1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ALAN HAMM, SUSAN TATY HAMM, Case No.: 3:17-cv-0577-AJB-BGS Plaintiffs, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART v. PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR 13 ATTORNEY’S FEES FCA US LLC, 14 (Doc. No. 97) Defendant. 15 16 17 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion for attorney’s fees. (Doc. No. 97.) For the 18 reasons stated herein, the Court GRANTS IN PART the motion with a reduction of fees 19 and costs as stated below. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiffs Alan Hamm and Susan Taty purchased a new 2012 Dodge Durango on 22 April 30, 2012. Plaintiffs contended that the Durango qualified for repurchase under the 23 Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act because, they alleged, the Durango had a defect 24 that substantially impaired the use, value or safety of the vehicle. They further contended 25 that the FCA US or its authorized dealership failed to repair the defect within a reasonable 26 number of repair attempts. Plaintiffs sought repurchase of their Durango. In addition, they 27 contended that FCA willfully failed to repurchase the Durango once it qualified for 28 repurchase and they seek a civil penalty based upon that willful failure to repurchase their 1 vehicle 2 Defendant FCA US argued that its dealerships repaired each mechanical complaint 3 that the Plaintiffs brought to the attention of the dealership within a reasonable number of 4 repair attempts. FCA US asserted that it promptly offered to repurchase Plaintiffs’ Dodge 5 Durango and no civil penalty was warranted. FCA US contended that there was no known 6 defect in the TIPM in Plaintiffs’ Dodge Durango and that when FCA US discovered that 7 the fuel pump relays in TIPMs were prematurely wearing, the company conducted an 8 investigation and then conducted a nationwide recall to replace the fuel pump relays. All 9 owners of the potentially affected vehicles were notified of that recall. 10 The case settled on November 27, 2018. (Doc. No. 94.) Plaintiffs filed their motion 11 for attorneys’ fees and bill of costs in January 2019. (Docs. No. 96, 97.) 12 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 13 “In a diversity case, the law of the state in which the district court sits determines 14 whether a party is entitled to attorney fees, and the procedure for requesting an award of 15 attorney fees is governed by federal law. Carnes v. Zamani, 488 F.3d 1057, 1059 (9th Cir. 16 2007); see also Mangold v. Cal. Public Utilities Comm’n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir. 17 1995) (noting that in a diversity action, the Ninth Circuit “applied state law in determining 18 not only the right to fees, but also in the method of calculating the fees”). 19 As explained by the Supreme Court, “[u]nder the American Rule, ‘the prevailing 20 litigant ordinarily is not entitled to collect a reasonable attorneys’ fee from the loser.’ 21 Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of Am. v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 549 U.S. 443, 448 22 (2007) (quoting Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 247 23 (1975)). However, a statute allocating fees to a prevailing party can overcome this general 24 rule. Id. (citing Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co., 386 U.S. 714, 717 25 (1967)). Under California’s Song-Beverly Act, a prevailing buyer is entitled “to recover as 26 part of the judgment a sum equal to the aggregate amount of costs and expenses, including 27 attorney’s fees based on actual time expended, determined by the court to have been 28 reasonably incurred by the buyer in connection with the commencement and prosecution 1 of such action.” Cal. Civ. Code § 794(d). 2 The Song-Beverly Act “requires the trial court to make an initial determination of 3 the actual time expended; and then to ascertain whether under all the circumstances of the 4 case the amount of actual time expended and the monetary charge being made for the time 5 expended are reasonable.” Nightingale v. Hyundai Motor America, 31 Cal. App. 4th 99, 6 104 (1994). The court may consider “factors such as the complexity of the case and 7 procedural demands, the skill exhibited and the results achieved.” Id. If the court finds the 8 time expended or fee request “is not reasonable under all the circumstances, then the court 9 must take this into account and award attorney fees in a lesser amount.” Id. “A prevailing 10 buyer has the burden of showing that the fees incurred were ‘allowable,’ were ‘reasonably 11 necessary to the conduct of the litigation,’ and were ‘reasonable in amount.’” Id. (quoting 12 Levy v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 4 Cal. App. 4th 807, 816 (1992)); see also Goglin 13 v. BMW of North America, LLC, 4 Cal. App. 5th 462, 470 (2016) (same). 