The Surrogate.
In the matter of the admissibility of the evidence sought to be introduced at the close of the last hearing, I have examined the cases cited upon the briefs of counsel, and such others pertinent to the inquiry as I have been able to discover. The"recent utterances of the English courts strongly favor the views which have been urged in behalf of this ' petitioner. Those views are also supported by several decisions of judicial tribunals in our own country. In passing, however, upon the question in dispute, I shall content myself with referring to such cases, and such only, as have been determined by the courts of the State of Hew York. Of these, the earliest which has fallen under my observation is Jackson v. Kniffen (2 Johns., 31), decided in 1806. In the brief presented by counsel for this petitioner he says, in commenting upon the decision in the case just cited, that the declarations, which were there held to be incompetent, were offered as evidence that a will produced and shown to have been validly executed was void, and he insists that, in substance, that decision amounted only to this: that parol evidence [527]*527is inadmissible to prove revocation. That was, indeed, one phase of the decision, but there was another. The decedent, near the close of his life, had earnestly protested that the paper in dispute was not and had never been his will, because of the fact that it had been obtained from him by duress. His declaration to that effect was held by the Supreme court to be incompetent evidence of the fact.
The next reported case, whose determination involved a question similar to that now under discussion, was Dan v. Brown (4 Cow., 483—1825). This was a partition proceeding, in which certain declarations of a decedent respecting the revocation of his will had been received in evidence, though apparently not under objection, by Judge Duer at the Circuit. Judge Wood-worth, in reviewing the testimony, says : “ 1 lay no stress upon the declarations of the testator. They were made long after the execution of the will, and shortly before his death. They are not evidence unless they related to the res gestee?'
In the following year (1826), the Supreme court decided Jackson v. Betts (6 Cow., 377). The court below had refused, under objection, to admit in evidence certain declarations of a decedent as to the existence and whereabouts of a disputed will. It was held, on appeal, that these declarations were incompetent evidence, and that they had been properly rejected. It is stated upon Mr. Parsons’ brief, in the present proceeding, that the decision of the Supreme court in Jackson v. Betts, above cited, was unanimously reversed by the Court of Errors, in Betts v. Jackson (6 Wend., 173). Such is not the fact. The decision reversed was one made by the Su[528]*528preme court in a later case of Jackson v. Betts, which is reported in 9 Cow., 208. By its judgment in the earlier case with that title, the Supreme court had reversed the judgment of the Circuit court, and had granted a new trial. The cause was again heard and determined, and it is the proceeding upon appeal from the second judgment that is reported in Jackson v. Betts (9 Cow., 208). The question now under discussion was in no manner involved in the case of Betts v. Jackson, as decided by the Court of Errors. In conducting the second trial at the Circuit, the parties had evidently acquiesced in the decision of the Supreme court, as to the inadmissibility of the decedent’s declarations. But the Supreme court held, upon motion for a third trial, that the fact that a will, shown to have been executed by the decedent, was not found at his death, although diligently searched for, did not of itself raise the presumption that he himself had destroyed or canceled it, animo revocandi. It was this doctrine, and this only, which was subsequently overturned by the Court of Errors.
To the question now before the Surrogate no allusion was made, by any member of that .tribunal except Chancellor Walworth. He said (6 Wend., 187, 188): “If there is a new trial in this case, as I think there must be, it is to be regretted that the question as to the admissibility of the declarations of the testator to repel or to confirm the presumption that the will had been destroyed by him is not in a situation to be examined and decided by this court before the new trial takes place. The Supreme court on a former occasion decided that the Circuit Judge had correctly rejected evidence [529]*529of the declarations of the testator in his last sickness, recognizing the then existence of the will, and directing as to the place where it might be found. As that question could not be raised or argued in this cause, I have not examined the subject sufficiently to have made up a definite opinion thereon. And probably I ought. not now to express such an opinion, even if I had no doubts on the subject. I will, therefore, only say that, in the investigation of the other questions in this cause, I have necessarily been compelled to look into this subject so far as to see there is sufficient doubt as to the correctness of the decision of the Supreme court on that point to authorize them to direct reargument of the question if it shall again come before them.” He then added this comment : “The frequent insincerity of testamentary declarations, and the great danger that the real meaning of the testator may be mistaken or misrepresented when he is no longer able to explain what he meant, must in general render such declarations of little value as evidence. But they are sometimes received to explain a latent ambiguity, or to ascertain the intention of the testator in case of doubts arising from an equivocal act, and the uniform practice of the English testamentary courts has been to receive such declarations to strengthen or repel the presumption that a will once legally executed, but not found at the death of the testator, had been destroyed by him.”
