UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KENNETH HAMMOND, : : Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 08-0326 (RMU) : v. : Re Document No.: 23 : FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS et al., : : Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS’ RENEWED MOTION TO DISMISS
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the court on the defendants’ renewed motion to dismiss. The
pro se plaintiff, who was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia, has asserted Fifth Amendment claims against certain individual
defendants, as well as a claim under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) against the Federal
Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”). In their renewed motion to dismiss, the defendants assert that the
plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claims must be dismissed because the plaintiff failed to serve the
amended complaint on the individual defendants, and that the plaintiff’s FTCA claims must be
dismissed because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies before bringing suit. For the
reasons discussed below, the court grants the defendants’ motion. II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In January 2008, the plaintiff commenced this action against the “D.C. Records Center
and Federal Bureau of Prisons,” alleging violations of his constitutional rights.1 See generally
Compl. In April 2008, the BOP filed a motion to dismiss. See generally BOP’s Mot. to Dismiss.
In his opposition to the motion, the plaintiff asserted, for the first time, an FTCA claim against
the BOP and Fifth Amendment Bivens2 claims against two individuals not named in the original
complaint, Ebony Hill3 and D. Livingston.4 See generally Pl.’s Opp’n to BOP’s Mot. to Dismiss.
On January 22, 2009, the court issued a memorandum opinion construing the plaintiff’s
opposition as an amended complaint and dismissing all of the plaintiff’s claims except the newly
raised FTCA claim against the BOP and the Fifth Amendment claims against Hill and Livingston
in their individual capacities. See generally Mem. Op. (Jan. 22, 2009). In the order
accompanying the memorandum opinion, the court directed the plaintiff to serve the newly-
named individual defendants with the amended complaint by May 22, 2009. See Order (Jan. 22,
2009). The plaintiff was advised that failure to effect service by that date could result in
dismissal of his action. See id.
On November 16, 2009, the court granted the defendants’ motion for leave to file a
renewed motion to dismiss addressing the claims raised in the plaintiff’s amended complaint.
Mem. Order (Nov. 16, 2009) at 1-2. In the renewed motion to dismiss, the defendants contend 1 A more detailed recitation of the factual background underlying this case may be found in the court’s prior memorandum opinion. See Mem. Op. (Jan. 22, 2009) at 2-3. 2 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) (recognizing a private right of action against federal officials for constitutional violations). 3 The plaintiff describes Hill as “a staff member of the [Community Correction Center] and also the person who sat on the [Center Disciplinary Committee] hearing as a chairperson.” Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ BOP’s Mot. to Dismiss at 5. 4 The plaintiff alleges that Livingston is the disciplinary hearing officer who “held a Disciplinary Hearing without the plaintiff being present.” Id. at 7.
2 that the plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claims against Hill and Livingston must be dismissed
because the plaintiff failed to properly serve these individuals as required by the court’s January
22, 2009 order. Defs.’ Renewed Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”) at 5-6. The defendants also
argue that the plaintiff’s FTCA claim must be dismissed because the plaintiff failed to properly
exhaust his administrative remedies before bringing suit. Id. at 6-7.
In response to the defendants’ motion for leave to file a renewed motion to dismiss, the
plaintiff filed an opposition to the defendants’ renewed motion to dismiss addressing the
defendants’ arguments regarding improper service of Hill and Livingston. See generally Pl.’s 2d
Mot. for Default J. & Opp’n to Defs.’ Renewed Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”). The opposition
did not, however, address the defendants’ arguments concerning dismissal of the plaintiff’s
FTCA claims. See generally id.
Accordingly, the court directed the plaintiff to file a supplemental opposition by
November 30, 2009 addressing the defendants’ arguments concerning dismissal of the plaintiff’s
FTCA’s claims. Mem. Order (Nov. 16, 2009) at 3. After obtaining numerous extensions of
time, the plaintiff filed his supplemental opposition on August 12, 2010. See generally Pl.’s
Suppl. Opp’n. With the defendant’s motion now ripe for adjudication, the court turns to the
applicable legal standards and the parties’ arguments.
III. ANALYSIS
1. The Court Dismisses the Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment Claims
The defendants contend that the court should dismiss the plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment
claims against Hill and Livingston because the plaintiff failed to properly serve them with the
amended complaint. Defs.’ Mot. at 5-6; Defs.’ Reply in Support of Defs.’ Mot. (“Defs.’ Reply”)
3 at 1-3. The plaintiff responds that he properly served Hill and Livingston by mailing a copy of
the summons and amended complaint by certified mail, return receipt requested, to their last
known places of employment. Pl.’s Opp’n at 1-2. The plaintiff has not, however, submitted any
proof regarding when he mailed these documents or who received the mailings. See generally
id.; Pl.’s Suppl. Opp’n.
