Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendants, as witneses in their own behalf, testified that when retained by Mrs. Hamilton she represented to them that her father had been the owner of the north half of a donation land claim in Benton County, containing in all 319.85 acres, and that she had been the owner of an undivided one-tMrd of [456]*456the south half thereof, the other interests therein being owned by two sisters; that her father moved to California, where he became ill, and she with her family went to that state to care for him, and while there her husband, without any consideration therefor, induced her father to execute to him a deed of his part of such claim, and also two lots in Junction City, which he also owned; that her husband persuaded her to join in executing to one Frank Wilkinson a deed of such real property, including her interest in the south half of such claim, but that the conveyance was made to defraud her out of her property rights, and after her father’s death her husband deserted her; that she was compelled to return to Oregon, making the journey with a team, and on the way her three daughters contracted colds from exposurei ncident to the trip, and died of consumption; that, coming-to Salem, Mrs. Hamilton secured employment, whereby she was enabled to support herself and her remaining child, the plaintiff herein, but she felt indignant at the treatment she had received from her husband, and blamed him for the loss of their children, whose death, caused her much grief; that the plaintiff’s mother did not regard the donation land claim as being worth much, because the buildings thereon were dilapidated-and the fences decayed and fallen, so that no profit was derived from the premises, but she considered the lots in Junction City valuable, inasmuch as they had houses thereon that could be rented from which a revenue was derived; that, not knowing the value of the real property in Benton County, except in a general way, they made the agreement with Mrs. Hamilton as hereinbefore stated, and performed the service specified, receiving as their compensation her deed in full settlement thereof, they stipulating to sell the real property so conveyed, and to pay her one-half the sum realized therefrom, but that they had been unable to secure a purchaser therefor; that their attorney’s fee for securing the divorce and for adjusting the property rights was fully paid and discharged by the execution of the- deed, which was never intended as a mortgage, but was designed as an absolute conveyance of the premises to be held in trust by Webster Holmes for his codefendant, and for no other person; that [457]*457at the time Mrs. Hamilton employed them and also when she executed such deed she was competent and qualified to make a valid contract, and, though she mourned the loss of her daughters, her grief was no more than that of other mothers under like affliction; and that they were negotiating with plaintiffs father about two months before they secured a settlement of the property rights of the parties to the divorce proceedings. Mrs. Pugh, a sister of the plaintiffs father, testified that in the fall of 1900 Mrs. Hamilton was very nervous and under a mental strain all the time, and that she would occasionally laugh and talle to herself, while at other times she would cry and wring her hands. The plaintiff, speaking of his mother’s mental condition at that time, testified that she would become excited and flustrated about things that did not amount to anything, and that she was very nervous.
It will be remembered that Mrs. Hamilton secured a deed for the undivided half of the north half of the donation land claim in Benton County and the undivided one-third of the south half thereof, her interest therein being equivalent to 133.26 acres. The testimony of several witnesses who are acquainted with this land is that at the time it was conveyed to Webster Holmes it was worth $15 an acre, or $1,998.90. The court, however, found it to be of the value of $2,000. An attorney who appeared as plaintiff’s witness testified that the service performed by the defendants in maintaining the suit for a divorce and procuring a decree therein, no defense having been interposed, and in ■securing out of court a settlement of the property rights of the parties, was reasonably worth from $100 to $125. It is argued by plaintiff’s counsel: (1) That though the complaint admits that such service was worth $250, the reasonable value thereof, as disclosed by the testimony, is so small when compared with the worth of the real property pretended to have been conveyed to Webster Holmes in payment thereof as to afford conclusive evidence of such gross inadequacy as to render the transaction constructively fraudulent; (2) that the relation of attorney and client, existing between the defendants and Anna Hamilton when her deed was made to one of them, precludes the accept[458]*458anee of the conveyance, except by way of security; (3) that her ignorance of the value of the land conveyed and her inexperience in relation to transacting business show that she could not distinguish between a deed and a mortgage; and (4) that her mental condition was such that at the time the deed was executed she was easily influenced, which defect, considered in connection with the other circumstances mentioned, raised an inference of unfair dealing, which precludes the defendants from claiming the advantage which they secured, and for these reasons the decree should be affirmed.
