of a tax dispute, which could help a court determine whether a security was debt or equity. Most of the factors, as the court clearly held, were simply matters of law, easily discernible from the face of the instrument: these included the name given to the certificate, the presence or absence of a maturity date, the source from which the company was permitted to make repayments, among other things. The court noted that other factors such as the “intent of the parties” can sometimes be factual by nature. But as the court obviously recognized, those factors signify only where there is some reason to doubt the plain language of the instrument.
Tax disputes in this field often arise in ways that require such factual discovery. As the
Mixon
court explained, because of “the advantageous treatment accorded loans, stockholders of closely held corporations have preferred to begin operations with a small initial stock investment accompanied by a substantial loan of additional funds.”
Thus, tax cases often raise the question of whether a loan, from the beginning, was a ruse. Translated into more general terms, the inclusion of subjective intent as a factor in the debt/equity calculus is merely a manifestation of the well known legal principle that the court will only look to extrinsic evidence in a
matter of contractual interpretation when there is ambiguity. Or, as the
Mixon
court observed, “it is not the jury’s function to determine whether the undisputed operative facts add up to debt or equity. This is a question of law.”
It only becomes a question of fact where, as in
Mix-on,
the “objective signs point in all directions,” forcing the court to look closely at the facts, including subjective intent.
Thus, nothing in
Mixon
or any other cases presented to the court suggests that, in the absence of pleaded facts that raise ambiguities on the face of the certifícate of designation, a court must diverge from a purely legal determination of whether the fraudulent conveyance laws apply
This doctrinal framework appears to be in clear accord with the law of New York.
Particularly instructive is
In re Trace International Holdings, Inc.,
which undertook to decide whether an issue of preferred shares was equity or debt under both the fraudulent conveyance provisions of the bankruptcy code and under New York’s Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.
The Trustee’s claim would fail as a matter of law under those statutes if the issuer had issued debt and not equity, because, as the court observed, an antecedent loan could not be avoided under the fraudulent conveyance statute. In order to decide the question, which was complicated by the fact that the preferred shares at issue had been distributed pursuant to a multi-part transaction that included a loan, the court approvingly cited a Delaware federal court case with similar facts,
In re Color Tile, Inc.
In
Color Tile,
the court held clearly that the question of whether a security constitutes equity or debt turns on the “interpretation of the contract between the corporation and security holders.”
That interpretation is informed, the court held, by numerous factors, many of which
are identical to those in
Mixon
Crucially, the
Color Tile
court held language in the certificate of designation’s (and the private placement memorandum’s) liquidation preference which promised the preferred stockholders payment “out of the assets of the company available to its stockholders” to be a conclusive factor in its decision.
In the court’s view, that language “dispelled” any “doubt as to the true nature of the preferred [stockjhold-ers’ interest,”
because it showed that:
[T]he preferred [stockholders enjoy priority only with respect to the funds available to stockholders, whose interests as a class are junior to the corporation’s secured creditors in the context of liquidation. Thus, there is no certainty of payment of accrued dividends or of redemption of shares upon liquidation. Where such certainty of payment is missing, the security is equity, not debt.
The New York court in
Trace
expressly relied on these holdings in making its decision. When considered among the other precedents detailed in the parties’ briefs and this opinion, what emerges is that New York law is not in any way divergent from the law of its sister states on this issue.
Examining the Granite preferred shares in this framework leads clearly to the conclusion that these shares should be treated as equity for standing purposes. The defendants have conceded that these securities are classified as debt by Granite under FAS150. But, as this court noted above, that is not determinative. Nor does the complaint plead facts that suggest the kinds of factual issues that were at play in
Costa Brava
and in
Mixon.
Rather, the terms of the certificate of designation are clear and unambiguous and the question of whether the preferred shares are debt turns on an examination of those terms. What that analysis reveals is a hybrid security which falls decisively on the side of equity as a matter of law. Of course, the certificate of designation here calls the securities at issue “shares.” But the fundamental reason that the preferred shares are equity is that they provide no guaranteed right
of
payment. As Harbinger has discovered, should Granite fail to perform, it has no financial rights other than a claim against the residual value of the corporation. In that sense, the fate of Harbinger’s stock is tied directly to Granite’s business fortunes, in a way that all the courts cited herein have held is peculiar to equity.
Moreover, under the certificate of designation, the shares at issue provide Harbinger no right to redeem, no current dividend payments, and no right to have a dividend declared. As the court observed in
Costa Brava,
“there is no relation of debtor and creditor between the corporation and preferred stockholders ... until the declaration of the dividend, when, in consequence, the obligation of debtor and creditor does arise.”
Further, as the
certificate of designation makes clear, the preferred stockholders here do have a range of contractual rights against certain kinds of transactions. Although Harbinger is thus powerless in the sense that it has no vote in the corporation’s management until a vote-triggering event,
it is bound contractually to Granite in the very way that our courts have held characterizes preferred stock. And, as the
Color Tile
court held was so vital, the liquidation preference in this case is tied directly to those assets of the corporation available for distribution to its stockholders.
That fact demonstrates convincingly that, before the investment at issue here went poorly, the unambiguous intent of the parties was to create an equity instrument.
Finally, the court notes that the indenture which would govern the preferred shares should they convert into debt is not in the record. If, as is likely, this indenture contains an equivalent no-action clause to that contained in the Notes indenture, it seems clear that even had Granite exercised its right to convert the preferred stock to debt, Harbinger would still lack standing to pursue a claim under to the New York fraudulent conveyance statute.
Of course, given the unsubstantiated nature of this observation, the court does not rely on this conclusion for its opinion. This point is included only to suggest that it would be an extraordinary result to infer, on the basis of FAS150, a possible right under the fraudulent con
veyance statutes in a circumstance when the parties themselves might have contracted otherwise with those very statutes in mind. In any event, the factual context of this case, as pleaded, does not support the plaintiffs position.
V.
For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. IT IS SO ORDERED.