Sherwin, J.
The defendants, Wm. M. Morton and L. B. Morton, are physicians practicing their profession under the firm name of Morton & Morton in Iowa Falls and vicinity. Early in January, 1905, Dr. W. M. Morton, the senior member of the firm, was called to the plaintiff’s home in Iowa Falls for the purpose of treating the plaintiff professionally. He made a thorough examination of her condition, and determined that a surgical operation was necessary. He also suggested that it would be safer and more convenient to perform the operation at the hospital located near the plaintiff’s home, and undertook to and did make the necessary arrangements for performing it there. Soon thereafter the plaintiff was taken to the hospital by Dr. W. M. Morton. She was given a room where she dressed for the operating table, and was then taken to the operating room in the story above by one of the attendants who was fitting herself for a nurse. The plaintiff was then laid on the operating table, and the defendant Dr. L. B. Morton administered the anesthetic, and the defendant Dr. Wm. M. Morton performed the operation. ■ After the operation, the plaintiff was taken from the operating table and placed on a car or stretcher for the purpose of taking her to her room on the floor below. Both of the defendants assisted in placing her on the car. The car was about six feet long and had six rubber-tired wheels, two large wheels in the center, and two smaller ones at each end. When either set of end wheels was resting on the floor, the car inclined in that direction. After the plaintiff had been placed on the car, Dr„
¥m. M. Morton left the operating room for the surgeon’s dressing room, and Dr. L. B. Morton and Miss Klein, the nurse who had shown the plaintiff to the operating room, rolled the car into the elevator room for the purpose of taking it to the room helow on the elevator, the doctor being in front of the car and the nurse behind it. When they reached the elevator room, they found the elevator door wide open and the elevator below. The elevator room was only six or seven feet square, and the car on which the plaintiff rested was stopped with the front end thereof resting on the wheels and only a foot from the elevator door. After the car had been stopped, Dr. L. B. Morton left it, and stepped to the side of the elevator shaft for the purpose of bringing the elevator to their floor. The machinery did not at once respond to his efforts, whereupon Miss Klein, the nurse, told the defendant that she would go and call the janitor. She then left the car, and, after she had gotten some seven or eight feet therefrom, the defendant said to her, “ Never mind, I can get it from here.” When Miss Klein turned to go back into the elevator room, the car was just rolling into the elevator shaft. She reached it, but too late to save the plaintiff, who was still unconscious, and they were both precipitated to the floor below some fifteen feet. Bor injuries received in the fall, the plaintiff brings this suit.
At the close of the evidence the defendants moved for a directed verdict, and the motion was overruled. It is now urged that the evidence is not sufficient to support a verdict against either of the defendants, and that the court erred in denying the motion. It is said that the accident was not one which the defendant L. B. Morton ought reasonably to have foreseen might occur as the result of his act, and that a mere failure to guard against an accident which could not reasonably have been expected is not negligence. The evidence tends to show, however, that the defendant L. B. Morton had, before this particular time, assisted in operations at the same hospital, and had also assisted in removing the
patients operated upon from the operating room by means of the same cart and elevator. It must therefore be presumed that he was familiar with the size and construction of the cart used in the present instance and with the conditions surrounding the elevator and elevator room. It is shown that the peculiar construction of the car, the end wheels being lower than the center ones, made it very easy to start. The floor in the elevator was cement, and the wheels of the car were equipped with rubber tires, making a combination well calculated to overcome friction. The elevator door was wide open when the ear was stopped by the defendant L. B. Morton with its front end within a foot of the elevator shaft The plaintiff was at the time unconscious, and hence wholly unable to look out for herself or appreciate the danger of her position. Notwithstanding these dangerous conditions, the defendant not only left the car himself, but, after being advised by Miss Klein that she had also left it, he paid no attention to it, and a slight movement of the plaintiff started it toward the open shaft.
The appellants’ position on this branch of the case is unsound for two reasons. In the first place, it may well be said that just such a result might reasonably be expected to follow the leaving of such a vehicle in so dangerous a place. Indeed, it seems to us that an accident might almost be expected to follow as a matter of course. The car was easily started, and even unconscious persons not infrequently use their physical power; therefore a reasonably careful person would guard against these conditions singly or combined. In the second place, negligence does not depend upon the question whether the result of an act might reasonably have been foreseen.
1. Negligence.
The consequence of negligence need not be foreseen. It is enough to constitute negligence if the result of the act is the natural, though not the necessary or inevitable, thing to be expected. If ordinary prudence would suggest that the act or omission would prob
ably result iu injury, it is sufficient to support the charge of negligence.
Burk v. Creamery Pkg. Co.,
126 Iowa, 730;
Osborne v. Van Dyke,
113 Iowa, 657;
Watters v. Waterloo,
126 Iowa, 199;
Fishburn v. Ry. Co.,
127 Iowa, 483.
2. Same: • concurrent negligence.
It is conceded that the defendants were not responsible for the negligence of Miss Klein, and the appellants contend that the act of Dr. L. B. Morton in leaving the car for the purpose of raising the elevator was not the proximate cause of the accident. Dr. Morton was one of the persons in charge of the plaintiff at the time in question. He had undertaken to assist in removing her to her room, if he was not in fact in charge of her at that particular time, and he was therefore legally bound to exercise reasonable care in her removal. Whether he exercised such care after he knew that Miss Klein had left the car was clearly a question of fact for the jury. If it be said they were both negligent, it does not relieve the defendant, for it is the rule that the mere fact that some other cause operates with the negligence charged does not relieve from liability.
