Opinions of the United 2006 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
11-9-2006
Hanani v. NJ Dept Env Prot Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 05-3157
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 05-3157
MANAL HANANI,
Appellant v.
STATE OF NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, BARKER HAMILL, PHILIP ROYER, ROGER TSAO, officially and individually, JOHN DOES 1-100, individually whose identities are currently unknown
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey D.C. Civil No. 03111-03 District Judge: The Honorable Garrett E. Brown
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) June 28, 2006
Before: BARRY, VAN ANTWERPEN, and SILER*, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: November 9, 2006) ____
OPINION OF THE COURT
* The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. SILER, Circuit Judge
Plaintiff Manal Hanani appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the New
Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”) and individual defendants Barker Hamill,
Philip Royer, Roger Tsao, and John Does, persons whose identities are currently unknown (all
collectively referred to as “Defendants”). Hanani brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), and the New Jersey Law
Against Discrimination (“NJLAD”), N.J. STAT. ANN. § 10:5-1 et seq., alleging employment
discrimination for failure to promote. On appeal Hanani asserts that in 2001 and 2002, she and other
foreign employees were denied promotions, and that DEP Bureau Chief Hamill promoted four white
Americans to supervisory positions. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.
FACTS
Born in Egypt, Hanani is a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1988, she started
working as an Environmental Engineer Trainee for DEP Bureau of Safe Drinking Water. At the
time of this dispute, Hanani held the job title Principal Environmental Engineer.
The DEP is divided into various operational Administrations, one of which is the Water
Supply Administration. That administration is divided into two separate bureaus: (1) the Bureau
of Safe Drinking Water (“Bureau”) and (2) the Bureau of Water Allocation. Hamill was the Chief
of the Bureau. Hamill reported directly to three Section Chiefs: Royer, Vince Monaco and Sandra
Kreitzman. Employees within the Bureau are classified as either “Environmental Engineers” or
“Environmental Specialists.”
In 1999, a supervisory Environmental Specialist position was posted as a provisional
appointment. The position was open to Principal Environmental Engineers, Principal Environmental
2 Specialists, and Geologists. Thirteen DEP employees applied for the provisional position. All
applicants were interviewed by a panel of four DEP officials that included Hamill, Royer,
Kreitzman, and Nancy Goreman. Carla Hunt, a human resources employee, supervised the selection
process but did not evaluate the potential candidates. Of the thirteen candidates, four were foreign
nationals – Hanani, Jay Patel, Adekunle Oguntala, and Myonsgun Kong. At the time of the posting
and interview process, Hanani and the other three applicants of foreign ancestry held engineer titles.
The applicants were evaluated on the basis of their resumes and their responses to a series
of seven interview questions and then ranked in numerical order. The performance ratings
(“PARs”), which evidenced the candidates’ prior performance and experience in the Bureau, were
not considered. In 2000, the Bureau Administrator, Shing Fu Hsueh, announced that Linda
Friedman, a white female, had been awarded the provisional appointment. None of the candidates
of foreign origin was ranked in the top five. At sixth, Oguntala was rated the highest of those of
foreign origin. Hanani was ranked thirteenth and Patel twelfth.
In 2001, Hanani met with Hsueh to discuss Friedman’s appointment to the provisional title
and expressed that she was being discriminated against. Shortly thereafter, she filed a grievance
with the union, through its representative, John Seiler. She explained that she was denied the
promotion based on her national origin. She also complained that Royer, her supervisor, failed to
complete a PAR for her during 1995 through 2000, despite her repeated requests to do so. Her
grievance was transferred to DEP management. Seiler informed Hanani that the provisional
appointment was not a grievable matter because she would again have an opportunity to obtain the
position when it was posted for permanent status. On October 31, 2000, Royer completed a PAR
for Hanani and then transferred the task of completing the remaining PARs to Patricia Craver.
3 The provisional position held by Friedman as Supervising Environmental Specialist was
posted for permanent status in October 2000. Only employees holding the title of Principal
Environmental Specialists were permitted to apply for the permanent position. As a result of the
application requirements, all Principal Environmental Engineers, including Hanani, were excluded
from consideration.
Hanani still applied for the position, but her resume was refused. Hanani was allegedly
informed by Hunt that the decision to exclude engineers from the applicant pool was not made by
Bureau management, but instead by the New Jersey Department of Personnel (“NJ DOP”). After
the competitive examination for the permanent position, Friedman was selected to fill the vacancy
although Friedman’s examination score did not place her in the top three candidates. Hanani alleges
that because of DEP regulations, Friedman could not be promoted unless the three highest ranking
applicants were first promoted. She maintains that in October 2001, the Bureau management team,
including Hamill and Royer, manipulated DEP rules and promoted the three highest ranking
applicants - Patricia Bono, William Dietze, and Mathew Maffei - from Principal to Supervisory
positions. The promotions allegedly violated DEP rules requiring that vacancies be posted and
subject to a competitive examination process.
