Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the case in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. Two questions are presented: First, What is the nature of the defendants’ obligation upon which plaintiff seeks to recover? Is it an absolute obligation to pay plaintiff’s liability, or is it merely an. undertaking of indemnity? And, second, What is the measure of plaintiff’s relief? An undertaking to pay the debt for which another is obligated or has assumed to pay may be sued upon by the obligee and recovery had to the limit of the undertaking, or in so far as the same remains undischarged, as soon as default has been suffered; and this regardless of [358] whether the obligee has paid the debt or not: Hodgson v. Bell, 7 T. R. 93; Penny v. Foy, 8 Barn. & C. 11; Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657; Lethbridge v. Mytton, 2 Barn. & Adol. 772; Robinson v. Robinson, 24 L. T. 112; Ham v. Hill, 29 Mo. 275; In re Negus, 7 Wend. 498; Port v. Jackson, 17 John. 238; Merriam v. Pine City Lumber Co., 23 Minn. 322; Lathrop v. Atwood, 21 Conn. 116; Hume v. Hendrickson, 79 N. Y. 127; Hall v. Nash, 10 Mich. 303; Redfield v. Haight, 27 Conn. 31; Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass. 500 (20 Am. Rep. 341). It was early objected that, if the obligee was permitted to recover before he had discharged the debt due the principal creditor, the obligor might be required to pay the same debt twice. Such was the objection made in Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657, upon the following state of facts: Two persons being jointly indebted upon a promissory note, one as principal and the other as surety, the principal covenanted with the surety to pay the amount of the note to the payees on a given day, but made default, and was sued upon his covenant. In determining the liability, Baron Parke says: “This is an absolute and positive covenant by the defendant to pay a sum of money on a day certain. The money was not paid on that da)', nor has it been paid since. Under these circumstances, I think the jury was warranted in giving the plaintiff the full amount of money due upon the covenant. If any money had been paid in respect of the note since the day fixed for the payment, that would relieve the plaintiff pro tanto from his responsibility. The defendant may, perhaps, have an equity that the money he may pay to the plaintiff shall be applied in discharge of his debt; but at law the plaintiff is entitled to be placed in the same situation under this agreement, as if he had paid the money to the payees of the bill.” In Robinson v. Robinson, 24 Law T. 112, by an indenture of dissolution of a partnership, the defendant, who acquired [359] tbe partnership property, covenanted to pay and satisfy within eighteen months all the debts of the partnership, and to indemnify and save plaintiff harmless from all costs," losses, claims, and demands, which he might incur or become liable for in respect of the partnership debts. In an action against defendant upon this covenant, Lord Campbell held that the measure of damages was the whole amount of the debts which he had not paid, whether they had been paid by the plaintiff or he had given promissory notes for them or not.
In Ham v. Hill, 29 Mo. 275, under a similar state of facts, where the covenant was “to assume all partnership liabilities of said firm incurred between April 1, 1858, and July 1, 1858, and to pay the same whenever payment is demanded legally by the creditors of said firm,” Ewing, J., speaking for the court, said: “As to the measure of th; damages in this case, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover, we see no reason why he should not recover the sum due by the bond. Of course, if the bond has been paid in part, or otherwise satisfied, the defendant will be enlitled to the benefit of such payment or satisfaction. The presumption is that the plaintiff gave full consideration for the bond, and, if it is not discharged, the defendant should pay the amount of it.” In Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass. 500 (20 Am. Rep. 341), there was an exchange of lards, and the defendant accepted of plaintiff a deed to Hyde Park Estate, containing this clause: “Subject to mortgages amounting to $6,500, which the grantee hereby assumes and agrees to pay.” Among these mortgages wis one for $1,500, for the non-payment of which plaintiff brought an action to recover the amount thereof. Devens, J., says: “There is an embarrassment, undoubtedly, where the agreement is to pay a debt due from the promisor as well as the promisee. * * * As the Hyde Park estate, now the property of the defendant, is charged [360] with the payment of the mortgage debt, if the plaintiff should not devote the sum recovered by him to its payment, the defendant might hereafter, in order to relieve his property, be compelled to pay the amount a second time. There is no mode, at law, by which this difficulty can be avoided, and the plaintiff enabled to receive the benefit of his contract.” And the measure of damages was considered to be the amount of the debt and interest, notwithstanding the grantor had not paid it. These cases are sufficient to illustrate the rule announced, and to show how firmly it has become established. But, if the obligation is merely to save another harmless from the payment of such a debt, then recovery can only be had to the extent of the damaged actually sustained. This further principle finds illustration in many of the cases above cited, aad further comment thereon is unnecessary.
