The opinion of the court was delivered by
Nicholls, C. J.
The defendant is shown to have taken possession of the property referred to in plaintiff’s petition about March, 1894, only a month before the institution of this suit. It is not pretended that it took possession under claim of ownership. Whether the property belongs to plaintiff or whether it belonged to Dixon, as it attempted to show, it would in either event be a mere trespasser. Plaintiff shows that in a partition made as far back as 1864, between one Allen and himself, they laid claim to the ownership of nine squares of ground, of which that described in the petition was one, and that in that partition that lot together with others was assigned to him; that in the act of partition their title was set out and referred to as being then of record in the conveyance books of the city of New Orleans. That prior to the partition, the lots had been leased and had been occupied by their tenants, and that after the partition the lots which fell to the plaintiff were leased, fenced in and occupied by his. own tenants; that for many years he had paid taxes upon the property; that he had sold to the defendant itself several of these lots in 1893, and that subsequent to this, negotiations had been in progress between them for the purchase of the property in question in this suit. The defendant maintains that the possession of plaintiff’s tenants, one of whom is still in possession pf part of the property, did not extend over the whole property for the reason that the property consisted of several squares of ground intersected by streets; that the. cabin which plaintiff’s tenant occupied was not upon this particular square, and that actual possession of one square would not give constructive possession of the others. A decision of the Su[404]*404preme Court of Georgia, in the matter of the Georgia Pine, Investment and Manufacturing Company, reported in 20 Southeastern Reporter, 434, is relied upon as supporting the last mentioned contention. The two squares and two parts of squares of ground set apart to plaintiff in the partition were by him leased as an entire body of land to'one Geox’ge Oammack, for the purpose of keeping off squatters. The land was part of the outlying districts of the city, and the streets mentioned were merely nominal streets. Proof of the existence of a right in the public to certain land for street purposes does not necessarily evidence an absolute divestiture of ownership therein, and the cutting off of a right to possession of the same until the servitude is called into active exercise (Civil Code, Art. 658). As a matter of coui'se possession of the streets could not be held by the plaintiff or his tenant adversely to the rights of the public;, but so long as the rights of the latter were dormant, the fact that the streets might be ultimately utilized for public purposes would not break the continuity of the possession over and across the streets, so as to take in and include (in conformity to the lease) the body of land leased as an entirety to Cammack. Certainly, at least so far as the defendant (who is a mere trespasser) is concexmed, and so far as the question presents itself in this ease, it would not do so.
Article 3437 of the Civil Code declai’es that: “ It is not necessary that a person wishing to take possession of an estate should pass over every part of it; it is sufficient if he enters on and occupies a part of the land, provided it be with the intention of possessing all that is included within the boundaries;” Art. 3498 that “when a person has a title, he is presumed to possess according to the title and to the full extent of its limits,” and Arts. 3442 and 3443 that “ when a person has once acquired possession of a thing by the corporeal detention of it, the intention which he has of possessing suffices to preserve the possession in him, although he may have ceased to have the thing in actual custody either himself or by others. This intention of retaining possession is always supposed, where a contrary intention does not appear decidedly, so that although a person may have abandoned the cultivation of his estate he shall not therefore be presumed to have abandoned the possession, but shall be presumed on the contrary to have the intention of preserving it, and shall retain it in fact.” Defendant attacks plaintiff’s claim very vigorously; he says that he only traces‘title to an act of partition [405]*405between himself and Allen; that any two persons without shadow of right to particular property could partition it. That is very tyue, but this overlooks the fact that the actual ownership of the property is is not an issue in this case. The action is possessory, not petitory. Whilst the act of partition might not suffice in a petitory action to establish plaintiff’s ownership with Allen of the property, it does suffice to show, coupled with the action of their tenants, that they were in possession under claim of ownership, which is a very different matter. The act of partition was admissible for that purpose.
Defendant contends, that at the moment it took possession of the square, plaintiff did not have the actual and real possession of it himself ; that therefore he is driven to a petitory action, as actual and real possession by him, at the instant of the disturbance, was an essential condition precedent, by Art. 49 of the Code of Practice, to a possessory action.