14 If a fee request is opposed, “[g]eneral arguments that fees claimed are excessive, 15 duplicative, or unrelated do not suffice.” Premier Med. Mgmt. Sys. v. Cal. Ins. Guarantee 16 Assoc., 163 Cal. App. 4th at 550, 564 (2008). Rather, the opposing party has the burden to 17 demonstrate the hours spent are duplicative or excessive. Id. at 562, 564; see also Gorman 18 v. Tassajara Dev. Corp., 178 Cal. App. 4th 44, 101 (2009) (“[t]he party opposing the fee 19 award can be expected to identify the particular charges it considers objectionable”). 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 As prevailing buyers, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of fees and costs under the 22 Song-Beverly Act. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1794(d); see also Goglin, 4 Cal. App. 5th at 470. 23 Here, Plaintiffs seek: (1) an award of attorneys’ fees under Cal. Civ. Code § 1794(d) under 24 the lodestar method for $46,382.50; (2) for a lodestar modifier of .5 under California law 25 for $36,677.50; and (3) actual costs and expenses for $26,238.10. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 7.) 26 Thus, Plaintiffs seek a total award of $136,270.60. (Id.) Defendant acknowledges, Plaintiffs 27 are entitled to recover attorney’s fees, costs but argues the amount requested is 28 unreasonable. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 5–7.) 1 A. Fee Request 2 Plaintiffs seek $25,650.00 for work completed by Knight Law Group and 3 $47,705.00 for work completed by Wirtz Law. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 13.) This totals 4 $73,354.00. 5 1. Hours Worked by Counsel 6 A fee applicant must provide time records documenting the tasks completed and the 7 amount of time spent. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 424 (1983); Welch v. 8 Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945–46 (9th Cir. 2007). Under California law, a 9 court “must carefully review attorney documentation of hours expended” to determine 10 whether the time reported was reasonable. Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1132 11 (2001) (quoting Serrano v. Priest, 20 Cal.3d 25, 48 (1977)).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ALAN HAMM, SUSAN TATY HAMM, Case No.: 3:17-cv-0577-AJB-BGS Plaintiffs, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART v. PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR 13 ATTORNEY’S FEES FCA US LLC, 14 (Doc. No. 97) Defendant. 15 16 17 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion for attorney’s fees. (Doc. No. 97.) For the 18 reasons stated herein, the Court GRANTS IN PART the motion with a reduction of fees 19 and costs as stated below. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Plaintiffs Alan Hamm and Susan Taty purchased a new 2012 Dodge Durango on 22 April 30, 2012. Plaintiffs contended that the Durango qualified for repurchase under the 23 Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act because, they alleged, the Durango had a defect 24 that substantially impaired the use, value or safety of the vehicle. They further contended 25 that the FCA US or its authorized dealership failed to repair the defect within a reasonable 26 number of repair attempts. Plaintiffs sought repurchase of their Durango. In addition, they 27 contended that FCA willfully failed to repurchase the Durango once it qualified for 28 repurchase and they seek a civil penalty based upon that willful failure to repurchase their 1 vehicle 2 Defendant FCA US argued that its dealerships repaired each mechanical complaint 3 that the Plaintiffs brought to the attention of the dealership within a reasonable number of 4 repair attempts. FCA US asserted that it promptly offered to repurchase Plaintiffs’ Dodge 5 Durango and no civil penalty was warranted. FCA US contended that there was no known 6 defect in the TIPM in Plaintiffs’ Dodge Durango and that when FCA US discovered that 7 the fuel pump relays in TIPMs were prematurely wearing, the company conducted an 8 investigation and then conducted a nationwide recall to replace the fuel pump relays. All 9 owners of the potentially affected vehicles were notified of that recall. 10 The case settled on November 27, 2018. (Doc. No. 94.) Plaintiffs filed their motion 11 for attorneys’ fees and bill of costs in January 2019. (Docs. No. 96, 97.) 