1. We will first consider the condition of Mrs. Hamilton’s mind when she executed the deed to Webster Holmes, for if at that time her intellect was impaired, such defect, coupled with the other matters adverted to, majr be sufficient to avoid her deed, or at least tend to show that it should only stand as security for the payment of a reasonable attorney’s fee. No physician was called by plaintiff’s counsel to express an opinion concerning Mrs. Hamilton’s mental condition, though the testimony shows that in the summer of 1900 she was ill, and received treatment therefor from a doctor. That no medical expert was called to testify on this branch of the case, when one could undoubtedly have been procured, is a circumstance strongly tending to discredit the claim that Mrs. Hamilton was afflicted with mental weakness. That she talked to herself does not necessarily prove intellectual impairment. “The giving of vocal expresison to human thought is natural, and observation teaches that persons who live or work alone often talk to themselves. Man was created a social being, and therefore needs companionship, a deprivation of which might induce insanity; but this generally results in such cases from a failure to exercise the reasoning faculties, whereby the mind becomes like a stagnant pond, foul from inactivity, or proceeds from the practice of filthy habits, which solitude seems to cultivate. Excessive grief is generally classed as a moral cause of insanity, which saps the foundation of the mind with tears, and seemingly compels the person distressed therewith to avoid laughter as a source of evilBrowne, Med. Juris. § 49. The death of Mrs. Hamilton’s daughters [459]*459caused her to grieve, but the laughter which she occasionally enjoyed shows that the sorrow produced by the loss of her children was not excessive, and only such as a loving mother must necessarily have endured. She evidently possessed a mind capable of understanding and appreciating the nature and effect of her business transactions, and she was therefore competent to consummate a valid contract: Carnagie v. Diven, 31 Or. 366 (49 Pac. 891);
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Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendants, as witneses in their own behalf, testified that when retained by Mrs. Hamilton she represented to them that her father had been the owner of the north half of a donation land claim in Benton County, containing in all 319.85 acres, and that she had been the owner of an undivided one-tMrd of [456]*456the south half thereof, the other interests therein being owned by two sisters; that her father moved to California, where he became ill, and she with her family went to that state to care for him, and while there her husband, without any consideration therefor, induced her father to execute to him a deed of his part of such claim, and also two lots in Junction City, which he also owned; that her husband persuaded her to join in executing to one Frank Wilkinson a deed of such real property, including her interest in the south half of such claim, but that the conveyance was made to defraud her out of her property rights, and after her father’s death her husband deserted her; that she was compelled to return to Oregon, making the journey with a team, and on the way her three daughters contracted colds from exposurei ncident to the trip, and died of consumption; that, coming-to Salem, Mrs. Hamilton secured employment, whereby she was enabled to support herself and her remaining child, the plaintiff herein, but she felt indignant at the treatment she had received from her husband, and blamed him for the loss of their children, whose death, caused her much grief; that the plaintiff’s mother did not regard the donation land claim as being worth much, because the buildings thereon were dilapidated-and the fences decayed and fallen, so that no profit was derived from the premises, but she considered the lots in Junction City valuable, inasmuch as they had houses thereon that could be rented from which a revenue was derived; that, not knowing the value of the real property in Benton County, except in a general way, they made the agreement with Mrs. Hamilton as hereinbefore stated, and performed the service specified, receiving as their compensation her deed in full settlement thereof, they stipulating to sell the real property so conveyed, and to pay her one-half the sum realized therefrom, but that they had been unable to secure a purchaser therefor; that their attorney’s fee for securing the divorce and for adjusting the property rights was fully paid and discharged by the execution of the- deed, which was never intended as a mortgage, but was designed as an absolute conveyance of the premises to be held in trust by Webster Holmes for his codefendant, and for no other person; that [457]*457at the time Mrs. Hamilton employed them and also when she executed such deed she was competent and qualified to make a valid contract, and, though she mourned the loss of her daughters, her grief was no more than that of other mothers under like affliction; and that they were negotiating with plaintiffs father about two months before they secured a settlement of the property rights of the parties to the divorce proceedings. Mrs. Pugh, a sister of the plaintiffs father, testified that in the fall of 1900 Mrs. Hamilton was very nervous and under a mental strain all the time, and that she would occasionally laugh and talle to herself, while at other times she would cry and wring her hands. The plaintiff, speaking of his mother’s mental condition at that time, testified that she would become excited and flustrated about things that did not amount to anything, and that she was very nervous.
