BRICKELL, C. J.
The original bill was filed by the appellees, creditors of Samuel L. Halsey, having for its object, the vacation because of alleged fraud, of an instrument purporting on its face to be a general assignment of his property and effects, for the equal security and benefit of his creditors ; and further, the vacation of a conveyance of real estate, he had executed to his son, John F. Halsey. The chancellor rendered a decree from which the appeal is taken, vacating the conveyance to. [224]*224John F. Halsey, and vacating the assignment as to the appellees, entitling them from the property and effects assigned, to priority of payment over all other creditors.
The ground on which the chancellor proceeded in reference to the assignment, is, that the assignor had deliberately and intentionally, not from mere error or inadvertence, omitted or reserved valuable assets from the schedule annexed to and forming part of the assignment, and had introduced therein as debts or liabilities, claims or demands, which were unreal and simulated; but of all notice or knowledge of these facts, he acquits the assignee and the creditors, the beneficiaries. Ageneral assignment, by which is understooid, a transfer to an assignee of all the property, or substantially all of the property, of a failing or insolvent debtor, for the benefit of his creditors at large, not making discrimination or preference among them, is a security, it is the policy of the law to encourage and favor. As has been often said of them, they are in practical application by the debtor voluntarily, of the broad maxim that equality is equity, and in their execution, he does an honest, just act, in the discharge of moral duty.
Such an assignment, may be resorted to as a device to hinder, delay and defraud creditors, and the vitiating intent may be manifested on its face. If terms, provisions, or stipulations, are introduced, in direct conflict with known and settled rules of law — if there be the reservation of benefits to the debtor which do not from, the nature of the transaction result to him, or conditions or stipulations, the immediate tendency of which is the hinderance and delay of creditors — the fraud is apparent on the face of the instrument, and the acceptance of it by the assignee, or by a part of the creditors, will not impart to it validity as against dissenting creditors.— Burrill on Assignments, (5th ed.), § 343; 1 Brick. Dig. 129, § 82. But if on its face, the assignment is free from all infirmity, from fraud or illegality, bearing evidence that it is beneficial, not prej udicial .to creditors, the assent to and acceptance of it by creditors is presumed, and it cannot be avoided because of the fraud- of the assignor, of which neither they, nor the assignee, had knowledge or notice, at the time of the acceptance. 1 Brick. Dig. 130, § 96; 3 Brick. Dig. 519, §§ 156-57; Truss v. Davidson, 90 Ala. 359; Emerson v. Senter, 118 [225]*225U. S. 3. We say, if neither the assignee nor the ' creditors had knowledge or notice of the fraud supposed to infect the assignment, for in this case, notice or knowledge cannot be imputed to either. We do not intend to say, that notice to, or knowledge of, the assignee alone, would avoid the assignment as to ignorant, innocent creditors; that question is not before us, and we must not be understood as expressing any opinion in reference to it.
We have not, as there are in many of the States, the decisions in which are referred to by the counsel for the appellee, statutory regulations declaring the constitutents of general assignments, requiring that schedules of the property and effects transferred, and of the debts they are intended to secure, shall form part of. or be annexed to them. It is customary to' annex such schedules, but no high degree of accuracy or precision in describing the property or effects conveyed, or the debts intended to be secured, has been observed or exacted. Without any special enumeration of the debts, or special description of the property, the assignment is valid; generality, or error in the description of one or the other, has not been supposed to vitiate it — parol evidence is admissible to give application to the generality, or to cure the error of description. — Graham v. Lockhart, 8 Ala. 9; 1 Brick. Dig. 129, §§ 81-5. It is not improbable, if it were necessary to analyze the evidence closely, that the fraud imputed would not be found to exist as matter of fact; but that is not now necessary, as there is no room or reason for visiting it on the assignee, or creditors, if it exists.
The conveyance to John F. Halsey, having been executed after the debts owing the appellees were created, and while they 'were existing unpaid, to-support the conveyance, the burden of proving that it was founded on a valuable and adequate consideration- rests upon him. The consideration recited is pecuniary, presently paid ; but a kindred consideration, and payment of a debt is a kindred consideration, may be shown to support it.
A debtor though insolvent, has a right of preference among his creditors, and at the time of the transaction, by a sale and conveyance, could devote the whole or a part of his property, to the payment of one creditor, though the known effect was the disappointment of all [226]*226other creditors. Good faith, however, must mark the transaction ; there must be a real debt, in amount equal-ling, or not materially disproportionate to the reasonable value of the property ; the real purpose must be the absolute payment of the debt, without the reservation of any benefit to the debtor. When the transaction is as-, sailed by creditors, the primary inquiry is into the consideration — whether there was to support it areal, existing debt.
