Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This case has been in this court on a former appeal, and the decision then made is reported in 4 App. D. C. 475. The facts of the case are there set out, and it is only necessary to refer to them here so far as it may be required to an understanding of the questions presented on this appeal.
At the conclusion of the trial below, and upon the whole evidence produced, the court, at the request of the plaintiff, instructed the jury that the verdict should be for the plaintiff, and such verdict was accordingly rendered and the defendant excepted, and has prosecuted this appeal.
In respect to the instruction given, there are three errors assigned. 1st. That the court should have left the question to the jury to determine, whether the conveyance of the land from Elkins, the husband, to Calvert, and by the latter to Mrs. Elkins, the wife, under whom the plaintiff claims, was founded upon a valuable consideration, and therefore invested the wife with a statutory separate estate, with [53] power to will the same. 2d. That there was error in holding that there was no matter of fact for the consideration of the jury upon the question of the life or death of Abram Elkins, the tenant by the curtesy; and, 3d. That there was error in holding by the court that there was not sufficient evidence to support an estoppel as against the plaintiff’s right to recover, upon the ground of the alleged receipt of some portion of the proceeds of the sale of the land in controversy by the plaintiff, and her failure to disaffirm the sale made by the executor under the power in her mother’s will, within a reasonable time after attaining the age of majority.
1. With respect to the first of these questions, but little need be said. It has already been held by this court, on the former appeal, that the conveyance of the land to the wife by the husband, through a third party as a mere intermediary, was a gift or conveyance from the husband to the wife, within the meaning of the statute; and there is nothing shown in the present record to change in any manner the former declared effect of the conveyance. It is not pretended that there was any consideration passed from Calvert to Elkins, or from Mrs. Elkins to Calvert, for the conveyances. The facts of the transaction are stated by Calvert, a party to the deeds, and who was called and examined as a witness in the case by the defendant. The small amounts of money referred to in the evidence, that were received by Elkins, the husband, from his wife, were given him to aid in paying for the building of the small house that was erected on the land.
2. The question whether Elkins, the tenant by the curtesy» was dead or alive, at the time of the bringing of the present action of ejectment, in the absence of any direct or positive evidence of the fact, the one way or the other, is determined by the presumption raised by law. The principle uniformly maintained is, that where a party has been absent seven years without having been heard of, the presumption is that he is then dead, though there is no presumption as to the time when he died. Davie v. Briggs, 97 U. S. 628. The principle, [54] with its limitations and qualifications, is found clearly stated in the works of both Greenleaf and Taylor on Evidence. In the first of these works, that of Greenleaf, Sec. 41, the principle is stated to be, that “ where the issue is upon the life or death of a person once shown to have been living, the burden of proof lies upon the party who asserts the death. But after the lapse of seven years, without intelligence concerning the person, the presumption of life ceases, and the burden of proof is devolved on the other party. This period was inserted, upon great deliberation, in the statute of bigamy, and the statute concerning leases for lives, and has since been adopted, from analogy, in other cases.” The principle is stated in substantially the same terms in 1 Taylor on Evidence, Sec. 200 (8th Edition), and also in Stephen on Evidence, Ch. 14, Art. 99. The evidence shows, as well that produced on the part of the defendants, as that produced on the part of the plaintiff, and about which there is no dispute, that soon after the death of his wife, in 1876, Abram Elkins, the surviving husband, left his domicile in this District and went to parts unknown to his children, or to their relations in whose care they were left; and he left them in a state of utter destitution and dependence. The proof shows that repeated inquiries have been made to ascertain his whereabouts, or whether he was dead or alive, and that no tidings of him could be or has been obtained. To the time of bringing the action, his absence had continued for about fifteen years, and to the present time, for a period of about twenty years; and no person here appears to know whether he be dead or alivé. Both duty to and the natural affections of a parent for his helpless children, certainly constituted the strongest possible incentive to his return, or at least to some correspondence with his children, or with those having the care of them. But no certain or reliable intelligence whatever has been received of him. In view of these facts, it is but a charitable construction of them, as well as an established legal presumption arising thereon, that the party was dead after the [55] lapse of seven years from the time of his leaving this District; and the court below was quite right in acting upon that presumption. Upon the facts in evidence, the burden was cast upon the defendant of producing evidence to rebut the presumption of death; but no such evidence was offered.