In the case of Knapp v. Knapp (10 N. Y., 276—1851) evidence was introduced, to the effect that the testator, had declared that he had made a will, and that he “had it safe,” and that it contained certain specified provisions in favor of one of the parties to the suit. To [530]*530the competency of that evidence, no objection seems to have been made at the trial. The fact, therefore, that it was considered by the appellate court cannot fairly be regarded as any sanction of its admissibility. The same criticism may justly be made upon the decision of Surrogate Bradford, in Bulkley v. Redmond (2 Bradf., 281—1853).
Next came the case of Waterman v. Whitney (11 N. Y., 157—1854). I shall reserve for later consideration my comments upon that decision.
In 1873, the Supreme court in the Fourth Department . decided Sisson v. Conger (1 T. & C., 564). The plaintiff in that action sought to establish a will which had been destroyed by its maker. It was admitted that such destruction had taken place, but it was claimed that the decedent was, at the time, incapable of revoking his will. The defendant offered to prove decedent’s after-declarations respecting the circumstances of the destruction. The evidence was excluded, and, in the judgment of the General Term, the exclusion was proper.
In 1877, the Court of Appeals passed upon one of the phases of the present inquiry, in Cudney v. Cudney (68 N. Y., 148).
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The Surrogate.
In the matter of the admissibility of the evidence sought to be introduced at the close of the last hearing, I have examined the cases cited upon the briefs of counsel, and such others pertinent to the inquiry as I have been able to discover. The"recent utterances of the English courts strongly favor the views which have been urged in behalf of this ' petitioner. Those views are also supported by several decisions of judicial tribunals in our own country. In passing, however, upon the question in dispute, I shall content myself with referring to such cases, and such only, as have been determined by the courts of the State of Hew York. Of these, the earliest which has fallen under my observation is Jackson v. Kniffen (2 Johns., 31), decided in 1806. In the brief presented by counsel for this petitioner he says, in commenting upon the decision in the case just cited, that the declarations, which were there held to be incompetent, were offered as evidence that a will produced and shown to have been validly executed was void, and he insists that, in substance, that decision amounted only to this: that parol evidence [527]*527is inadmissible to prove revocation. That was, indeed, one phase of the decision, but there was another. The decedent, near the close of his life, had earnestly protested that the paper in dispute was not and had never been his will, because of the fact that it had been obtained from him by duress. His declaration to that effect was held by the Supreme court to be incompetent evidence of the fact.
The next reported case, whose determination involved a question similar to that now under discussion, was Dan v. Brown (4 Cow., 483—1825). This was a partition proceeding, in which certain declarations of a decedent respecting the revocation of his will had been received in evidence, though apparently not under objection, by Judge Duer at the Circuit. Judge Wood-worth, in reviewing the testimony, says : “ 1 lay no stress upon the declarations of the testator. They were made long after the execution of the will, and shortly before his death. They are not evidence unless they related to the res gestee?'