The relationship, that of father and son, existing between the grantor and the grantee, is much relied upon by the appellees, and seems to .have been-of controlling influence with the chancellor, in the determination of this inquiry. There are some of our decisions, to which we are referred by the counsel for the appellees, while not asserting that relationship is a badge of fraud, assert that when it exists, higher or clearer, or more convincing evidence of the consideration, must be given. The more recent decisions have departed from this doctrine, declaring that relationship is a mere circumstance, dependent for its value, upon otlier circumstances, which serve to throw light upon the transaction. — Teague v. Lindsey, 106 Ala. 266; Troy Fertilizer Co. v. Norman, 107 Ala. 585; Goetter v. Norman, 107 Ala. 667.
The debt, payment of which is alleged as the consideration of the conveyance, was contracted for the services of the grantee, as a'clerk and salesman for the grantor continuously from 1887 to the execution of the conveyance, on the 5th, November, 1892. The rendition of the services is an uncontroverted fact, and that the compensation agreed to be paid does not exceed the reasonable value of the services, is a fact proved by disinterested witnesses. There was no agreement as to the amount of compensation until the closing days of December, 1889. Then, the health of the grantor being precarious, and, in so far as appears not being embarrassed by debt, he was désirous of having it ascertained and settled. The amount of the compensation for past services was agreed upon, and it was agreed that for future services, the grantee should receive twenty-five dollars per mouth and his family expenses. For the compensation for past services, three separate, promissory notes, each payable at one day and for varying amounts and dates, were given.
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BRICKELL, C. J.
The original bill was filed by the appellees, creditors of Samuel L. Halsey, having for its object, the vacation because of alleged fraud, of an instrument purporting on its face to be a general assignment of his property and effects, for the equal security and benefit of his creditors ; and further, the vacation of a conveyance of real estate, he had executed to his son, John F. Halsey. The chancellor rendered a decree from which the appeal is taken, vacating the conveyance to. [224]*224John F. Halsey, and vacating the assignment as to the appellees, entitling them from the property and effects assigned, to priority of payment over all other creditors.
The ground on which the chancellor proceeded in reference to the assignment, is, that the assignor had deliberately and intentionally, not from mere error or inadvertence, omitted or reserved valuable assets from the schedule annexed to and forming part of the assignment, and had introduced therein as debts or liabilities, claims or demands, which were unreal and simulated; but of all notice or knowledge of these facts, he acquits the assignee and the creditors, the beneficiaries. Ageneral assignment, by which is understooid, a transfer to an assignee of all the property, or substantially all of the property, of a failing or insolvent debtor, for the benefit of his creditors at large, not making discrimination or preference among them, is a security, it is the policy of the law to encourage and favor. As has been often said of them, they are in practical application by the debtor voluntarily, of the broad maxim that equality is equity, and in their execution, he does an honest, just act, in the discharge of moral duty.
Such an assignment, may be resorted to as a device to hinder, delay and defraud creditors, and the vitiating intent may be manifested on its face. If terms, provisions, or stipulations, are introduced, in direct conflict with known and settled rules of law — if there be the reservation of benefits to the debtor which do not from, the nature of the transaction result to him, or conditions or stipulations, the immediate tendency of which is the hinderance and delay of creditors — the fraud is apparent on the face of the instrument, and the acceptance of it by the assignee, or by a part of the creditors, will not impart to it validity as against dissenting creditors.— Burrill on Assignments, (5th ed.), § 343; 1 Brick. Dig. 129, § 82. But if on its face, the assignment is free from all infirmity, from fraud or illegality, bearing evidence that it is beneficial, not prej udicial .to creditors, the assent to and acceptance of it by creditors is presumed, and it cannot be avoided because of the fraud- of the assignor, of which neither they, nor the assignee, had knowledge or notice, at the time of the acceptance. 1 Brick. Dig. 130, § 96; 3 Brick. Dig. 519, §§ 156-57; Truss v. Davidson, 90 Ala. 359; Emerson v. Senter, 118 [225]*225U. S. 3. We say, if neither the assignee nor the ' creditors had knowledge or notice of the fraud supposed to infect the assignment, for in this case, notice or knowledge cannot be imputed to either. We do not intend to say, that notice to, or knowledge of, the assignee alone, would avoid the assignment as to ignorant, innocent creditors; that question is not before us, and we must not be understood as expressing any opinion in reference to it.
We have not, as there are in many of the States, the decisions in which are referred to by the counsel for the appellee, statutory regulations declaring the constitutents of general assignments, requiring that schedules of the property and effects transferred, and of the debts they are intended to secure, shall form part of. or be annexed to them. It is customary to' annex such schedules, but no high degree of accuracy or precision in describing the property or effects conveyed, or the debts intended to be secured, has been observed or exacted. Without any special enumeration of the debts, or special description of the property, the assignment is valid; generality, or error in the description of one or the other, has not been supposed to vitiate it — parol evidence is admissible to give application to the generality, or to cure the error of description. — Graham v. Lockhart, 8 Ala. 9; 1 Brick. Dig. 129, §§ 81-5. It is not improbable, if it were necessary to analyze the evidence closely, that the fraud imputed would not be found to exist as matter of fact; but that is not now necessary, as there is no room or reason for visiting it on the assignee, or creditors, if it exists.