In January 2002, Hanani met with Royer to again request a promotion. She complained that
the other promotions were made within the Bureau and that the process had been manipulated to
ensure that Friedman obtained the supervisory promotion. The meeting was moved to Hamill’s
office where he asked why she had not applied for the permanent position. She explained that she
had been precluded from applying. Royer and Hamill stated that they were not aware of the decision
to exclude Environmental Engineers from applying and that it must have been a decision made by
4 the NJ DOP. As a result of the meeting, Hanani investigated who made the decision to exclude
Environmental Engineers from applying.
On February 1, 2002, she forwarded an email to Susan Mannix, the NJ DOP employee who
had signed the October 2000 job position, asking: “Was the Decision made by the appointment
authority, was it made by the DEP Personnel or by the NJ State Dept. Of Personnel?” Mannix
responded that the decision had been made by the appointing authority, DEP. Craig Stephens, DEP
Director of Personnel, explained that the decision to exclude engineers was not made by the
Department of Personnel, but instead by the “program,” or internally within the Bureau. Hanani
claims that defendants Royer and Baker lied by feigning ignorance that engineers had been excluded
from applying for the permanent position and that this is further evidence of discrimination.
On February 14, 2002, Hanani filed a charge of discrimination with the New Jersey Division
of Civil Rights (“NJDCR”) and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). That
same day she received a letter confirming that the Bureau management was involved in the decision
to exclude engineers from eligibility for the permanent position. In her EEOC charge, she alleged
that she was denied the promotion to the supervisory position based on her Egyptian national origin.
She further alleged that Hunt informed her that her name had been removed from the list of those
being considered for the promotion on February 5, 2001. She received a letter from the NJDCR
advising her that it would process her complaint and forward its findings to the EEOC.
The complaint underlying this case was filed in 2003. Hanani claimed that she was denied
a supervisory promotion based on national origin discrimination. Hanani also asserted retaliation
and hostile work environment claims, as well as common law tort claims related to an incident with
Tsao. She claimed a pattern of discrimination and harassment beginning as early as 1992. She
5 stated that she was required to do microfilming work for the entire Bureau. She suggested that the
work was more appropriate for secretaries, though Hanani did receive credit for completing the task
in her PARs. She also alleged discrimination in her PAR reviews. Defendant Royer did not
complete PARs for her between 1995 and 2000. She highlighted as evidence of discrimination a
specific interim PAR in April 2002 completed by Craver, the supervisor assigned to complete the
PARs following her grievance against Royer. In this PAR, Craver gave Hanani the highest overall
PAR rating, but scored her second highest in the job knowledge/skill category. This marked a
decreased subcategory score from her previous two PARs, and she alleged that the reduction was
a pretext for discrimination.
Hanani further maintained that Royer made two discriminatory statements to her. The first
statement occurred during the time of the Gulf War. He allegedly asked Hanani which side she was
on. The second statement was in January 2002 when she asked him why she was not promoted.
Royer allegedly responded, “Your name is enough.”
Hanani also stated that she was subjected to retaliatory harassment on several occasions after
she filed her EEOC discrimination charge. First, she claimed that she was assigned a substantial
increase in permit work, requiring longer hours including weekends. She asserted that Royer
instructed Craver and Tsao to make grammar corrections and other unimportant edits to the permits
in order to harass her. Her assault and battery claim relates to an incident with Tsao when Hanani
complained about the changes he had made to one of her permits. In July 2002, Tsao allegedly
screamed in her face and poked her in the shoulder. As a result of this alleged incident, Hanani, who
was thirty-six years of age, suffered a stroke. She never returned to work.
The district court found that Hanani (1) may not bring a retaliation claim under 42 U.S.C.
6 § 1983 to circumvent Title VII’s filing requirements; (2) was barred by the Eleventh Amendment
from Section 1983 and NLAD claims against the State of New Jersey and the DEP; (3) was untimely
in filing her claims that she was not promoted based on national origin discrimination; and (4) could
not avail herself of equitable tolling because she did not diligently seek relief. It also found that her
Title VII retaliation and hostile work environment claims did not fall within the scope of her EEOC
charge and that her tort claims were barred by the New Jersey Workers’ Compensation Statute. She
does not appeal the dismissal of her tort claims.
ANALYSIS
We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Conoshenti v. Pub. Serv.