In the following year (1826), the Supreme court decided Jackson v. Betts (6 Cow., 377). The court below had refused, under objection, to admit in evidence certain declarations of a decedent as to the existence and whereabouts of a disputed will. It was held, on appeal, that these declarations were incompetent evidence, and that they had been properly rejected. It is stated upon Mr. Parsons’ brief, in the present proceeding, that the decision of the Supreme court in Jackson v. Betts, above cited, was unanimously reversed by the Court of Errors, in Betts v. Jackson (6 Wend., 173). Such is not the fact. The decision reversed was one made by the Su[528]*528preme court in a later case of Jackson v. Betts, which is reported in 9 Cow., 208. By its judgment in the earlier case with that title, the Supreme court had reversed the judgment of the Circuit court, and had granted a new trial. The cause was again heard and determined, and it is the proceeding upon appeal from the second judgment that is reported in Jackson v. Betts (9 Cow., 208). The question now under discussion was in no manner involved in the case of Betts v. Jackson, as decided by the Court of Errors. In conducting the second trial at the Circuit, the parties had evidently acquiesced in the decision of the Supreme court, as to the inadmissibility of the decedent’s declarations. But the Supreme court held, upon motion for a third trial, that the fact that a will, shown to have been executed by the decedent, was not found at his death, although diligently searched for, did not of itself raise the presumption that he himself had destroyed or canceled it, animo revocandi. It was this doctrine, and this only, which was subsequently overturned by the Court of Errors.
To the question now before the Surrogate no allusion was made, by any member of that .tribunal except Chancellor Walworth. He said (6 Wend., 187, 188): “If there is a new trial in this case, as I think there must be, it is to be regretted that the question as to the admissibility of the declarations of the testator to repel or to confirm the presumption that the will had been destroyed by him is not in a situation to be examined and decided by this court before the new trial takes place. The Supreme court on a former occasion decided that the Circuit Judge had correctly rejected evidence [529]*529of the declarations of the testator in his last sickness, recognizing the then existence of the will, and directing as to the place where it might be found. As that question could not be raised or argued in this cause, I have not examined the subject sufficiently to have made up a definite opinion thereon. And probably I ought. not now to express such an opinion, even if I had no doubts on the subject. I will, therefore, only say that, in the investigation of the other questions in this cause, I have necessarily been compelled to look into this subject so far as to see there is sufficient doubt as to the correctness of the decision of the Supreme court on that point to authorize them to direct reargument of the question if it shall again come before them.” He then added this comment : “The frequent insincerity of testamentary declarations, and the great danger that the real meaning of the testator may be mistaken or misrepresented when he is no longer able to explain what he meant, must in general render such declarations of little value as evidence. But they are sometimes received to explain a latent ambiguity, or to ascertain the intention of the testator in case of doubts arising from an equivocal act, and the uniform practice of the English testamentary courts has been to receive such declarations to strengthen or repel the presumption that a will once legally executed, but not found at the death of the testator, had been destroyed by him.”
In the case of Knapp v. Knapp (10 N. Y., 276—1851) evidence was introduced, to the effect that the testator, had declared that he had made a will, and that he “had it safe,” and that it contained certain specified provisions in favor of one of the parties to the suit. To [530]*530the competency of that evidence, no objection seems to have been made at the trial. The fact, therefore, that it was considered by the appellate court cannot fairly be regarded as any sanction of its admissibility. The same criticism may justly be made upon the decision of Surrogate Bradford, in Bulkley v. Redmond (2 Bradf., 281—1853).
Next came the case of Waterman v. Whitney (11 N. Y., 157—1854). I shall reserve for later consideration my comments upon that decision.
In 1873, the Supreme court in the Fourth Department . decided Sisson v. Conger (1 T. & C., 564). The plaintiff in that action sought to establish a will which had been destroyed by its maker. It was admitted that such destruction had taken place, but it was claimed that the decedent was, at the time, incapable of revoking his will. The defendant offered to prove decedent’s after-declarations respecting the circumstances of the destruction. The evidence was excluded, and, in the judgment of the General Term, the exclusion was proper.
In 1877, the Court of Appeals passed upon one of the phases of the present inquiry, in Cudney v. Cudney (68 N. Y., 148). It was there held that, where a decedent’s will is claimed to have been procured to be executed by undue influence, his declarations that such influence had been exerted are not competent evidence to prove the fact, but that, when the fact of the exercise of such influence has been otherwise shown, the declarations are admissible, as tending to indicate the effect which-the exercise of such influence has produced upon decedent’ s mind. The views expressed by the Court of [531]*531Appeals, in Cudney v. Cudney, were subsequently reasserted in Horn v. Pullman (72 N. Y., 269—1878), and in Marx v. McGlynn (88 N. Y., 357).