Rice v. Whitley,
115 Iowa, 750;
Schnee v. City of Dubuque,
122 Iowa, 459;
Van Camp v. Keokuk,
130 Iowa, 716.
3. Negligence £abiiftyNEE: 0f firm.
II. The appellant Wm. M. Morton denies liability on the ground that whatever liability exists must rest on the act of his partner L. B.
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Sherwin, J.
The defendants, Wm. M. Morton and L. B. Morton, are physicians practicing their profession under the firm name of Morton & Morton in Iowa Falls and vicinity. Early in January, 1905, Dr. W. M. Morton, the senior member of the firm, was called to the plaintiff’s home in Iowa Falls for the purpose of treating the plaintiff professionally. He made a thorough examination of her condition, and determined that a surgical operation was necessary. He also suggested that it would be safer and more convenient to perform the operation at the hospital located near the plaintiff’s home, and undertook to and did make the necessary arrangements for performing it there. Soon thereafter the plaintiff was taken to the hospital by Dr. W. M. Morton. She was given a room where she dressed for the operating table, and was then taken to the operating room in the story above by one of the attendants who was fitting herself for a nurse. The plaintiff was then laid on the operating table, and the defendant Dr. L. B. Morton administered the anesthetic, and the defendant Dr. Wm. M. Morton performed the operation. ■ After the operation, the plaintiff was taken from the operating table and placed on a car or stretcher for the purpose of taking her to her room on the floor below. Both of the defendants assisted in placing her on the car. The car was about six feet long and had six rubber-tired wheels, two large wheels in the center, and two smaller ones at each end. When either set of end wheels was resting on the floor, the car inclined in that direction. After the plaintiff had been placed on the car, Dr„
¥m. M. Morton left the operating room for the surgeon’s dressing room, and Dr. L. B. Morton and Miss Klein, the nurse who had shown the plaintiff to the operating room, rolled the car into the elevator room for the purpose of taking it to the room helow on the elevator, the doctor being in front of the car and the nurse behind it. When they reached the elevator room, they found the elevator door wide open and the elevator below. The elevator room was only six or seven feet square, and the car on which the plaintiff rested was stopped with the front end thereof resting on the wheels and only a foot from the elevator door. After the car had been stopped, Dr. L. B. Morton left it, and stepped to the side of the elevator shaft for the purpose of bringing the elevator to their floor. The machinery did not at once respond to his efforts, whereupon Miss Klein, the nurse, told the defendant that she would go and call the janitor. She then left the car, and, after she had gotten some seven or eight feet therefrom, the defendant said to her, “ Never mind, I can get it from here.” When Miss Klein turned to go back into the elevator room, the car was just rolling into the elevator shaft. She reached it, but too late to save the plaintiff, who was still unconscious, and they were both precipitated to the floor below some fifteen feet. Bor injuries received in the fall, the plaintiff brings this suit.
At the close of the evidence the defendants moved for a directed verdict, and the motion was overruled. It is now urged that the evidence is not sufficient to support a verdict against either of the defendants, and that the court erred in denying the motion. It is said that the accident was not one which the defendant L. B. Morton ought reasonably to have foreseen might occur as the result of his act, and that a mere failure to guard against an accident which could not reasonably have been expected is not negligence. The evidence tends to show, however, that the defendant L. B. Morton had, before this particular time, assisted in operations at the same hospital, and had also assisted in removing the
patients operated upon from the operating room by means of the same cart and elevator. It must therefore be presumed that he was familiar with the size and construction of the cart used in the present instance and with the conditions surrounding the elevator and elevator room. It is shown that the peculiar construction of the car, the end wheels being lower than the center ones, made it very easy to start. The floor in the elevator was cement, and the wheels of the car were equipped with rubber tires, making a combination well calculated to overcome friction. The elevator door was wide open when the ear was stopped by the defendant L. B. Morton with its front end within a foot of the elevator shaft The plaintiff was at the time unconscious, and hence wholly unable to look out for herself or appreciate the danger of her position. Notwithstanding these dangerous conditions, the defendant not only left the car himself, but, after being advised by Miss Klein that she had also left it, he paid no attention to it, and a slight movement of the plaintiff started it toward the open shaft.
The appellants’ position on this branch of the case is unsound for two reasons. In the first place, it may well be said that just such a result might reasonably be expected to follow the leaving of such a vehicle in so dangerous a place. Indeed, it seems to us that an accident might almost be expected to follow as a matter of course. The car was easily started, and even unconscious persons not infrequently use their physical power; therefore a reasonably careful person would guard against these conditions singly or combined. In the second place, negligence does not depend upon the question whether the result of an act might reasonably have been foreseen.