12 II. LEGAL STANDARDS 13 “In a diversity case, the law of the state in which the district court sits determines 14 whether a party is entitled to attorney fees, and the procedure for requesting an award of 15 attorney fees is governed by federal law. Carnes v. Zamani, 488 F.3d 1057, 1059 (9th Cir. 16 2007); see also Mangold v. Cal. Public Utilities Comm’n, 67 F.3d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir. 17 1995) (noting that in a diversity action, the Ninth Circuit “applied state law in determining 18 not only the right to fees, but also in the method of calculating the fees”). 19 As explained by the Supreme Court, “[u]nder the American Rule, ‘the prevailing 20 litigant ordinarily is not entitled to collect a reasonable attorneys’ fee from the loser.’ 21 Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of Am. v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co., 549 U.S. 443, 448 22 (2007) (quoting Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 247 23 (1975)). However, a statute allocating fees to a prevailing party can overcome this general 24 rule. Id. (citing Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co., 386 U.S. 714, 717 25 (1967)). Under California’s Song-Beverly Act, a prevailing buyer is entitled “to recover as 26 part of the judgment a sum equal to the aggregate amount of costs and expenses, including 27 attorney’s fees based on actual time expended, determined by the court to have been 28 reasonably incurred by the buyer in connection with the commencement and prosecution 1 of such action.” Cal. Civ. Code § 794(d). 2 The Song-Beverly Act “requires the trial court to make an initial determination of 3 the actual time expended; and then to ascertain whether under all the circumstances of the 4 case the amount of actual time expended and the monetary charge being made for the time 5 expended are reasonable.” Nightingale v. Hyundai Motor America, 31 Cal. App. 4th 99, 6 104 (1994). The court may consider “factors such as the complexity of the case and 7 procedural demands, the skill exhibited and the results achieved.” Id. If the court finds the 8 time expended or fee request “is not reasonable under all the circumstances, then the court 9 must take this into account and award attorney fees in a lesser amount.” Id. “A prevailing 10 buyer has the burden of showing that the fees incurred were ‘allowable,’ were ‘reasonably 11 necessary to the conduct of the litigation,’ and were ‘reasonable in amount.’” Id. (quoting 12 Levy v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 4 Cal. App. 4th 807, 816 (1992)); see also Goglin 13 v. BMW of North America, LLC, 4 Cal. App. 5th 462, 470 (2016) (same). 14 If a fee request is opposed, “[g]eneral arguments that fees claimed are excessive, 15 duplicative, or unrelated do not suffice.” Premier Med. Mgmt. Sys. v. Cal. Ins. Guarantee 16 Assoc., 163 Cal. App. 4th at 550, 564 (2008). Rather, the opposing party has the burden to 17 demonstrate the hours spent are duplicative or excessive. Id. at 562, 564; see also Gorman 18 v. Tassajara Dev. Corp., 178 Cal. App. 4th 44, 101 (2009) (“[t]he party opposing the fee 19 award can be expected to identify the particular charges it considers objectionable”). 20 III. DISCUSSION 21 As prevailing buyers, Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of fees and costs under the 22 Song-Beverly Act. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1794(d); see also Goglin, 4 Cal. App. 5th at 470. 23 Here, Plaintiffs seek: (1) an award of attorneys’ fees under Cal. Civ. Code § 1794(d) under 24 the lodestar method for $46,382.50; (2) for a lodestar modifier of .5 under California law 25 for $36,677.50; and (3) actual costs and expenses for $26,238.10. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 7.) 26 Thus, Plaintiffs seek a total award of $136,270.60. (Id.) Defendant acknowledges, Plaintiffs 27 are entitled to recover attorney’s fees, costs but argues the amount requested is 28 unreasonable. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 5–7.) 1 A. Fee Request 2 Plaintiffs seek $25,650.00 for work completed by Knight Law Group and 3 $47,705.00 for work completed by Wirtz Law. (Doc. No. 97-1 at 13.) This totals 4 $73,354.00. 5 1. Hours Worked by Counsel 6 A fee applicant must provide time records documenting the tasks completed and the 7 amount of time spent. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 424 (1983); Welch v. 8 Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945–46 (9th Cir. 2007). Under California law, a 9 court “must carefully review attorney documentation of hours expended” to determine 10 whether the time reported was reasonable. Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1132 11 (2001) (quoting Serrano v. Priest, 20 Cal.3d 25, 48 (1977)). Thus, evidence provided by 12 the fee applicant “should allow the court to consider whether the case was overstaffed, how 13 much time the attorneys spent on particular claims, and whether the hours were reasonably 14 expended.” Christian Research Inst. v. Alnor, 165 Cal. App. 4th 1315, 1320 (2008). The 15 court must exclude “duplicative or excessive” time from its fee award. Graciano v. 16 Robinson Ford Sales, Inc., 144 Cal. App. 4th 140, 161 (2006); see also Ketchum, 24 Cal. 17 4th at 1132 (“inefficient or duplicative efforts [are] not subject to compensation”). 18 The billing records Knight Law Group submitted indicate the attorneys expended 19 63.90 billable hours through the settlement. (Doc. No. 97-2 at 32.) Defendant objects to 20 the reported hours arguing there was duplication by Wirtz Law, as well as other excessive 21 rates or time billed. (Doc. No. 101 at 11–12.) Defendant lists 16 examples where billing 22 entries were duplicated. 23 These include billing: (1) three entries totaling 3.3 hours reviewing pretrial 24 disclosures; (2) two entries for .4 hours reviewing Rule 68 offer; (3) four entries totaling 25 2.2 hours for two people to attend the pretrial conference and then review results; (4) two 26 entries for 4.3 hours to travel to a deposition and review a notice of deposition; (5) three 27 entries for .7 hours to review objections to Court’s proposed jury questionnaire; and (6) 28 three entries for .9 hours to attend a telephonic status conference by two people and review 1 the results by a third person. (Id.) 2 The Court agrees with Defendants that these entries are duplicative and 3 unreasonable. Accordingly, the Court reduces the billable hours, as stated below. 4 Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs should not recover amounts it took for the 5 second—allegedly unnecessary—law firm to come to speed in reviewing the case. (Id. at 6 12.) This includes billings for: (1) $1,552.50 for Wirtz Law to familiarize itself; and (2) 7 $275 for review and audit billing. (Id.) The Court agrees these fees are also excessive and 8 redundant and thus reduces the award by $1,827.50. 9 Next, Defendants assert FCA should not have to pay $937.50 for Wirtz to attend an 10 ENE which had been reschedule because the miscommunication regarding the ENE’s date 11 was their own fault. (Id.) According to Mikhov’s declaration, the error was because the 12 case was transferred the day before the ENE and they did not receive prior notice of the 13 schedule change. (Doc. No. 97-2 ¶ 12.) While the docket notes both a minute order of 14 transfer and an amended notice and order were docketed the day before the ENE 15 rescheduling the ENE, it appears Amy-Lyn Morse, the only attorney receiving notice at 16 that time, was not electronically registered and had to be noticed conventionally. Thus, it 17 is reasonable they did not receive notice the day of. 18 Finally, the Court notes clerical tasks cannot be recovered. See Castillo-Antionio v. 19 Iqbal, 2017 WL 1113300, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2017). This includes billings done for 20 printing and assembling binders and reviewing and saving emails. Accordingly, Rebecca 21 Evans’ hours will be reduced as follows: 0.10 hours for receiving, reviewing, and saving 22 an email on 11/20/2018, and 3.70 hours for printing and assembling binders on 11/26/2018. 23 2. Hourly Rates 24 Defendants argue the hourly rates of the attorneys at both firms are high. (Doc. No. 25 101 at 13.) However, in Steve Mikhov’s declaration, he provides a basis for his and his 26 associates’ pay. (Doc. No. 97-2 at 8–9.) The Court finds most of the attorney’s hourly rates 27 reasonable with the following exceptions. First, in a recent order in another FCA case this 28 Court just published, Alastair Hamblin charged $325 per hour. (Johnson v. FCA, Case No. 1 17-cv-536.) Yet, here, without any explanation for the increase, bills at $375.00 per hour. 2 The Court sets his billing at the lower amount, $325.00, which it previously found 3 reasonable. 4 The attorney rates for Wirtz Law are unnecessarily high. Richard Wirtz seeks to 5 charge $575 per hour, however, the Court finds that excessive and reduces it to $550. Amy 6 Smith was barred in 2012 and requests $375 per hour. (Id. ¶ 5.) However, other attorneys 7 with her knowledge and years in the area charge less, thus the Court reduces her fee to 8 $350. For similar reasons, the Court reduces Jessica Underwood’s fee from $350 to $325. 