This court has on several occasions held that “the mere civil or legal possession not preceded by a real actual possession on the part of the plaintiff or his authors is insufficient to support the possessory action. But civil possession at the time of the disturbance is sufficient, when preceded by an actual possession by plaintiff or his vendors for one year ” (Davis vs. Dale, 2 An. 205; Dickson vs. Marks, 10 An. 518; Searles vs. Costillo, 12 An. 208), and “ that the intention to possess preserves a civil possession continued after the natural is abandoned unless usurped by another during the time required by law, or there be no possession for ten years. Against any disturbance in the meantime, the civil possession will support a posses-sory action.” Ellis vs. Prevost, 19 La. 251. We think that the plaintiff has brought his case within the principles enunciated in the decisions cited.
Defendant complains that he was not permitted by the court to introduce in evidence an act of sale of this property from W. W. Heard, State Auditor, to one W. A. Dickson, under date of 29th January, 1894, the sale reciting that it was made under Sec. 8 of Act No. 80 of 1888.
In the bill of exceptions reserved by the defendant to the exclusion of the act it is stated that “it was offered for the purpose of showing that if the plaintiff ever had possession of the property in question he had parted with that possession to the State of Louisiana, and, also, for the purpose of showing the payment of the taxes upon said [406]*406property; that thereupon plaintiff objected to the offer of defendant on the ground that it was an attempt to deny the title of ownership of the plaintiff, and to set up an outstanding title in some one else. Counsel for the defendant then unsuccessfully urged that said testimony was admissible to contradict the evidence of plaintiff to show that he had parted with possession, if he e'ver had possession, and for the purpose of showing the payment of taxes.”
The act in question described the property as “a certain square of ground and improvements thereon, in the First District of the city of New Orleans, designated as square No.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Nicholls, C. J.
The defendant is shown to have taken possession of the property referred to in plaintiff’s petition about March, 1894, only a month before the institution of this suit. It is not pretended that it took possession under claim of ownership. Whether the property belongs to plaintiff or whether it belonged to Dixon, as it attempted to show, it would in either event be a mere trespasser. Plaintiff shows that in a partition made as far back as 1864, between one Allen and himself, they laid claim to the ownership of nine squares of ground, of which that described in the petition was one, and that in that partition that lot together with others was assigned to him; that in the act of partition their title was set out and referred to as being then of record in the conveyance books of the city of New Orleans. That prior to the partition, the lots had been leased and had been occupied by their tenants, and that after the partition the lots which fell to the plaintiff were leased, fenced in and occupied by his. own tenants; that for many years he had paid taxes upon the property; that he had sold to the defendant itself several of these lots in 1893, and that subsequent to this, negotiations had been in progress between them for the purchase of the property in question in this suit. The defendant maintains that the possession of plaintiff’s tenants, one of whom is still in possession pf part of the property, did not extend over the whole property for the reason that the property consisted of several squares of ground intersected by streets; that the. cabin which plaintiff’s tenant occupied was not upon this particular square, and that actual possession of one square would not give constructive possession of the others. A decision of the Su[404]*404preme Court of Georgia, in the matter of the Georgia Pine, Investment and Manufacturing Company, reported in 20 Southeastern Reporter, 434, is relied upon as supporting the last mentioned contention. The two squares and two parts of squares of ground set apart to plaintiff in the partition were by him leased as an entire body of land to'one Geox’ge Oammack, for the purpose of keeping off squatters. The land was part of the outlying districts of the city, and the streets mentioned were merely nominal streets. Proof of the existence of a right in the public to certain land for street purposes does not necessarily evidence an absolute divestiture of ownership therein, and the cutting off of a right to possession of the same until the servitude is called into active exercise (Civil Code, Art. 658). As a matter of coui'se possession of the streets could not be held by the plaintiff or his tenant adversely to the rights of the public;, but so long as the rights of the latter were dormant, the fact that the streets might be ultimately utilized for public purposes would not break the continuity of the possession over and across the streets, so as to take in and include (in conformity to the lease) the body of land leased as an entirety to Cammack. Certainly, at least so far as the defendant (who is a mere trespasser) is concexmed, and so far as the question presents itself in this ease, it would not do so.