It will be remembered that Mrs. Hamilton secured a deed for the undivided half of the north half of the donation land claim in Benton County and the undivided one-third of the south half thereof, her interest therein being equivalent to 133.26 acres. The testimony of several witnesses who are acquainted with this land is that at the time it was conveyed to Webster Holmes it was worth $15 an acre, or $1,998.90. The court, however, found it to be of the value of $2,000. An attorney who appeared as plaintiff’s witness testified that the service performed by the defendants in maintaining the suit for a divorce and procuring a decree therein, no defense having been interposed, and in ■securing out of court a settlement of the property rights of the parties, was reasonably worth from $100 to $125. It is argued by plaintiff’s counsel: (1) That though the complaint admits that such service was worth $250, the reasonable value thereof, as disclosed by the testimony, is so small when compared with the worth of the real property pretended to have been conveyed to Webster Holmes in payment thereof as to afford conclusive evidence of such gross inadequacy as to render the transaction constructively fraudulent; (2) that the relation of attorney and client, existing between the defendants and Anna Hamilton when her deed was made to one of them, precludes the accept[458]*458anee of the conveyance, except by way of security; (3) that her ignorance of the value of the land conveyed and her inexperience in relation to transacting business show that she could not distinguish between a deed and a mortgage; and (4) that her mental condition was such that at the time the deed was executed she was easily influenced, which defect, considered in connection with the other circumstances mentioned, raised an inference of unfair dealing, which precludes the defendants from claiming the advantage which they secured, and for these reasons the decree should be affirmed.
1. We will first consider the condition of Mrs. Hamilton’s mind when she executed the deed to Webster Holmes, for if at that time her intellect was impaired, such defect, coupled with the other matters adverted to, majr be sufficient to avoid her deed, or at least tend to show that it should only stand as security for the payment of a reasonable attorney’s fee. No physician was called by plaintiff’s counsel to express an opinion concerning Mrs. Hamilton’s mental condition, though the testimony shows that in the summer of 1900 she was ill, and received treatment therefor from a doctor. That no medical expert was called to testify on this branch of the case, when one could undoubtedly have been procured, is a circumstance strongly tending to discredit the claim that Mrs. Hamilton was afflicted with mental weakness. That she talked to herself does not necessarily prove intellectual impairment. “The giving of vocal expresison to human thought is natural, and observation teaches that persons who live or work alone often talk to themselves. Man was created a social being, and therefore needs companionship, a deprivation of which might induce insanity; but this generally results in such cases from a failure to exercise the reasoning faculties, whereby the mind becomes like a stagnant pond, foul from inactivity, or proceeds from the practice of filthy habits, which solitude seems to cultivate. Excessive grief is generally classed as a moral cause of insanity, which saps the foundation of the mind with tears, and seemingly compels the person distressed therewith to avoid laughter as a source of evilBrowne, Med. Juris. § 49. The death of Mrs. Hamilton’s daughters [459]*459caused her to grieve, but the laughter which she occasionally enjoyed shows that the sorrow produced by the loss of her children was not excessive, and only such as a loving mother must necessarily have endured. She evidently possessed a mind capable of understanding and appreciating the nature and effect of her business transactions, and she was therefore competent to consummate a valid contract: Carnagie v. Diven, 31 Or. 366 (49 Pac. 891); Swank v. Swank, 37 Or. 439 (61 Pac. 846); Dean v. Dean, 42 Or. 290 (70 Pac. 1039).
2. The relation that existed between the defendants and Mrs. Hamilton, and the compensation which they claim to have received from her for the service which they performed, will next be considered. The relation existing between an attorney and client being confidential and fiduciary, the client must necessarily rely on the attorney in all matters intrusted to him, which dependency places on the latter the duty of exercising the highest degree of fairness in their dealings with each other, which are not regarded as having been consummated at “arms length”; and when their contracts are challenged by the client as unequal, they will be closely scrutinized by the court, and the burden is cast on the attorney to prove that any advantage which he may have secured to himself was not obtained by undue influence: Weeks, Attorneys (2 ed.), § 258; 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.), 332; 4 Cyc. 960; Powell v. Willamette Valley Ry. Co. 15 Or. 393 (15 Pac. 663). A court of equity, when properly appealed to by a client who claims to have been defrauded by his attorney, will not permit the latter to reap the benefit of a hard bargain, or allow him to take an undue advantage of his client in his dealings with him: Ah Foe v. Bennett, 35 Or. 231 (58 Pac. 508). As the compensation of an attorney is regulated by the terms of an expressed or implied contract with the client (B. & C. Comp. § 560), a contract entered into between them in relation thereto will be upheld when it appears to be fair and honest: Bingham v. Salene, 15 Or. 208 (14 Pac. 523, 3 Am. St. Rep. 152). The compensation which an attorney merits and that which he can command for the performance of professional services depends upon the measure of his knowledge of [460]*460the law, the extent óf his previous practice, and whether or not he had been successful in the trial or settlelment of causes, and the degree of his standing at the bar. Attorneys possessing these necessary qualifications are sought after and employed by clients who are able to pay them fees for their service that are commensurate with their education, integrity, ability and tact, while attorneys who have not established for themselves such a reputation generally fail to secure a lucrative practice. As the intellectual labor of an attorney is not like the manual work of an artisan, which can generally be as well performed by one skilled mechanic as another, no schedule of fees can well be adopted that will be just to the successful attorney who has had much experience. If the compensation paid to an 'attorney is to be measured in every instance by what is considered even -to be a reasonable fee, few contracts entered into between an attorney and a client in relation thereto would be upheld, for attorneys may be found who would be willing and anxious to undertake the performance o°f the service rendered at a much reduced fee.