Eighmy v. The People (79 NT. Y., 546—1880) is cited by the petitioner’s counsel, in support of his contention. Upon examining the facts of that case, however, it appears that the declarations, which the court there held to have been properly admitted in evidence, were declarations accompanying the act of destruction of the will in question, and were manifestly a part of the res gestae.
In Waterman v. Whitney (supra), Judge Seldeet, pronouncing the opinion of the Court of Appeals, very fully discusses the question how far the declarations of a decedent are admissible in proceedings involving the validity of an instrument purporting to be his will. In reviewing the different cases in which such declarations had been sought to be put in evidence, Judge Seldeet makes the following classifications: 1st, where such declarations had been offered to show the revocation of a will admitted to have been once valid ; 2nd, where they had been offered to impeach the validity of a will for duress, or because of fraud or imposition practised upon its maker ; 3rd, where it had been claimed that their introduction would tend to throw light on the question of the decedent’s mental capacity, or the question whether his disputed will had been procured by undue influence. This classification was intended to be complete and exhaustive, and such cases as the one at bar are manifestly within it. I see no reason why the question of the admissibility of a testator’s declarations to show the revocation of his will should not be tried [532]*532by the same tests as the question of the admissibility of a testator’s declarations to show non-revocation.
In Bibb v. Thomas, cited in Judge Selden’s opinion, declarations of a decedent as to why he had thrown his will into the fire were admitted, for the purpose of showing that he intended to destroy and thus to revoke it. With a view, on the other hand, of showing the absence of such intention, declarations of a testator were admitted in Doe v. Perks, another case to which Judge Selden refers: “I consider,” he says, after discussing various judicial decisions, “ these cases as establishing the doctrine that, upon the question of revocation, no declarations of the testator are admissible, except such as accompany the act by which the will is revoked, such declarations being received as part of the res gestee, and for the purpose of showing the intent of the act.”
In regard to cases falling within his second division, Judge Seldeh says: “Where the validity of a will is disputed on the ground of fraud, duress, mistake or some similar cause aside from mental weakness of the testator, I think it equally clear that no declarations of the decedent himself can be received in evidence, except such as were made at the time of the execution of the. will, and are strictly part of the res gestos.
A broad line of distinction is subsequently drawn by the learnéd. Judge, between such cases as fall within the first or second of the three divisions he has established, and such as range themselves under division three. That division is confined to cases where the subject of inquiry is, either the mental capacity of the decedent, or his. susceptibility to undue influence and control.
The law of Hew York, in relation to this branch of [533]*533the subject, is too well settled to require discussion. Where a testator’s mental condition is itself the very fact to be ascertained, his words are of course competent evidence; and, as has been stated already, where it is claimed that a testator has been led by undue influence to make and execute his will, it is competent after, but not before, evidence has been given of the actual exercise of such influence, to show, by the declaration of the testator, what effect has been thereby produced upon his mind.
Now, what comes of applying the doctrine of Waterman v. Whitney .to the facts of the case at bar % The decision in Betts v. Jackson (supra) seems to have established conclusively, as the law of this State, this proposition—that, when it is proved that an instrument executed as a will cannot be found after the death of its maker, a presumption arises that it was revoked by him in his lifetime. Such is the presumption here, and, unless it shall be rebutted by this applicant, his petition must be denied. The evidence thus far introduced has not shown that the will of 1876 was in existence when the decedent died, or that it had been previously destroyed without his knowledge or approval, or that, if destroyed by his own act, or procurement, its destruction had been prompted by persuasion of any other person or persons.
Under these circumstances, I cannot see how any declarations he may have made to the witness concerning the will of 1876 can be competent or material, unless for the purpose of proving the very fact or facts to which they relate; and that they are not admissible for that purpose seems to me to be established by the cases [534]*534above cited, and especially by the case of Waterman v. Whitney. I must, therefore, decline to receive those declarations in evidence.