Article 3437 of the Civil Code declai’es that: “ It is not necessary that a person wishing to take possession of an estate should pass over every part of it; it is sufficient if he enters on and occupies a part of the land, provided it be with the intention of possessing all that is included within the boundaries;” Art. 3498 that “when a person has a title, he is presumed to possess according to the title and to the full extent of its limits,” and Arts. 3442 and 3443 that “ when a person has once acquired possession of a thing by the corporeal detention of it, the intention which he has of possessing suffices to preserve the possession in him, although he may have ceased to have the thing in actual custody either himself or by others. This intention of retaining possession is always supposed, where a contrary intention does not appear decidedly, so that although a person may have abandoned the cultivation of his estate he shall not therefore be presumed to have abandoned the possession, but shall be presumed on the contrary to have the intention of preserving it, and shall retain it in fact.” Defendant attacks plaintiff’s claim very vigorously; he says that he only traces‘title to an act of partition [405]*405between himself and Allen; that any two persons without shadow of right to particular property could partition it. That is very tyue, but this overlooks the fact that the actual ownership of the property is is not an issue in this case. The action is possessory, not petitory. Whilst the act of partition might not suffice in a petitory action to establish plaintiff’s ownership with Allen of the property, it does suffice to show, coupled with the action of their tenants, that they were in possession under claim of ownership, which is a very different matter. The act of partition was admissible for that purpose.
Defendant contends, that at the moment it took possession of the square, plaintiff did not have the actual and real possession of it himself ; that therefore he is driven to a petitory action, as actual and real possession by him, at the instant of the disturbance, was an essential condition precedent, by Art. 49 of the Code of Practice, to a possessory action.
This court has on several occasions held that “the mere civil or legal possession not preceded by a real actual possession on the part of the plaintiff or his authors is insufficient to support the possessory action. But civil possession at the time of the disturbance is sufficient, when preceded by an actual possession by plaintiff or his vendors for one year ” (Davis vs. Dale, 2 An. 205; Dickson vs. Marks, 10 An. 518; Searles vs. Costillo, 12 An. 208), and “ that the intention to possess preserves a civil possession continued after the natural is abandoned unless usurped by another during the time required by law, or there be no possession for ten years. Against any disturbance in the meantime, the civil possession will support a posses-sory action.” Ellis vs. Prevost, 19 La. 251. We think that the plaintiff has brought his case within the principles enunciated in the decisions cited.
Defendant complains that he was not permitted by the court to introduce in evidence an act of sale of this property from W. W. Heard, State Auditor, to one W. A. Dickson, under date of 29th January, 1894, the sale reciting that it was made under Sec. 8 of Act No. 80 of 1888.
In the bill of exceptions reserved by the defendant to the exclusion of the act it is stated that “it was offered for the purpose of showing that if the plaintiff ever had possession of the property in question he had parted with that possession to the State of Louisiana, and, also, for the purpose of showing the payment of the taxes upon said [406]*406property; that thereupon plaintiff objected to the offer of defendant on the ground that it was an attempt to deny the title of ownership of the plaintiff, and to set up an outstanding title in some one else. Counsel for the defendant then unsuccessfully urged that said testimony was admissible to contradict the evidence of plaintiff to show that he had parted with possession, if he e'ver had possession, and for the purpose of showing the payment of taxes.”
The act in question described the property as “a certain square of ground and improvements thereon, in the First District of the city of New Orleans, designated as square No. 769, bounded by Washington, Venus, Aglae and Short streets,” and recites that said property was adjudicated to the State for unpaid taxes of the years 1882 and 1883, in the name of W. W. Handlin, on November 22, 1884, and recites that under the sale to Dickson of 29th January, 1894, he had paid certain taxes to the State in payment of the price of his purchase.