3. Then, with respect to the third question, that of an estoppel, the evidence furnishes no foundation for its support.
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Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This case has been in this court on a former appeal, and the decision then made is reported in 4 App. D. C. 475. The facts of the case are there set out, and it is only necessary to refer to them here so far as it may be required to an understanding of the questions presented on this appeal.
At the conclusion of the trial below, and upon the whole evidence produced, the court, at the request of the plaintiff, instructed the jury that the verdict should be for the plaintiff, and such verdict was accordingly rendered and the defendant excepted, and has prosecuted this appeal.
In respect to the instruction given, there are three errors assigned. 1st. That the court should have left the question to the jury to determine, whether the conveyance of the land from Elkins, the husband, to Calvert, and by the latter to Mrs. Elkins, the wife, under whom the plaintiff claims, was founded upon a valuable consideration, and therefore invested the wife with a statutory separate estate, with [53] power to will the same. 2d. That there was error in holding that there was no matter of fact for the consideration of the jury upon the question of the life or death of Abram Elkins, the tenant by the curtesy; and, 3d. That there was error in holding by the court that there was not sufficient evidence to support an estoppel as against the plaintiff’s right to recover, upon the ground of the alleged receipt of some portion of the proceeds of the sale of the land in controversy by the plaintiff, and her failure to disaffirm the sale made by the executor under the power in her mother’s will, within a reasonable time after attaining the age of majority.
1. With respect to the first of these questions, but little need be said. It has already been held by this court, on the former appeal, that the conveyance of the land to the wife by the husband, through a third party as a mere intermediary, was a gift or conveyance from the husband to the wife, within the meaning of the statute; and there is nothing shown in the present record to change in any manner the former declared effect of the conveyance. It is not pretended that there was any consideration passed from Calvert to Elkins, or from Mrs. Elkins to Calvert, for the conveyances. The facts of the transaction are stated by Calvert, a party to the deeds, and who was called and examined as a witness in the case by the defendant. The small amounts of money referred to in the evidence, that were received by Elkins, the husband, from his wife, were given him to aid in paying for the building of the small house that was erected on the land.
2. The question whether Elkins, the tenant by the curtesy» was dead or alive, at the time of the bringing of the present action of ejectment, in the absence of any direct or positive evidence of the fact, the one way or the other, is determined by the presumption raised by law. The principle uniformly maintained is, that where a party has been absent seven years without having been heard of, the presumption is that he is then dead, though there is no presumption as to the time when he died. Davie v. Briggs, 97 U. S. 628. The principle, [54] with its limitations and qualifications, is found clearly stated in the works of both Greenleaf and Taylor on Evidence. In the first of these works, that of Greenleaf, Sec. 41, the principle is stated to be, that “ where the issue is upon the life or death of a person once shown to have been living, the burden of proof lies upon the party who asserts the death. But after the lapse of seven years, without intelligence concerning the person, the presumption of life ceases, and the burden of proof is devolved on the other party. This period was inserted, upon great deliberation, in the statute of bigamy, and the statute concerning leases for lives, and has since been adopted, from analogy, in other cases.” The principle is stated in substantially the same terms in 1 Taylor on Evidence, Sec. 200 (8th Edition), and also in Stephen on Evidence, Ch. 14, Art. 99. The evidence shows, as well that produced on the part of the defendants, as that produced on the part of the plaintiff, and about which there is no dispute, that soon after the death of his wife, in 1876, Abram Elkins, the surviving husband, left his domicile in this District and went to parts unknown to his children, or to their relations in whose care they were left; and he left them in a state of utter destitution and dependence. The proof shows that repeated inquiries have been made to ascertain his whereabouts, or whether he was dead or alive, and that no tidings of him could be or has been obtained. To the time of bringing the action, his absence had continued for about fifteen years, and to the present time, for a period of about twenty years; and no person here appears to know whether he be dead or alivé. Both duty to and the natural affections of a parent for his helpless children, certainly constituted the strongest possible incentive to his return, or at least to some correspondence with his children, or with those having the care of them. But no certain or reliable intelligence whatever has been received of him. In view of these facts, it is but a charitable construction of them, as well as an established legal presumption arising thereon, that the party was dead after the [55] lapse of seven years from the time of his leaving this District; and the court below was quite right in acting upon that presumption. Upon the facts in evidence, the burden was cast upon the defendant of producing evidence to rebut the presumption of death; but no such evidence was offered.