The conveyance to John F. Halsey, having been executed after the debts owing the appellees were created, and while they 'were existing unpaid, to-support the conveyance, the burden of proving that it was founded on a valuable and adequate consideration- rests upon him. The consideration recited is pecuniary, presently paid ; but a kindred consideration, and payment of a debt is a kindred consideration, may be shown to support it.
A debtor though insolvent, has a right of preference among his creditors, and at the time of the transaction, by a sale and conveyance, could devote the whole or a part of his property, to the payment of one creditor, though the known effect was the disappointment of all [226]*226other creditors. Good faith, however, must mark the transaction ; there must be a real debt, in amount equal-ling, or not materially disproportionate to the reasonable value of the property ; the real purpose must be the absolute payment of the debt, without the reservation of any benefit to the debtor. When the transaction is as-, sailed by creditors, the primary inquiry is into the consideration — whether there was to support it areal, existing debt.
The relationship, that of father and son, existing between the grantor and the grantee, is much relied upon by the appellees, and seems to .have been-of controlling influence with the chancellor, in the determination of this inquiry. There are some of our decisions, to which we are referred by the counsel for the appellees, while not asserting that relationship is a badge of fraud, assert that when it exists, higher or clearer, or more convincing evidence of the consideration, must be given. The more recent decisions have departed from this doctrine, declaring that relationship is a mere circumstance, dependent for its value, upon otlier circumstances, which serve to throw light upon the transaction. — Teague v. Lindsey, 106 Ala. 266; Troy Fertilizer Co. v. Norman, 107 Ala. 585; Goetter v. Norman, 107 Ala. 667.
The debt, payment of which is alleged as the consideration of the conveyance, was contracted for the services of the grantee, as a'clerk and salesman for the grantor continuously from 1887 to the execution of the conveyance, on the 5th, November, 1892. The rendition of the services is an uncontroverted fact, and that the compensation agreed to be paid does not exceed the reasonable value of the services, is a fact proved by disinterested witnesses. There was no agreement as to the amount of compensation until the closing days of December, 1889. Then, the health of the grantor being precarious, and, in so far as appears not being embarrassed by debt, he was désirous of having it ascertained and settled. The amount of the compensation for past services was agreed upon, and it was agreed that for future services, the grantee should receive twenty-five dollars per mouth and his family expenses. For the compensation for past services, three separate, promissory notes, each payable at one day and for varying amounts and dates, were given. The varying of the [227]*227dates, it is apparent, was intended for no other purpose than to signify, or designate that the note was given for the compensation of a particular year. This seems the reasonable interpretation of the evidence ; it is consistent with good faith and honesty of purpose, and unless fraud and dishonesty is presumed, this interpretation must be adopted. It is urged, that it is incredible, that the grantee, with the responsibilities of a family resting upon him, should for three years of his young life, have rendered services to his father without any definite agreement for compensation. But" he and his family were residing with the father, and from him support and-maintenance were drawn. Standing in this relation and under these circumstances, it is not matter of surprise, or of just suspicion, that the son relied with con-, fidence upon the integrity' and affection of the father, to make him just compensation for his services whenever he should demand it.
We have carefully considered the evidence of the parties, the grantor and the grantee, and the criticisms to which counsel subject it. We do not find in it, the conflicts and contrarieties attributed to it. The criticisms indulged are directed to the inadvertence or inaccuracy of expression of the witnesses, rather than to real inconsistencies in their evidence.
The sale of the horse and buggy, and the payment of one hundred dollars in money to the son, was doubtless a part of the transaction in which the conveyance of the real estate originated. We mean that it was contemplated and consummated at or about the same time. And it is doubtless true, that the execution of the general assignment was then contemplated. We do not read the evidence of father and son as in denial of the fact that the execution of the assignment was in contemplation, but that the father was reluctant to resort to it, and was inclined to defer its execution as long as practicable, without permitting some creditors to obtain priority over all others. The horse and buggy and the hundred dollars, the father could have claimed as exempt to him by law, without offending the rights of any other creditor than his son, for so far as appears, the son only, had written evidence of debt, containing waiver of exemptions. The general assignment was ■ executed, the father making no claim of exemption, and [228]*228the transaction in its entirety, is its own best expositor, acquitting the parties of fraudulent purposes.
The result is, the decree of the chancellor must be reversed, and decree'rendered dismissing the bill, and the appellees must pay the costs of appeal, and the costs of the court of chancery.
Reversed and rendered.