1. Negligence.
The consequence of negligence need not be foreseen. It is enough to constitute negligence if the result of the act is the natural, though not the necessary or inevitable, thing to be expected. If ordinary prudence would suggest that the act or omission would prob
ably result iu injury, it is sufficient to support the charge of negligence.
Burk v. Creamery Pkg. Co.,
126 Iowa, 730;
Osborne v. Van Dyke,
113 Iowa, 657;
Watters v. Waterloo,
126 Iowa, 199;
Fishburn v. Ry. Co.,
127 Iowa, 483.
2. Same: • concurrent negligence.
It is conceded that the defendants were not responsible for the negligence of Miss Klein, and the appellants contend that the act of Dr. L. B. Morton in leaving the car for the purpose of raising the elevator was not the proximate cause of the accident. Dr. Morton was one of the persons in charge of the plaintiff at the time in question. He had undertaken to assist in removing her to her room, if he was not in fact in charge of her at that particular time, and he was therefore legally bound to exercise reasonable care in her removal. Whether he exercised such care after he knew that Miss Klein had left the car was clearly a question of fact for the jury. If it be said they were both negligent, it does not relieve the defendant, for it is the rule that the mere fact that some other cause operates with the negligence charged does not relieve from liability.
Rice v. Whitley,
115 Iowa, 750;
Schnee v. City of Dubuque,
122 Iowa, 459;
Van Camp v. Keokuk,
130 Iowa, 716.
3. Negligence £abiiftyNEE: 0f firm.
II. The appellant Wm. M. Morton denies liability on the ground that whatever liability exists must rest on the act of his partner L. B. Morton while he was assisting in removal of the plaintiff from the operating room to her own room, and insists that the removal to her private room was not within the scope of -the ordinary business of the firm. We are unable to agree with this contention, however. The defendants were partners in the general practice, and the partnership, acting through Dr. Wm. M. Morton, undertook to perform the operation and did in fact perform it. It was Dr. Wm. M. Morton who advised plaintiff to go to the hospital where she could be much better taken care of than at her home. He made all of the arrangements at the hospital for the plaintiff,
and took her there in his own carriage. When she arrived there she was shown to a private room, and, acting under the direction of the defendants, she there prepared herself for the operating table. She went from there to the operating room where the anaesthetic was administered by Dr. Lewis Morton and in the presence of Dr. Wm. Morton and several persons connected with the hospital. After the operation was performed, and while she was still unconscious, she was removed from the operating table to the cart by Dr. Lewis Morton and one or more of the hospital attendants, and the doctor and Miss Klein undertook to convey her from the operating room to her room on the floor below by means, of the elevator. While the evidence tends to show that Miss Klein had been at the hospital about ten months when the accident occurred, and’that she had assisted in the kind of work which was being performed when plaintiff was injured, many times, the record also shows that she had never theretofore been up or down the elevator with a patient without the attendance of a physician. It also appeared that if the janitor of the building was present he operated the elevator, but, if he were not there, the doctor operated it just as defendant Lewis Morton attempted to do when plaintiff was injured. It is very clear that plaintiff could not be left in the operating room during the period necessary for her recovery, and it was the duty of some one to see that she was safely removed therefrom and placed in a room suitable for such further treatment as her case might require. While it is shown that neither of the defendants owned or controlled the hospital, it does appear that they made all arrangements for plaintiff’s stay there, and a jury would be justified in finding that defendants as part of their employment undertook to care for plaintiff from the time she entered the hospital until she was ready for discharge therefrom. And while this might not ordinarily include the work of the hospital employes, the doctors might assume the duty of returning the patient to hi's room, and in such event each member of the firm would
be the agent of the other in carrying on the work. It is fundamental that each partner is the agent of the firm while engaged in the prosecution of the partnership business, and that the firm is liable for the torts of each, if committed within the scope of the agency. 22 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 168;
Champlin v. Laytin,
18 Wend. (N. Y.), 407, (31 Am. Dec. 382). The trial court gave an instruction which embodied correct law on this subject and it was for the jury to say whether Lewis Morton was acting for the firm when the accident occurred. It surely should not be said as matter of law in all cases that after a serious surgical operation and while the patient is still unconscious, the physician may leave the patient on the operating table to find his way to his own room the best he may. Furthermore, the evidence shows that in this hospital the doctors accompanied their patients up and down the elevator.
i.
special pindings.
III. Error is predicated on the court’s refusal to submit to the jury special interrogatories, the substance of which required a determination as to whether it was reasonable to expect that plaintiff would be precipitated down the elevator shaft. Under the rule of the cases heretofore cited the questions were improper and were rightly refused. But if proper in other respects, they called for a special finding on the one material question in the case, and were for that reason rightly refused.
Home Ins. Co. v. Northwestern P. Co.,
32 Iowa, 223;
Lewis v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co.,
57 Iowa, 127;
White v. Adams,
77 Iowa, 295.
IY. Instructions 2, 3, and 4 asked by the defendants were properly refused because they embodied the same principle we hold unsound in the first division of this opinion.
Y. Practically all of the instructions given are complained of, but we find no reversible error therein.
The judgment should be, and it is,
affirmed.