A party can move the court to dismiss a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(5) for insufficient service of process. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(5); see also Chen v. Dist. of
Columbia, 256 F.R.D. 263, 266 (D.D.C. 2009) (noting that “[c]ourts routinely dismiss cases for
insufficient service of process pursuant to Rule 12(b)(5) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure”). “[T]he party on whose behalf service is made has the burden of establishing its
validity when challenged; to do so, he must demonstrate that the procedure employed satisfied
the requirements of the relevant portions of Rule 4 and any other applicable provision of law.”
Light v. Wolf, 816 F.2d 746, 751 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (internal quotations omitted); Hilsaka v. Jones,
217 F.R.D. 16, 20 (D.D.C. 2003).
Rule 4(i)(3) provides that when a federal employee is “sued in an individual capacity for
an act or omission occurring in connection with duties performed on the United States’ behalf
(whether or not the officer or employee is also sued in an official capacity), a party must serve
the United States and also serve the officer or employee under Rule 4(e), (f), or (g).” FED. R.
CIV. P. 4(i)(3) (emphasis added); see also Simpkins v. D.C. Gov’t, 108 F.3d 366, 369 (D.C. Cir.
1997) (observing that “defendants in Bivens actions must be served as individuals”); Davis v.
Mukasey, 669 F. Supp. 2d 45, 50 n.4 (D.D.C. 2009) (holding that claims against officials in their
personal capacities were “subject to dismissal because none of the defendants . . . have been
served in his or her personal capacity”); Henderson v. Ratner, 677 F. Supp. 2d 37, 42 (D.D.C.
4 2009) (dismissing claims against a federal official in her personal capacity because the defendant
“has not been served in her personal capacity and, absent effective service, this Court has no
personal jurisdiction over her”).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e) governs the service of non-minor, competent
individuals “within a judicial district of the United States.” See FED. R. CIV. P. 4(e). More
specifically, Rule 4(e)(2) provides that such an individual may be served by delivering a copy of
the summons and complaint to the individual personally, by leaving a copy of each at the
individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion who
resides there; or delivering a copy of each to an authorized agent. Id. 4(e)(2). Rule 4(e)(1) also
permits service to be effected according to the “law of the state in which the district court is
located, or in which service is effected.” Id. 4(e)(1).
Rule 4(e) of the District of Columbia Superior Court Civil Rules sets forth the
requirements for service of process in the District of Columbia. See D.C. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 4(e).
These requirements mirror the requirements set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e).
See id. In addition, D.C. Superior Court Rule 4(c) permits service to be effect upon an individual
“by mailing a copy of the summons, complaint and initial order to the person to be served by
registered or certified mail, return receipt requested” or “by mailing a copy of the summons,
complaint and initial order by first-class mail, postage prepaid, to the person to be served,
together with two copies of a Notice and Acknowledgment . . . and a return envelope, postage
prepaid, addressed to the sender.” Id. 4(c).
Plainly, the plaintiff did not satisfy the requirements of Federal Rule 4(e)(2) by mailing
copies of the summons and amended complaint to Hill and Livingston at their places of
employment. See FED. R. CIV. P. 4(e)(2). Nor has the plaintiff demonstrated that he properly
5 effected service on Hill and Livingston under D.C. law, as he has not submitted any proof that
Hill or Livingston signed for or otherwise received the mailings.5 See Wilson-Greene v. Dep’t of
Youth Rehab. Servs., 2007 WL 2007557, at *2 (D.D.C. July 9, 2007) (holding that the plaintiff
failed to properly serve the individual defendants under D.C. law by certified mail, return receipt
requested, because “[a]lthough the Civil Rules of the D.C. Superior Court allows service by mail,
such service must be made on the individual to be served” and “[the] Plaintiff has offered no
evidence that a copy of the complaint and the summons was delivered to the individual plaintiffs
or that [the individuals who signed for the mailings] were in some way authorized to accept
service of process); see also Toms v. Hantman, 530 F. Supp. 2d 188, 191 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding
that the plaintiff did not properly serve the defendant under D.C. law by sending the summons
and complaint by certified mail to the defendant’s business address). Thus, because the plaintiff
failed to properly serve Hill and Livingston, the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss
the plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claims.
Because insufficient service of process is typically a defect that can be cured, dismissal
under Rule 12(b)(5) is ordinarily without prejudice. See Simkins, 108 F.3d at 369 (noting that
“the insufficiency of service of process would have warranted the court’s dismissing [parts of the
complaint] without prejudice”); see also Thomas v. Furness (Pac.) Co. Ltd., 171 F.2d 434, 434
(9th Cir. 1949) (concluding that a dismissal with prejudice for insufficient service was reversible
5 Although the plaintiff also contends that he mailed a copy of the summons and amended complaint to the Assistant United States Attorney representing the Bureau of Prisons in this case, Pl.’s Opp’n at 1-2, such notice does not satisfy the plaintiff’s obligation to effect personal service on Hill and Livingston, cf. Jackson v. Telford, 2006 WL 2559486, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 5, 2006) (observing that the defendant’s actual receipt of the plaintiff’s pleadings did not vitiate his obligation to properly serve the defendant because “[t]he law of the District of Columbia is . . . clear that actual receipt of service does not constitute valid service of process upon an individual because actual receipt does not satisfy any of the methods of service permitted by Rule 4(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or by Rule 4(c) and 4(e) of the D.C. Superior Court Civil Rules”).