9 (Id. ¶ 7.) Finally, four paralegals are seeking to bill at $175 per hour, which the Court finds 10 excessive. (Id. ¶¶ 9–12.) The Court reduces their billings amounts to $75.00 per hour. 11 3. Lodestar Calculation 12 The lodestar method calculates attorney fees by “by multiplying the number of hours 13 reasonably expended by counsel on the particular matter times a reasonable hourly 14 rate.” Florida, 915 F.2d at 545 n.3 (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433); see also Laffitte v. 15 Robert Half Int’l Inc., 1 Cal. 5th 480, 489 (2016). 16 LAW FIRM LEGAL PROFRESSIONAL HOURS RATE LODESTAR 17 Knight Law Group Steve Mikhov 8.90 $550 $4,895.00 Alastair Hamblin 3.80 $325 $1,235.00 18 Amy Morse 14.60 $350 $5,110.00 19 Kristina Stephenson-Cheang 5.20 $375 $1,950.00 20 Kirk Donnelly 11.40 $400 $4,560.00 21 Raymond Areshenko 7.80 $300 $2,340.00 Russell Higgins 11.50 $450 $5,175.00 22
23 Wirtz Law Richard Wirtz 25.20 $550 $13,860.00 24 Amy Smith 21.00 $350 $ 7,350.00 25 Jessica Underwood 22.90 $300 $ 6,870.00 Lauren Veggian 4.20 $325 $ 1,365.00 26 Erin Barns 18.00 $350 $ 6,300.00 27 Rebecca Evans 13.10 $75 $ 982.50 28 1 2 Denali Wixsom 3.00 $75 $ 225.00 Andrea Munoz 0.60 $75 $ 45.00 3
4 TOTAL $62,412.50 5 6 Here, with the Lodestar hourly adjustments and the previous billing reductions, 7 brings Plaintiffs’ attorney fees total to: $62,412.50. 8 From this number, the Court reduces the fee for Plaintiffs’ motions in limine 9 practice. The Court finds the amount of hours billed excessive because the motions in 10 limine were unclear and confusing. Accordingly, of the 23 hours billed at a total of 11 $7,172.50, the Court reduces that amount by 50%, for a new total of $3,586.25. 12 This reduces the Lodestar amount to: $58,826.25. 13 4. Application of a Multiplier 14 Once a court has calculated the lodestar, “it may increase or decrease that amount 15 by applying a positive or negative ‘multiplier’ to take into account a variety of other factors, 16 including the quality of the representation, the novelty and complexity of the issues, the 17 results obtained, and the contingent risk presented.” Laffitte, 1 Cal. 5th at 504 (citation 18 omitted); see also Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal. 4th 1122, 1132 (2001) (indicating the court 19 may adjust the fee award considering “the following factors: (1) the novelty and difficulty 20 of the questions involved, (2) the skill displayed in presenting them, (3) the extent to which 21 the nature of the litigation precluded other employment by the attorneys, (4) the contingent 22 nature of the fee award”). 23 Significantly, however, this case did not present novel or difficult questions of law 24 or fact. Indeed, the issues related to the TIPM were addressed in Velasco, et al. v. Chrysler 25 Group LLC, Case No. 2:13–cv–08080–DDP–VBK and Hall v. FCA US LLC, Case No. 26 1:16-cv-0684-JLT. Thus, the issues presented in this action were not complex. See Steel v. 27 GMC, 912 F. Supp. 724, 746 (N.J. Dist. 1995) (“the issues in lemon law litigation are not 28 complex and do not require a significant amount of legal analysis or novel pleading”). 1 Defendants observe that the case was not novel, not difficult, and that no special skill was 2 required to handle the case. (Doc. No. 59 at 15–16.) Plaintiffs contend to the contrary, 3 arguing that 12 attorneys expended and around 150 hours of work was necessary. Finally, 4 the Court finds the contingent nature of the fee award is outweighed by the other factors, 5 particularly in this action where the disputed facts and issues to be resolved were minimal. 6 Accordingly, the Court finds the lodestar amount of $58,826.25 is reasonable and declines 7 to award a multiplier. 8 B. Costs to be Awarded 9 Plaintiffs request costs in the amount of $26,238.10. (Doc. No. 96 at 1.) In general, 10 an award of costs in federal district court is governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 54(d) and not applicable state law, even in diversity cases. See Champion Produce, Inc. v. 12 Ruby Robinson Co., Inc., 342 F.3d 1016, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing In re Merrill Lynch 13 Relocation Mgmt., Inc., 812 F.2d 1116, 1120 n.2 (9th Cir. 1987)). This is because “federal 14 courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Feldman 15 v. Allstate Ins. Co., 322 F.3d 660, 666 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 16 U.S. 64, 78 (1938)). Thus, federal procedural law governs a request for an award of costs. 