3. Then, with respect to the third question, that of an estoppel, the evidence furnishes no foundation for its support.
The evidence shows, and about which there is no dispute, that the plaintiff was born in March, 1864, and was one of four children left by her mother, who died in 1876. The property in controversy was sold to the defendant by the executor of Mrs. Elkins for $1,500, and at that time the plaintiff was about fifteen years of age. Of the proceeds of sale of the property some portion was applied by the executor to the support and maintenance of the plaintiff before she arrived to the age of majority. It was attempted to be shown that the plaintiff had been furnished by Calvert, the executor, with a pair of shoes after she arrived at age; but whether she was of age at the time is left in great doubt and uncertainty. Calvert himself, a witness produced on the part of the defendant, says.: “ I do not know that I ever gave the plaintiff any money after she became of age. I think I have bought things for her after she became of age. She became of age in 1881. She said she was of age and she had a right to have these things, or something of that kind. I do not know what it was I gave her; I cannot state what I gave her after she became of age.” The witness states that the plaintiff became of age in 1881, but if he intended to say that she attained the age of twenty-one years in 1881, he must have been mistaken, as the other witnesses, including the plaintiff herself, who testified as to the age of the plaintiff, say that her mother and father were married in 1863, and, that she was born in 1864, and, consequently, she did not attain the age of twenty-one years until 1885. She says that the last article furnished her by [56] Calvert, the executor, was a pair of shoes, but she cannot be positive whether she was then of the age of twenty-one years or not. The suit was brought in June, 1891, the plaintiff then being about twenty-seven years of age.
It is a settled principle that estoppels in pais are not applicable to infants, and even a fraudulent representation as to capacity, made by an infant, will not be taken as an equivalent for actual capacity. Sims v. Everhardt, 102 U. S. 300. And where a deed in relation to real estate is made by an infant, the preponderance of authority would appear to hold, that mere silence or inactivity, after becoming of age, continued for a period less than that prescribed by the statute of limitations, unless accompanied by affirmative acts, manifesting an intention to assent to the deed, will not bar the infant’s right to avoid the deed. Sims v. Everhardt, supra. But in this case the question is, not whether there has been an affirmance or disaffirmance of a voidable deed or conveyance of an infant, after such infant had attained full age, but whether there has been such an adoption or ratification by equitable construction of an entirely void sale and conveyance of an infant’s estate, made by a third party, as executor or trustee, as will operate by way of an estoppel as against the owner—an infant at the time of the sale and conveyance made—by reason of the fact that such infant owner has received from the executor or trustee some portion of the proceeds of sale ? The equitable estoppel set up, to be effective as a bar to the right of recovery in an action of ejectment, must be co-extensive with the original interest and title of the plaintiff. In other words, the ground of estoppel must apply to and constitute a full and complete answer to the plaintiff’s right to recover the possession of the entire interest in the land sued for. How a court of equity might consider and deal with the facts of the case, is a question that we are not called upon to determine in this action. The attempt here is, to set up and make available, as a defense to an action of ejectment, what is supposed to [57] be an equitable estoppel, founded solely upon the fact that the plaintiff, while an infant, had applied for her support and maintenance some portion of the purchase money received for the property sold by the executor. It is not pretended that the plaintiff, by any act, conduct or admission of hers, caused or induced any change in the position of the defendant, to her prejudice. At the time of the sale to and the payment of the purchase money by the defendant, the plaintiff was only about fifteen years of age, and had no participation whatever in the making of the sale. That was a transaction between Calvert, acting under a supposed power which proved to be utterly void, and the defendant, the purchaser of the property under such power.