3. Ajiplying these principles to the ease at bar in treating of Mrs. Hamilton’s property rights, as she had been the owner of an undivided one-third of the south half of the donation land claim, the defendants might have been able in the divorce suit, in a contest therefor, to have secured such estate for her if they could have established the fact that she had been deprived thereof by her husband with intent to defraud her, and that Wilkinson was his trustee. As none of the oilier real property had ever been owned by her, but had been conveyed by her father to her husband, the defendants, by making the proof indicated in the divorce suit, could have secured only an undivided one-third of the land: B. & C. Comp. § 511. Mrs. Hamilton was unquestionably entitled to a decree of divorce, as the defendants must have known; but the probability of her securing any interest in the land in the condition in which the title was held was remote. In this state of the ease the defendants undertook to try her cause on a conditional fee, and by the settlement out of court, which required about two months’ negotiation, they [461]*461secured for her an absolute title to the lots in Junction City, an undivided one-half of the north half and all interest in the south half of the donation land claim — a much greater estate than they could possibly have obtained if her property rights had been contested in court. As uncertainty is an element that enters into every contract for the payment of a conditional compensation for the performance of professional service, a contingent fee, in case of the successful termination of a suit or action, it is expected to be greater than where the payment is fixed and certain in any event. This being so, if Mrs. Hamilton had stipulated to give the defendants one-half of the entire real property which they could secure for her, the compensation would not have been unreasonable,; in view of the condition of the title, for a moiety in such cases is often the measure agreed upon. The Junction City lots, however, were excepted from the terms of the contract.
What has here been said in relation to the compensation agreed upon will also apply to the alleged ignorance of Mrs. Hamilton as to the value of the land which she stipulated to give the defendants. In the neglected condition of the property she did not consider it as of much value. The defendants were unacquainted with the premises, but as the compensation which they were to receive was contingent, the value of the land is not so important, for the more they secured for her the more they would obtain for themselves. There is not, therefore, such a difference between the value of the services rendered and the worth of the property received as to render the transaction fraudulent, or to show that the defendants exercised any undue influence over their client, or violated in the smallest degree their professional duty.
4. This brings us to a consideration of the remaining question, whether or not Mrs. Hamilton’s ignorance in relation to the transaction of business shows that she intended to give the defendants a mortgage, and not to execute to them a deed. There is not a word of testimony in the transcript tending in any manner to prove that she did not intend to execute an absolute deed, and we are satisfied that it was her design to give, and [462]*462the defendants’ purpose to accept, a conveyance of an undivided one-half of the real property which they could secure for her. Eliminating from the case the circumstances hereinbefore adverted to as tending to show fraud or undue influence, there is not a particle of evidence upon which a decree could be based converting the deed into a mortgage. The defendant Webster Holmes by a subsequent agreement took an absolute title in fee to the premises, in trust, however, to sell the same, and pay one-half the sum so realized to Mrs. Hamilton’s legal representative, retaining the remainder for himself and his codefendant ; and though he mortgaged the entire premises to secure the payment of $700 and interest, one-half the value of the land is probably sufficient to pay the entire debt..
5. If he refuses to sell the property when a reasonable stun is offered therefor, a court of equity will compel him to execute the trust, and if he sells without such compulsion, an action at law can be maintained against him to recover one-half the sum obtained as money had and received: Duclos v. Walton, 21 Or. 323 (28 Pac. 1).
The plaintiff, however, is not entitled to the relief sought herein and hence the decree is reversed, and the suit dismissed.
Reversed.