17 Rule 54 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that costs “should be 18 allowed to the prevailing party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). This “creates a presumption in 19 favor of awarding costs to the prevailing party, but the district court may refuse to award 20 costs within its discretion.” Champion Produce, 342 F.3d at 1022. “[A] district court need 21 not give affirmative reasons for awarding costs; instead, it need only find that the reasons 22 for denying costs are not sufficiently persuasive to overcome the presumption in favor of 23 an award.” Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 945 (9th Cir. 2003). For 24 example, costs may be declined in light of “a losing party’s limited financial resources” or 25 where there has been “misconduct by the prevailing party.” Champion Produce, 342 F.3d 26 at 1022. 27 The Supreme Court explained that 28 U.S.C. § 1920 “defines the term ‘costs’ as 28 used in Rule 54(d).” Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437, 441 (1987). 1 Costs that may be taxed under 28 U.S.C. § 1920 include: 2 (1) Fees of the clerk and marshal; 3 (2) Fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for 4 use in the case; 5 (3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses; 6 (4) Fees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where 7 the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case; 8 (5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title; 9 (6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and 10 salaries, fees, expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of 11 this title. 12 Generally, the court may not award costs under Rule 54(d) that are not authorized 13 by statute or court rule. Arlington Cent. School Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Murphy, 548 U.S. 291, 14 301 (2006). Thus, “costs almost always amount to less than the successful litigant’s total 15 expenses in connection with a lawsuit.” Taniguchi v. Kan Pac. Saipan, Ltd., 566 U.S. 560, 16 573 (2012) (citing 10 Wright & Miller § 2666, at 203). 17 1. Expert Witness Fees 18 Plaintiffs seek $23,058.75 in expert witness fees. (Doc. No. 96 at 3.) Plaintiffs assert 19 such costs are appropriate under state law, noting: “Under the Song–Beverly Act, a 20 prevailing buyer shall be allowed to recover as part of the judgment a sum equal to the 21 aggregate amount of costs and expenses.” (Doc. No. 97-1 at 22 (emphasis in original).) 22 Significantly, the Ninth Circuit determined a court must apply federal law to a 23 request for costs in a diversity action. See Aceves v. Allstate Ins. Co., 68 F.3d 1160 (9th 24 Cir. 1995). The Court in Aceves awarded the prevailing party costs, including expert 25 witness fees, under section 998(c) of the California Code of Civil Procedure. Id., 68 F.3d 26 at 1167. The Ninth Circuit determined the district court erred in applying California law 27 because “reimbursement of witness fees is an issue of trial procedure” and in a diversity 28 action, “federal law controls the procedure by which the district court oversaw the 1 || litigation.” Jd., citing Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 463 (1965). Accordingly, here, the 2 Court must apply federal law to determine whether Plaintiffs are entitled to recover expert 3 || fees as costs. 4 Under Section 1920, only compensation for “court appointed experts” and witness 5 || fees are permitted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1920. Neither of Plaintiffs’ witnesses were appointed 6 || by the Court. As such, Plaintiffs are not entitled to recover the expert fees under Section 7 1920. On the other hand, 28 U.S.C. § 1821 provides that “[a] witness shall be paid an 8 ||attendance fee of $40 per day for each day’s attendance,” including testimony at a 9 || deposition. Thus, a prevailing party may be awarded the witness fee under Section 1821 10 an expert who testifies at a deposition. See Ruff v. County of Kings, 700 F. Supp. 2d 11 1245, 1247-48 (E.D. Cal. 2010). Consequently, Plaintiffs are entitled to $80 in costs for 12 Luna’s and Barnett’s depositions. 13 The Court finds no issue with the rest of Plaintiffs’ costs. After reductions, the total 14 ||Costs awarded is: $3,259.35 in costs under federal law, as provided under 28 U.S.C. 15 1821 and 1920. 16 Vv. CONCLUSION 17 Based upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS: 18 || 1. Plaintiffs’ motion for fees is GRANTED in the modified amount of $58,826.25; and 19 Plaintiffs’ motion for costs is GRANTED in the amount of $3,259.35. 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21 || Dated: August 16, 2019 | □□ rz Le 22 Hon, Anthony J.Battaglia 23 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28 10