Elec. & Gas Co., 364 F.3d 135, 140 (3d Cir. 2004). Summary judgment is appropriate if there are
no genuine issues of material fact presented and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986).
1. Statute of Limitations
In employment discrimination actions, the limitations period begins with the “time of the
discriminatory act.” Miller v. Beneficial Mgmt. Corp., 977 F.2d 834, 842 (3d Cir. 1992) (emphasis
omitted) (quoting Chardon v. Fernandez, 454 U.S. 6, 8 (1981)). However, where the discriminatory
conduct constitutes a “‘continuing violation,’ the statute of limitations begins to run on the date of
the last occurrence of discrimination, rather than the first.” Id.
Hanani alleged that the wrongful act was the denial of promotion on the basis of national
origin. She alleged before the EEOC that “on or about January 10, 2001, she applied for a
promotion to the position of Specialist, and on or about February 5, 2001, Respondent’s Unit
Manager [Hunt] told her that her name was removed from the list of those being considered for the
7 promotion.” She does not challenge this fact. Nevertheless, she now claims that her failure to
promote claims accrued no earlier than October 9, 2001, the promotion date of Bono, Dietze, and
Maffei.
“[A] claim accrues in a federal cause of action upon awareness of actual injury, not upon
awareness that this injury constitutes a legal wrong.” Oshiver v. Levine, Fishbein, Sedran &
Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1386 (3d Cir. 1994). The district court determined that her injury occurred
no later than February 5, 2001, when Hunt notified her that her name had been removed from the
list. We agree.
Claims brought pursuant to Title VII must be filed with the EEOC “within 300 days after the
alleged unlawful employment practice occurred.” 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(2). Her claim accrued on
February 5, 2001; thus, she was required to file by December 2, 2001. However, the claim was not
filed until February 14, 2002, some 374 days later. With regard to Section 1983, the timeliness of
a cause of action is determined by the state statute of limitations regarding personal injuries, which,
in this instance, is two years. See N.J. STAT. ANN. § 2A:14-2. As her claim accrued on February
5, 2001, her June 30, 2003, complaint was not filed within the two years. Under the NJLAD, the
limitation period is established by the nature of the injury for which recovery is sought. Personal
injury claims based upon discrimination are subject to the two-year statute of limitations set forth
in N.J. STAT. ANN. § 2A:14-2. Thus, the following claims were untimely: (1) violation of Title VII
– national origin discrimination; (2) discrimination in violation of Section 1983; and (3) national
origin discrimination under the NJLAD.
2. Equitable Tolling
Hanani’s first argument is that the district court erred by finding that equitable tolling did
8 not apply to her failure to promote claim because (1) she was lied to and misled by the human
resources representative of DEP; (2) her reliance on the human resources representative’s statement
was not unreasonable; and (3) she was diligent once she discovered the misrepresentation. She
argues that her Title VII claims should be equitably tolled because, though she knew she had been
denied promotion, she had “no inference of discrimination” due to DEP’s alleged
“misrepresentation.”
“Equitable tolling functions to stop the statute of limitations from running where the claim’s
accrual date has already passed.” Oshiver, 38 F.3d at 1387. Generally, “equitable tolling may be
appropriate: (1) where the defendant has actively misled the plaintiff respecting the plaintiff's cause
of action; (2) where the plaintiff in some extraordinary way has been prevented from asserting his
or her rights; or (3) where the plaintiff has timely asserted his or her rights mistakenly in the wrong
forum.” Id.
We have recognized that, in “exceptional circumstances,” principles of equitable tolling may
warrant consideration of an otherwise untimely cause of action. These situations arise when some
extraordinary circumstance prevents a plaintiff from asserting a right despite the exercise of
reasonable diligence. See Merritt v. Blaine, 326 F.3d 157, 168 (3d Cir. 2003). To invoke the
doctrine, the plaintiff must show that due to deception, “he or she could not, by the exercise of
reasonable diligence, have discovered essential information bearing on his or her claim.” Oshiver,
38 F.3d at 1390. Upon such a showing, the statute of limitations will not begin to run “until the facts
which would support the plaintiff’s cause of action are apparent.” Id. at 1389.
Hanani specifically cites Oshiver for the proposition that equitable tolling should excuse the
statute of limitations because of Defendants’ deception. She asserts that she acted as a reasonably
9 prudent person regarding her rights when she relied upon information that the decision to exclude
engineers from eligibility for the permanent job posting “was made by NJ DOP.” Hanani claims that
if the employment criteria had been set by the NJ DOP, as she had been led to believe, then she
would have had no reason to suspect national origin discrimination. Therefore, she asserts that the
statute of limitations should begin no earlier than January 2002, the date when Hanani allegedly
first began to doubt that the NJ DOP was responsible for the decision to exclude engineers.