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Mr. Justice Wolverton,
after stating the case in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. Two questions are presented: First, What is the nature of the defendants’ obligation upon which plaintiff seeks to recover? Is it an absolute obligation to pay plaintiff’s liability, or is it merely an. undertaking of indemnity? And, second, What is the measure of plaintiff’s relief? An undertaking to pay the debt for which another is obligated or has assumed to pay may be sued upon by the obligee and recovery had to the limit of the undertaking, or in so far as the same remains undischarged, as soon as default has been suffered; and this regardless of [358] whether the obligee has paid the debt or not: Hodgson v. Bell, 7 T. R. 93; Penny v. Foy, 8 Barn. & C. 11; Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657; Lethbridge v. Mytton, 2 Barn. & Adol. 772; Robinson v. Robinson, 24 L. T. 112; Ham v. Hill, 29 Mo. 275; In re Negus, 7 Wend. 498; Port v. Jackson, 17 John. 238; Merriam v. Pine City Lumber Co., 23 Minn. 322; Lathrop v. Atwood, 21 Conn. 116; Hume v. Hendrickson, 79 N. Y. 127; Hall v. Nash, 10 Mich. 303; Redfield v. Haight, 27 Conn. 31; Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass. 500 (20 Am. Rep. 341). It was early objected that, if the obligee was permitted to recover before he had discharged the debt due the principal creditor, the obligor might be required to pay the same debt twice. Such was the objection made in Loosemore v. Radford, 9 Mees. & W. 657, upon the following state of facts: Two persons being jointly indebted upon a promissory note, one as principal and the other as surety, the principal covenanted with the surety to pay the amount of the note to the payees on a given day, but made default, and was sued upon his covenant. In determining the liability, Baron Parke says: “This is an absolute and positive covenant by the defendant to pay a sum of money on a day certain. The money was not paid on that da)', nor has it been paid since. Under these circumstances, I think the jury was warranted in giving the plaintiff the full amount of money due upon the covenant. If any money had been paid in respect of the note since the day fixed for the payment, that would relieve the plaintiff pro tanto from his responsibility. The defendant may, perhaps, have an equity that the money he may pay to the plaintiff shall be applied in discharge of his debt; but at law the plaintiff is entitled to be placed in the same situation under this agreement, as if he had paid the money to the payees of the bill.” In Robinson v. Robinson, 24 Law T. 112, by an indenture of dissolution of a partnership, the defendant, who acquired [359] tbe partnership property, covenanted to pay and satisfy within eighteen months all the debts of the partnership, and to indemnify and save plaintiff harmless from all costs," losses, claims, and demands, which he might incur or become liable for in respect of the partnership debts. In an action against defendant upon this covenant, Lord Campbell held that the measure of damages was the whole amount of the debts which he had not paid, whether they had been paid by the plaintiff or he had given promissory notes for them or not.