There are many cases found in the books where attempts have been made to preclude parties from asserting their rights to property, which had been illegally disposed of while they were under age or other disability, by force of what is denominated an equitable estoppel. But it is only in very peculiar cases and under very strong circumstances, and where the proof is clear and unmistakable, that such defenses can be maintained, and especially as a defense to an action at law to enforce a clear legal right. Otherwise, the infancy or other disability of the party whose property has been illegally disposed of, would afford him no such adequate protection as is contemplated by the law.
It has, however, been laid down in many cases, as being within the principle of equitable estoppel, that where a party, after he attains full age, and is under no disability, and acts with full knowledge of all the facts, accepts the proceeds of an unauthorized sale of his property made while he was a minor, he is estopped to dispute the validity of the sale. Goodman v. Winter, 64 Ala. 410; France v. Haynes, 67 Iowa, 139; Schench v. Sautter, 73 Mo. 46; Moore v. Hill, 85 N. C. 218. And so it has been held, that the reception and substantial enjoyment of the benefits of the transaction, after [58] reaching majority, such, as collecting the dividends or interest, or receiving the principal, or other act totally inconsistent with an honest intention to disaffirm or reject the contract, will operate as an estoppel. Schouler, Dom. Eel., Sec. 435, page 657. But a party who receives money while under age, from the sale of lands, is not estopped to claim the land on attaining his majority. Gillespie v. Nabors, 59 Ala. 441. And where land was sold for the purpose of raising funds to educate an infant, with the consent of the infant and her mother, and the money was used for such purpose, it was held, that the infant, after coming of age, was not es-topped to claim the land. Schnell v. Chicago, 38 Ill. 383. And it has been repeatedly held, that infants whose property has been sold without legal authority by parents, guardians, or anyone else, can recover the property and thus avoid an illegal sale of land, without first tendering the price to the purchaser, leaving him, however, to recover back such consideration as may remain within his reach. Schouler, Dom. Rel., Secs. 444, 446; Pitcher v. Laycock, 7 Ind. 398; Cresinger v. Welch, 15 Ohio, 156 ; Green v. Green, 69 N. Y. 553; Bedinger v. Wharton, 27 Gratt. 857.
In the case of Russ v. Alpaugh, 118 Mass. 369, a tenant by the curtesy, being in possession of the premises, executed a mortgage, with full covenants of warranty, which was duly acknowledged and recorded, and which was foreclosed, and under which the defendant claimed title; and the tenant by the curtesy having died, leaving assets of equal'value at the time with the demanded premises, and which assets descended or were distributed to the heirs claiming title under the mother, it was held (Mr. Ch. J. Gray delivering the opinion of the court), that the children were not estopped by the deed or mortgage of the father, and the receipt' of the assets of his estate, to assert their title to the land by inheritance from the mother.
The portion of the proceeds of the sale of the property [59] that was expended for the board and clothing of the plaintiff by her uncle, the executor, was expended during her minority, and the proof does not show, with any degree of certainty, what portion of the proceeds of sale was thus expended. The only article about which there could be any doubt as to the time when it was supplied, is a pair of shoes, and in regard to that the proof wholly fails to fix the time with any certainty. That article, however, even supposing it to have been supplied by the uncle after the plaintiff arrived at age, was too insignificant to be made the foundation of an equitable estoppel to preclude the plaintiff the right to recover her interest in the land sued for. There is no sufficient basis shown for the application of the principle of equitable estoppel.
The cases relied on by the defendant, of Dickerson v. Colgrove, 100 U. S. 578, and Kirk v. Hamilton, 102 U. S. 68, do not apply to this case. They were cases of the application of the doctrine of equitable estoppel, it is true, but those cases did not relate to the property of infants, nor did they involve in any manner the consideration of the doctrine of adoption or ratification of illegal sales of infants’ real estate, after the infant owner had attained full age.
This is doubtless a hard case upon the defendant. But the deeds and will relating to the title were all matters of public record, and it was incumbent upon the defendant, as it is upon all other purchasers, to make due inquiry as to the title of the property purchased, before parting with the purchase money. Kirby v. Tallmadge, 160 U. S. 379.
We find no error in the instruction given by the court below, and the judgment must, therefore, be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.