Defendant’s evident theory was that the State having offered the property for sale for unpaid taxes under an assessment against W. W. Handlin, and having had the same adjudicated to it, the effect of the adjudication was to instantly operate divestiture of Handlin’s ownership, and to place the State in the real, actual and legal possession of the property, and that therefore from that time forward (November, 1884) the State, and not Handlin, had the real and actual possession of the property. That it, the defendant, though a mere trespasser, had the right to show this change of possession, not on the strength of any rights which it had itself, but because of the absence in the plaintiff’s case of the existence of one of the essential facts on which by law his right of instituting a possessory action was dependent.
Granting the right of a defendant trespasser to set up the outstanding possession of a person other than the plaintiff for a period of one year prior to the institution of plaintiff’s action, we do not think the evidence rejected would (had it been introduced) prove the fact which defendant asserted it would have proven.
Assuming for the purposes of the argument that the proceedings in enforcement of Handlin’s unpaid taxes were strictly legal and regular and vested a valid title in the State, it would by no means follow that an actual and real possession of the property by the State would instantly follow as the result of the adjudication. Un[407]*407questionably the fictitious legal seizin which the law makes (Oivil Code, 2479) the accompaniment ipso facto of every completed act of sale would flow from such an adjudication, but this is something other than an actual and real possession by the purchaser. Bird vs. Jones, 5 An. 645. The adjudication would give a “ right to possession,” but would not operate of itself an actual real corporeal possession. The State does not occupy in this respect a position different» from that whieh any other adjudicates at a tax sale would occupy. We have in the course of repeated decisions been called upon to pass upon rights of parties based upon tax adjudications as affected by the fact that no actual change of possession or ouster of the original owner’s possession had followed the adjudication.
The State not having followed up the adjudication by any attempt at taking possession, its vendee Dickson would find himself in no better situation than a direct adjudicatee at a tax sale. He would have to make his right to possession available through the statutory remedy provided for that purpose in Sec. 5 of Act No. 80 of 1888, and his possession, if given, and when given, would have to date not from November, 1884, but from the day it should have been granted to or taken by him. As Dickson himself did not take possession under the act from the State to him, and under the act of adjudication to the State, the introduction in evidence of the act by the State to him would have been of no service for the purpose assigned by him.
We do not think defendant’s position before the court entitles him to consideration. He was well aware of plaintiff’s rights when he took possession of the property, and did so only when dissatisfied with the price whieh plaintiff asked for the property, in the negó - tiations between them for a sale, evidently basing itself upon what it conceived might be the result of Dickson’s purchase from the State. If Dickson has any rights he must make them available himself in a proper manner; neither he through the defendant nor the defendant through him can take anything by defendant’s illegal action. Defendant took possession of the property without any legal right so to do.
We can not increase the judgment of the District Court to the extent prayed for by plaintiff. It is true that the act of the State to Dickson offered by the defendant refers to Handlin as the owner of the property in 1882, 1883 and 1884, but in this suit we are concerned [408]*408with the legal wrong done to him through a disturbance of his rights of possession, and not of his rights of ownership.
The defendant without any legal justification has driven the plaintiff to litigation in two courts, has occupied his time and his attention, and forced him to the employment of counsel for the vindication of his right of possession. We think the plaintiff entitled to an increase to the judgment to some extent, and that the amount for which the defendant should be held responsible per year for the use of the property from ihe 3d of March, 1894, till final delivery thereof should be thirty-six dollars instead of twelve dollars. Should defendant deem this amount too high it will be within his power to immediately vacate the premises. It is hereby ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment appealed from be amended by increasing the amount of damages decreed to be paid by the defendant to plaintiff from one hundred and twenty-five dollars to two hundred dollars, and by increasing the amount per year for the use of the property from 3d March, 1894, to final delivery thereof to the plaintiff from twelve dollars per year to thirty-six dollars per year, and that as so amended the judgment appealed from be affirmed.
Rehearing refused.