In Ham v. Hill, 29 Mo. 275, under a similar state of facts, where the covenant was “to assume all partnership liabilities of said firm incurred between April 1, 1858, and July 1, 1858, and to pay the same whenever payment is demanded legally by the creditors of said firm,” Ewing, J., speaking for the court, said: “As to the measure of th; damages in this case, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover, we see no reason why he should not recover the sum due by the bond. Of course, if the bond has been paid in part, or otherwise satisfied, the defendant will be enlitled to the benefit of such payment or satisfaction. The presumption is that the plaintiff gave full consideration for the bond, and, if it is not discharged, the defendant should pay the amount of it.” In Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass. 500 (20 Am. Rep. 341), there was an exchange of lards, and the defendant accepted of plaintiff a deed to Hyde Park Estate, containing this clause: “Subject to mortgages amounting to $6,500, which the grantee hereby assumes and agrees to pay.” Among these mortgages wis one for $1,500, for the non-payment of which plaintiff brought an action to recover the amount thereof. Devens, J., says: “There is an embarrassment, undoubtedly, where the agreement is to pay a debt due from the promisor as well as the promisee. * * * As the Hyde Park estate, now the property of the defendant, is charged [360] with the payment of the mortgage debt, if the plaintiff should not devote the sum recovered by him to its payment, the defendant might hereafter, in order to relieve his property, be compelled to pay the amount a second time. There is no mode, at law, by which this difficulty can be avoided, and the plaintiff enabled to receive the benefit of his contract.” And the measure of damages was considered to be the amount of the debt and interest, notwithstanding the grantor had not paid it. These cases are sufficient to illustrate the rule announced, and to show how firmly it has become established. But, if the obligation is merely to save another harmless from the payment of such a debt, then recovery can only be had to the extent of the damaged actually sustained. This further principle finds illustration in many of the cases above cited, aad further comment thereon is unnecessary.
Whether the defendants’ obligation is an absolute promise to pay, or merely an undertaking to indemnify and save harmless, depends upon the construction of the instrument by which they are bound. In Locke v. Homer, 131 Mass. 93 (41 Am. Rep. 199), it was held that the acceptance by the grantee of a deed poll containing a covenant that the land conveyed is free from incumbrances except a certain mortgage “which the grantee assumes and agrees to hold the grantor harmless from,” constituted a contract by the grantee not merely to indemnify the grantor, but to pay the mortgage debt, and that the measure of damages in an action upon this contract was the unpaid amount of the debt, although no part of it had been paid by the plaintiff, the grantor. In Gage v. Lewis, 68 Ill. 617, the condition of the bond was “that if the said Carhart should pay all of said debts, claims, and demands due or to become due by the said firms of Carhart, Lewis & Co., and Carhart, Lewis & Tappan, to any and all persons whatsoever, * * * and save, indemnify, and keep [361] harmless the said Charles A. Lewis therefrom,” construing" which the court said: “It has ever been held that where a bond is given, intended as a bond to indemnify, but containing a covenant that the obligor will pay certain debts, for the payment of which the obligee is liable, and the obligor fails to perform, an action lies for the breach, and the obligee is entitled to recover the sums agreed to be paid, although it is not shown that he has been damnified, unless, from the whole instrument, it manifestly appears that its sole object was a covenant of indemnity.” In Stout v. Folger, 34 Iowa, 71 (11 Am. Rep. 138), the language of the covenant was, “The said John M. Folger hereby agrees to assume in my place and stead, and save me harmless from, all indebtedness contracted by me.” This was held to be an agreement by Folger not merely to indemnify Stout, his grantor, but also to assume Stout’s debt, which was equivalent to an absolute undertaking to pay it; and that Stout was therefore entitled to recover the whole amount of the debt.