6 error and modifying the dismissal to be without prejudice). Accordingly, the court dismisses the
plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment claim against Hill without prejudice.6
The defendants have, however, offered uncontested documentation that Livingston died
in November 2007. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. A. Although Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(a)(1)
provides for the substitution of the deceased party’s estate upon timely motion by any party to
the case, see FED R. CIV. P. 25(a)(1), given that Livingston died before she was ever served with
process, the court dismisses with prejudice the claims against her, see Goldlawr, Inc v. Shubert,
175 F. Supp. 793, 797 (S.D.N.Y. 1959) (observing that “it is doubtful whether Rule 25(a)(1) . . .
may be invoked to authorize substitution of the executors for a defendant who neither appeared
nor was served with process”), aff’d sub nom., Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 288 F.2d 579 (2d Cir.
1961), rev’d on other grounds, 369 U.S. 463 (1962); see also Mizukami v. Buras, 419 F.2d 1319,
1320 (5th Cir. 1969) (observing that if a party dies before suit is filed, then substitution under
Rule 25(a)(1) is unavailable and dismissal is appropriate).
2. The Court Dismisses the Plaintiff’s FTCA Claim
a. Legal Standard for a Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1)
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and the law presumes that “a cause lies
outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377
(1994); St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89 (1938); see also Gen.
6 The defendants submit a declaration from a BOP official stating that during the relevant time period, Hill was not a BOP employee, but was instead an employee with Hope Village, a residential re-entry program. See Defs.’ Mot., Ex. B (Decl. of Rina Desai) ¶¶ 1-4. Because Hill may not be a federal employee, it is not clear that the plaintiff’s claim against Hill is properly characterized as a Bivens claim. Regardless, the fact remains that the plaintiff has not properly effected personal service on Hill and the court therefore lacks personal jurisdiction over that defendant. See Henderson v. Ratner, 677 F. Supp. 2d 37, 42 (D.D.C. 2009) (dismissing claims against a federal official in her personal capacity because the defendant “has not been served in her personal capacity and, absent effective service, this Court has no personal jurisdiction over her”).
7 Motors Corp. v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that “[a]s a
court of limited jurisdiction, we begin, and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction”).
Because “subject-matter jurisdiction is an ‘Art[icle] III as well as a statutory
requirement[,] no action of the parties can confer subject-matter jurisdiction upon a federal
court.’” Akinseye v. Dist. of Columbia, 339 F.3d 970, 971 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Ins. Corp.
of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982)). On a motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the court has subject matter
jurisdiction. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992).
Because subject matter jurisdiction focuses on the court’s power to hear the claim,
however, the court must give the plaintiff’s factual allegations closer scrutiny when resolving a
Rule 12(b)(1) motion than would be required for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a
claim. Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Grand Lodge of
Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2001). Thus, the court is
not limited to the allegations contained in the complaint. Hohri v. United States, 782 F.2d 227,
241 (D.C. Cir. 1986), vacated on other grounds, 482 U.S. 64 (1987). When necessary, the court
may consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the
complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court's resolution of disputed facts.
Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C.Cir.1992).
b. The Court Lacks Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over the Plaintiff’s FTCA Claim
The plaintiff’s FTCA claim against the BOP concerns its deduction in January 2005 of
150 days of the plaintiff’s good-time credit based on violations he allegedly committed during
his incarceration. Mem. Op. (Jan. 22, 2009) at 2. The defendants contend that this claim must
8 be dismissed because the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with the BOP
before commencing this action. Defs.’ Mot. at 8. Specifically, the defendants contend that the
plaintiff failed to comply with the mandatory administrative grievance procedures set forth in 28
U.S.C. § 2401(b). Id. In support of their motion, the defendants submit a declaration from Rina
Desai, Assistant General Counsel for the BOP, who states that according to the BOP’s records,
the plaintiff submitted two tort claims during the period of his incarceration, but “neither of them
[concerned the] forfeiture of 150 days of statutory good time associated with his disciplinary
action in 2005.” Id., Ex. B (“Desai Decl.”) ¶ 6. Because compliance with § 2401(b) is a
jurisdictional prerequisite to suit under the FTCA, the defendants argue that the plaintiff’s failure
to comply with the filing deadlines in that provision deprives this court of jurisdiction over the
plaintiff’s FTCA claim. Id.