However, the facts of this case do not support Hanani’s argument. Her previous knowledge
and statements about the discrimination she faced preclude a finding of exceptional circumstances
that justify equitable tolling. Hanani testified that she was discriminated against starting in 1995,
and later corrected that statement to note that the discrimination “might have started before even
’95.” In any event, she alludes to a pattern of discrimination beginning around 1995. She stated,
“I know I was discriminated against from the beginning of my employment and that was very
obvious.”
Hanani first complained that she was denied a promotion due to discrimination in July 2000
when the provisional appointment was awarded to Friedman. Hanani met with Hseuh, a director,
to discuss her belief that she was being discriminated against. That same month, she filed a
grievance with her union. In addition, there is evidence that Hanani knew that her co-employee
Oguntala complained of national origin discrimination in the Friedman promotion in July 2000.
Hanani had to know of the alleged discrimination at that time. At the very least, Hanani learned
of her denial of promotion to the permanent position on February 5, 2001. Yet, her complaint was
filed approximately two years and five months after her failure to promote claim accrued.
Moreover, equitable tolling is not warranted because Hanani did not act diligently. “A
10 petitioner seeking equitable tolling bears the burden to show that he diligently pursued his rights and
that some ‘extraordinary circumstance stood in [the] way.’” Satterfield v. Johnson, 434 F.3d 185,
188 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408 (2005)).
Hanani challenges the district court’s finding that she did not act as a reasonably prudent
person by not investigating whether the DOP was the decision-maker. She claims that it was
reasonable for her to rely on the human resources representative Hunt.
The district court found as evidence of a lack of diligence a memo written by Hanani on
October 18, 2001 stating that Hunt told her to check with “NJ DOP to see why the decision was
made.” In spite of that letter, Hanani did not inquire further until February 2002. Hanani fails to
demonstrate that she acted with diligence or that extraordinary circumstances justify equitable
tolling of the statue of limitations with respect to her claims. All the facts underlying her failure to
promote claim accrued when the injury was inflicted, that is, when she was passed over for a
promotion.
3. Separate Acts of Discrimination
Hanani’s second argument is that the promotions of Bono, Maffei, and Dietz were separate
acts of discrimination for purposes of the statute of limitations of Title VII and Section 1983 failure
to promote claims. She claims that their date of promotion, October 9, 2001, established the accrual
of her cause of action. Thus, she asserts that her June 30, 2003 filing before the district court was
timely. She concludes that each promotion was a discrete act of discrimination giving rise to failure
to promote claims.
We apply the test established in Jewett v. Int'l Tel. & Tel. Corp., 653 F.2d 89, 91-92 (3d Cir.
1981), to determine whether a series of alleged discriminatory acts should be perceived as a single,
11 continuing violation or whether the series should be more properly understood as a string of discrete
acts. In Jewett, this court held that to show a continuing violation in the employment discrimination
context, “the plaintiff must show more than the occurrence of isolated or sporadic acts of intentional
discrimination.” Id. at 91.
Hanani’s failure to promote claim accrued on the day she was denied promotion rather than
the day that others were promoted. She is essentially arguing that once her application was denied,
any other promotions to other employees are new causes of action for her. This is clearly not the
law of this circuit. See O’Connor v. City of Newark, 440 F.3d 125, 129 (3d Cir. 2006) (“[The]
applicable statute of limitations begins to run at the time the claim accrues, and ... time-barred claims
cannot be resurrected by being aggregated and labeled continuing violations.” The Supreme Court
has stated that a failure to promote is a “discrete act” and that “[e]ach incident of discrimination and
each retaliatory adverse employment decision constitutes a separate actionable ‘unlawful
employment practice’” for which the time limitations on filing individually applies. Nat’l R.R.
Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 114 (2002).
4. Liability of Individual Defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Hanani’s third claim is that the district court improperly dismissed her Section 1983 claim
against the individual defendants on the basis of the Eleventh Amendment. Hanani’s argument
misinterprets the district court’s decision.
The district court did not grant summary judgment on the individual defendants’ claims
based upon the Eleventh Amendment, nor did the district court state that individuals could not be
sued under Section 1983 in their personal capacities. It stated that the individual defendants could
not be held liable for conduct of the unknown John Does. The district court noted, “Plaintiff’s
12 NJLAD claims against the individual named defendants are discussed below in Section III. C and
D.”