As covering the doctrines hereinbefore announced, as well as the construction of the instrument sued on, the following language of Church, C. J., in Lathrop v. Atwood, 21 Conn. 116, is direct and pertinent. He says: “We think an examination of the cases will show these reasonable doctrines; that if a condition, covenant, or promise be only to indemnify and save harmless a party from some consequence, no action can be sustained for the liability or exposure to loss, nor until actual damage, capable of appreciation and estimate, has been sustained bv the plaintiff. But if the covenant or promise be to perform some act for the plaintiff’s benefit, as well as to indemnify and save him harmless from the consequence of non-performance, the neglect to perform the act, being a breach of the contract, will give immediate right of action.” See also Dye v. Mann, 10 Mich. 291; Reed v. [362] Paul, 131 Mass. 129. Measured by these authorities, we think the undertaking sued on here is an absolute promise to pay the $5,712, with accrued interest thereon, when the same became due by virtue of the terms of the original mortgage. The words of the undertaking are: “We agree to assume and pay off said mortgage in so far as said Haas, his heirs, and assigns are concerned, or in any way liable, and save him and them wholly harmless therefrom.” Here is an absolute undertaking to pay in so far as Haas had made himself liable, viz.: to the extent of $5,712 of said mortgage, coupled with an indemnity agreement to save him harmless; and when the indebtedness became due under the mortgage, and defendants failed to pay, plaintiff’s right of action was then ripe, and the measure of his relief was the full amount of the indebtedness assumed, whether he had paid it or not.
2. But the mortgage has since been foreclosed, and the demand has been wholly satisfied out of the proceeds of the lots retained by plaintiff and those conveyed to the defendant Powell as trustee so that plaintiff has been entirely relieve,d of the liability assumed by him under his contract with Shaw, but the proceeding and process which the defendants suffered to be enforced, whereby that result was brought about, absorbed the lots retained by him, which, if defendants had observed the conditions of their undertaking, would have enured to him unencumbered with such indebtedness. Now, notwithstanding the foreclosure proceedings, and the consequent discharge and exoneration of plaintiff from his liability, he contends that he is still entitled to recover from the defendants the full amount of the indebtedness assumed by them, and that such indebtedness is the measure of his relief in the present action. Under the rule invoked in support of this -contention, it must be and is admitted by the instruction asked for, that if defendants paid anything upon the [363] demand they ought to have credit for it, and that the measure of relief would be the amount of the balance remaining unpaid; and it must also be admitted that the defendants’ property contributed to the payment of the demand, so that the rule, if applied, would constitute the balance unpaid, after the application of defendant’s property to the demand, as the measure of damages. But we do not think it at all applicable under the circumstances and conditions surrounding this case. The simple fact is, plaintiff’s liability has been discharged, and he has lost his lots in the transaction. If he is not chargeable with any duty which, if discharged, would have prevented the loss of the lots, he should recover their value; otherwise he would probably be without remedy.
There is a rule which requires a party entitled to the benefit of a contract to protect himself from loss arising from a breach, if it can be done at trifling expense, or with reasonable exertion, and restricts him to such damages only as with reasonable endeavor and expense he could not prevent: Miller v. Mariner's Church, 7 Me. 51 (20 Am. Dec. 341). It has been held, however, that the rule is not applicable to a contract of the nature we are considering, where there was in effect an absolute promise to pay, and not cne of indemnity merely: Wicker v. Hoppock, 73 U. S. (6 Wall.) 94. Plaintiff, of course, was aware of the foreclosure sale, and he could, if he had seen fit, perhaps have secured the sale of defendants’ lots first; and if they did not sell for enough to satisfy the mortgage, he could have paid the balance, and this balance, under the rule above discussed, would have been the measure of his damages. The defendants, however, became the principal debtors, as between them and the plaintiff, when they assumed the payment of the $5,712 upon the mortgage, and the plaintiff remained simply as surety for them. The lots conveyed to the defendants [364] were primarily liable for the payment of the amount assumed, and the lots retained by plaintiff for a deficiency only. Under these circumstances it was not incumbent upon the plaintiff, nor was it a duty enjoined upon him, to raise money sufficient to discharge the obligation, as between him and the defendants, nor was he under any obligations to take any steps in the foreclosure proceedings. It was by the default of the defendants that he was deprived of his property, and the value thereof is the rightful measure of his demand against them: Wilcox v. Campbell, 106 N. Y. 325 (12 N. E. 823). That case comes near the case at bar, and is well reasoned. Any other rule of damages under a like state of facts would not be at all times adequate to the injury. It follows that there was no error in the court below, and the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.