The plaintiff responds that he submitted his claim to the BOP on July 9, 2005, through a
form in which he set forth “the facts and the total of los[t] wages that would accrue for the time
that [he] was to be unlawfully in custody.” See Pl.’s Suppl. Opp’n at 1. The plaintiff further
contends that “on July 25, 2005[,] [he] received the denial from the defendants and submitted a
letter on [August 23, 2005] to the General Counsel . . . appeal[ing] . . . that adverse decision.”
Id. at 2. The plaintiff contends that the General Counsel never responded to his appeal. Id.
“The FTCA bars claimants from bringing suit in federal court until they have exhausted
their administrative remedies.” McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993) (upholding
the district court’s dismissal of an unexhausted FTCA claim for lack of jurisdiction); see also
Grant v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 2004 WL 287125, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 4, 2004).
The statute provides that an FTCA claim must be “presented in writing to the appropriate Federal
agency within two years after such claim accrues or unless action is begun within six months
9 after the date of mailing . . . of notice of final denial of the claim by the agency to which it was
presented.” 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b). Failure to comply with these administrative filing deadlines
deprives the district court of jurisdiction to consider the claim. See In re Swine Flu
Immunization Prods. Liab. Litig., 880 F.2d 1439, 1442-43 (D.C. Cir 1989) (holding that motions
to dismiss for failure to file a timely FTCA administrative complaint are evaluated under the
stricter standard of Rule 12(b)(1) rather than the more lax standard of 12(b)(6)); accord Dahl v.
United States, 319 F.3d 1226, 1228 (10th Cir. 2003) (observing that “if a litigant does not satisfy
the timing requirement of § 2401(b), the district court must dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction”); Blakely v. United States, 276 F.3d 853, 865 (6th Cir. 2002) (noting that “[u]nder
the FTCA, a district court does not have jurisdiction over an action filed pursuant thereto if the
plaintiff did not file an administrative claim within the two-year limitations period under 28
U.S.C. § 2401(b)”).
The defendants rely on a detailed declaration from Desai, who declares as follows:
All administrative tort claims received by the BOP are entered into an electronic tracking system called Law Pack/Content Manager. I searched Law Pack/Content Manager for a record of any tort claims filed by Plaintiff Kenneth Hammond . . . . My search revealed, while Plaintiff has filed two tort claims since his incarceration with the BOP, neither of them has been about forfeiture of 150 days of statutory good time associated with his disciplinary action in 2005.
Desai Decl. ¶ 6. Desai’s specific assertions, based on a search she personally performed of the
BOP’s records, provide persuasive evidence that the plaintiff did not submit an administrative
complaint regarding the deprivation of 150 days of good time credit. See id. Although the
plaintiff maintains that he filed his claim with the BOP in July 2005 on a Standard Form 95, Pl.’s
Suppl. Opp’n at 2, he has not provided the court with a copy of that form or any other proof that
he actually submitted such a claim to the BOP, see generally id. The court therefore concludes
that the plaintiff has not established by a preponderance of the evidence that he administratively
10 exhausted his FTCA claim with the BOP before commencing this action. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at
561 (observing that the plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the court has
subject matter jurisdiction to overcome a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss).
Furthermore, even if the court were to credit the plaintiff’s assertion that he filed his
claim with the BOP in July 2005, see Pl.’s Suppl. Opp’n at 2, the plaintiff still would not have
established the court’s jurisdiction over his FTCA claim. As noted, the plaintiff asserts that after
receiving a denial of his claim from the BOP on July 25, 2005, he filed an appeal with the BOP’s
Office of General Counsel on August 23, 2005, to which the General Counsel never responded.
Id. Yet BOP regulations provide that before submitting an appeal to the General Counsel, an
inmate must first appeal an adverse administrative determination to the Regional Director. See
28 C.F.R. § 542.15 (providing that an inmate “may submit an Appeal on the appropriate form . . .
to the appropriate Regional Director within 20 calendar days of the date” of the adverse
administrative determination and that “[a]n inmate who is not satisfied with the Regional
Director’s response may submit an Appeal on the appropriate form . . . to the General Counsel
within 30 calendar days of the date the Regional Director signed the response”). The plaintiff
has offered no indication that he properly pursued this intermediate level of administrative
appeal before filing an appeal with the General Counsel. See generally Pl.’s Suppl. Opp’n; see
also Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 90 (2006) (observing that administrative exhaustion “means
using all steps that the agency holds out, and doing so properly” (quoting Pozo v. McCaughtry,
286 F.3d1022, 1024 (7th Cir. 2002))). Because the plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that he
properly pursued each step of the administrative review process, he has failed to establish the
court’s jurisdiction over his FTCA claim.
11 IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss. An Order
consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 28th
day of September, 2010.
RICARDO M. URBINA United States District Judge