State officials, sued in their individual capacities, are “persons” within the meaning of
Section 1983. The Eleventh Amendment does not bar such suits, nor are state officers absolutely
immune from personal liability under Section 1983 solely by virtue of the “official” nature of their
acts. Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 31 (1991). However, the Eleventh Amendment provides the state,
state agencies, and state officials with immunity from suits against them in their official capacities.
Hanani is correct in asserting that individuals can be sued in their personal capacities under
Section 1983. However, the district court did not make a contrary finding. Instead, it held that her
personal capacity claims failed because they were not timely.
5. Hostile Work Environment and Retaliation
The district court also dismissed the following claims for inability to establish a prima facie
case: (1) hostile work environment claims under Title VII, Section 1983, and the NJLAD; (2)
retaliation in violation of Title VII, Section 1983, and the NJLAD.
The district court ruled that the totality of the circumstances were not sufficiently severe or
pervasive to support a hostile work environment claim under an objective standard. See Lehmann
v. Toys ‘R’ Us, Inc., 626 A.2d 445, 455 (N.J. 1993). We agree that Hanani’s asserted instances of
harassment are not severe and pervasive and no reasonable jury could link those instances to a
retaliatory animus. See Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 449-50 (3d Cir. 2006). Hanani contends
that (1) an increase in work volume; (2) conflicting grammatical edits to her work; (3) an allegation
that her PAR scores were reduced; and (4) an argument with Tsao show severe and pervasive
discrimination. We disagree. The comments of Royer, admittedly the most disturbing, are still
13 insufficient to establish a prima facie case for hostile work environment because they too were not
pervasive or severe.
Hanani argued that they gave her additional work and provided conflicting grammar edits.
This hardly equates to severe and pervasive harassment similar to a 19- month “barrage” of sex-
based comments. See Jensen, 435 F.3d at 452 (holding the record showed pervasive retaliatory
conduct where plaintiff was regularly berated with retaliatory insults two to three times per week
for 19 months, unspecified number of physical threats, and four instances of property damage). The
record also disputes that her PAR results decreased. In October 31, 2000, she received the highest
possible overall rating of “3-Exceptional.” Finally, her argument with Tsao when he allegedly
poked her is not pervasive. The dispute arose over some edits he requested that she make. In this
isolated incident, she became upset and suffered a stroke as a result of the argument, and retired.
She concedes that the argument arose based upon her displeasure in having to perform what she
viewed as unnecessary edits. Tsao, also of foreign origin, was not her normal supervisor and there
was no history of conflict between the two. Although an unpleasant dispute, this argument was
neither pervasive nor severe. See Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. Hanani fails to present an argument to the
contrary.
Hanani also claims retaliation as another basis for liability.1 The district court recognized
that to establish a prima facie retaliation claim under Title VII , Section 1983, or the NJLAD, Hanani
must show: (1) that she engaged in a protected activity; (2) that she suffered an adverse employment
1 1 Hanani contends that the district erred by finding that her retaliation claim under Title VII 2 was not within the scope of her EEOC charge. She asserts that her charge stated that the basis of 3 discrimination as “National Origin” provided notice to the defendants of any claims that may 4 reasonably arise from an EEOC investigation relating to the charge. Under plenary review, because 5 her claim fails to establish a prima facie claim of retaliation, we decline to address this argument.
14 action; and (3) that there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse
employment action. See Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333 (3d Cir. 2001) (§ 1983); Delli Santi v.
CNA Ins. Cos., 88 F.3d 192, 198 (3d Cir. 1996) (NJLAD).
Hanani fails to name what protected activity, if any, she engaged in. She further fails to
establish a causal relationship between a protected activity and the actions that were allegedly
retaliatory. We will assume that she would designate her EEOC complaint as that protected activity.
Nevertheless, she has not presented evidence beyond her allegations showing a causal connection
between filing of the EEOC complaint and individual conduct she designates as retaliation.
A plaintiff must demonstrate that a “reasonable employee would have found the challenged
action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable
worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington Northern and Santa Fe
Ry. Co. v. White, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 2412-13 (2006) (holding that “the anti-retaliation provision . . .
is not limited to discriminatory actions that affect the terms and conditions of employment”). “We
speak of material adversity because we believe it is important to separate significant from trivial
harms. Title VII, we have said, does not set forth ‘a general civility code for the American
workplace.’” Id. at 2415.
However, Hanani does not claim that she was constructively discharged. Performing edits
on behalf of supervisors does not rise to the level of a material adversity. Hanani does not
demonstrate a causal connection between her EEOC complaint and the incident with Tsao. There
is no evidence that Tsao was aware that she filed an EEOC complaint. We find no connection
between the events Hanani designates as retaliatory and her filing of an EEOC complaint.
CONCLUSION
15 For the above-stated reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.